| 词条 | George Pólya |
| 释义 |
| name = George Pólya | image = George Pólya ca 1973.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = George Pólya, circa 1973 | birth_date = {{Birth date|1887|12|13}} | birth_place = Budapest, Austria-Hungary | death_date = {{Death date and age|1985|09|07|1887|12|13}} | death_place = Palo Alto, California | nationality = Hungarian (−1918) Swiss (1918–1947) American (1947–his death)[1] | fields = Mathematics | workplaces = ETH Zürich Stanford University | alma_mater = Eötvös Loránd University | doctoral_advisor = Lipót Fejér | doctoral_students = Albert Edrei Hans Einstein Fritz Gassmann Albert Pfluger James J. Stoker Alice Roth | known_for = Pólya–Szegő inequality How to Solve It Multivariate Pólya distribution Pólya conjecture Pólya enumeration theorem Landau–Kolmogorov inequality Pólya–Vinogradov inequality Pólya inequality Pólya–Aeppli distribution Pólya urn model Fueter–Pólya theorem Hilbert–Pólya conjecture | influenced = Imre Lakatos | awards = }}George Pólya ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|oʊ|l|j|ə}}; {{lang-hu|Pólya György}} {{IPA-hu|ˈpoːjɒ ˈɟørɟ|}}) (December 13, 1887 – September 7, 1985) was a Hungarian mathematician. He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University. He made fundamental contributions to combinatorics, number theory, numerical analysis and probability theory. He is also noted for his work in heuristics and mathematics education.[2] He has been described as one of The Martians.[3] Life and worksPólya was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary to Anna Deutsch and Jakab Pólya, Hungarian Jews who had converted to the Roman Catholic faith in 1886.[4] Although his parents were religious and he was baptized into the Roman Catholic Church, George Pólya grew up to be an agnostic.[5] He was a professor of mathematics from 1914 to 1940 at ETH Zürich in Switzerland and from 1940 to 1953 at Stanford University. He remained Stanford Professor Emeritus for the rest of his life and career. He worked on a range of mathematical topics, including series, number theory, mathematical analysis, geometry, algebra, combinatorics, and probability.[6] He was an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1928 at Bologna,[7] in 1936 at Oslo, and in 1950 at Cambridge, Massachusetts. He died in Palo Alto, California, United States. HeuristicsEarly in his career, Pólya wrote with Gábor Szegő two influential problem books Problems and Theorems in Analysis (I: Series, Integral Calculus, Theory of Functions and II: Theory of Functions. Zeros. Polynomials. Determinants. Number Theory. Geometry). Later in his career, he spent considerable effort to identify systematic methods of problem-solving to further discovery and invention in mathematics for students, teachers, and researchers.[8] He wrote five books on the subject: How to Solve It, Mathematics and Plausible Reasoning (Volume I: Induction and Analogy in Mathematics, and Volume II: Patterns of Plausible Inference), and Mathematical Discovery: On Understanding, Learning, and Teaching Problem Solving (volumes 1 and 2). In How to Solve It, Pólya provides general heuristics for solving a gamut of problems, including both mathematical and non-mathematical problems. The book includes advice for teaching students of mathematics and a mini-encyclopedia of heuristic terms. It was translated into several languages and has sold over a million copies. Russian physicist Zhores I. Alfyorov (Nobel laureate in 2000) praised it, noting that he was a fan. The American mathematician Terence Tao used the book to prepare for the International Mathematical Olympiad. The book is still used in mathematical education. Douglas Lenat's Automated Mathematician and Eurisko artificial intelligence programs were inspired by Pólya's work. In addition to his works directly addressing problem solving, Pólya wrote another short book called Mathematical Methods in Science, based on a 1963 work supported by the National Science Foundation, edited by Leon Bowden, and published by the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) in 1977. As Pólya notes in the preface, Professor Bowden carefully followed a tape recording of a course Pólya gave several times at Stanford in order to put the book together. Pólya notes in the preface "that the following pages will be useful, yet they should not be regarded as a finished expression." LegacyThere are three prizes named after Pólya, causing occasional confusion of one for another. In 1969 the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) established the George Pólya Prize, given alternately in two categories for "a notable application of combinatorial theory" and for "a notable contribution in another area of interest to George Pólya."[9] In 1976 the Mathematical Association of America (MAA) established the George Pólya Award "for articles of expository excellence" published in the College Mathematics Journal.[10] In 1987 the London Mathematical Society (LMS) established the Pólya Prize for "outstanding creativity in, imaginative exposition of, or distinguished contribution to, mathematics within the United Kingdom."[11] A mathematics center has been named in Pólya's honor at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho. The mathematics center focuses mainly on tutoring students in the subjects of algebra and calculus.[12] Selected publicationsBooks
Articles
See also
References1. ^George Polya in the Swiss historic lexicon. 2. ^{{cite book|author=Alexanderson, Gerald L.|authorlink=Gerald L. Alexanderson|title=The random walks of George Pólya|year=2000|location=Washington, DC|publisher=Mathematical Association of America|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Random_Walks_of_George_Polya.html?id=OuHrR_6WEKsC}} 3. ^A marslakók legendája – György Marx 4. ^http://www.gap-system.org/~history/Biographies/Polya.html 5. ^{{cite book|title=George Pólya: master of discovery 1887–1985|year=1993|publisher=Dale Seymour Publications|isbn=978-0-86651-611-2|author=Harold D. Taylor, Loretta Taylor|page=50|quote=Plancherel was a military man, a colonel in the Swiss army, and a devout Catholic; Pólya did not like military ceremonies or activities, and he was an agnostic who objected to hierarchical religions.}} 6. ^{{cite book|last = Roberts|first= A. Wayne|year= 1995| title = Faces of Mathematics, Third Edition|publisher = HarperCollins College Publishers| location=New York, NY USA|isbn = 0-06-501069-8|pages=479}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Pólya, G.|chapter=Ueber eine Eigenschaft des Gaussschen Fehlergesetzes|title=In: Atti del Congresso Internazionale dei Matematici: Bologna del 3 al 10 de settembre di 1928|volume=vol. 6|pages=63–64}} 8. ^{{cite journal|doi = 10.2307/2690409|last = Schoenfeld|first =Alan H.|title = Pólya, Problem Solving, and Education|journal = Mathematics Magazine|volume = 60|issue = 5|date=December 1987|pages = 283–291|publisher = Mathematics Magazine, Vol. 60, No. 5|jstor = 2690409}} 9. ^Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics George Pólya Prize 10. ^Mathematical Association of America George Pólya Award 11. ^London Mathematical Society Polya Prize 12. ^University of Idaho Polya Center 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Tamarkin, J. D.|authorlink=Jacob Tamarkin|title=Review: Aufgaben und Lehrsätze aus der Analysis, vols. 1 & 2, by George Pólya and Gábor Szegő|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1928|volume=34|issue=2|pages=233–234|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1928-34-02/S0002-9904-1928-04522-6/S0002-9904-1928-04522-6.pdf|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1928-04522-6}} External links{{Wikiquote}}
23 : 1887 births|1985 deaths|20th-century Hungarian mathematicians|Mathematics popularizers|20th-century Hungarian people|American agnostics|Hungarian Jews|American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent|American statisticians|Hungarian emigrants to Switzerland|Combinatorialists|ETH Zurich faculty|Hungarian agnostics|Hungarian statisticians|Complex analysts|Mathematical analysts|Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences|People from Budapest|Swiss emigrants to the United States|Swiss mathematicians|Swiss statisticians|Stanford University Department of Mathematics faculty|Austro-Hungarian mathematicians |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。