词条 | George Salmon |
释义 |
| name = George Salmon | image = Portrait of George Salmon.jpg | birth_date = {{Birth date|1819|9|25|df=yes}} | birth_place = Dublin | death_date = {{Death date and age|1904|1|22|1819|9|25|df=yes}} | death_place = Trinity college | spouse = Frances Anne Salvador | parents = Michael Salmon, Helena Weekes | awards = Royal Medal {{small|(1868)}} Copley Medal {{small|(1889)}} }} Rev Prof George Salmon DD FBA FRS FRSE LLD (25 September 1819 – 22 January 1904) was a distinguished and influential Irish mathematician and Anglican theologian. After working in algebraic geometry for two decades, Salmon devoted the last forty years of his life to theology. His entire career was spent at Trinity College Dublin. Personal lifeSalmon was born in Dublin, to Michael Salmon and Helen Weekes (the daughter of the Reverend Edward Weekes), but he spent his boyhood in Cork City, where his father Michael was a linen merchant, here he attended Hamblin and Porter's School before going to Trinity College Dublin in 1833. He graduated from Trinity College Dublin in 1839 with very high honours in mathematics. In 1841 at the age of 21 he attained a paid fellowship and teaching position in mathematics at Trinity. In 1845 he was additionally appointed to a position in theology at Trinity, after having been ordained a deacon in 1844 and a priest in the Church of Ireland in 1845. He remained at Trinity College Dublin for the rest of his career. He died at the Provost's House at Trinity College on 22 January 1904 and was buried in Mount Jerome cemetery, Dublin.[1] An avid reader throughout his life, his obituary refers to him as "specially devoted to the novels of Jane Austen." [2] FamilyIn 1844 he married Frances Anne Salvador, daughter of Rev J L Salvador of Staunton-upon-Wye in Herefordshire, with whom he had six children, of which only two survived him. MathematicsIn the late 1840s and the 1850s Salmon was in regular and frequent communication with Arthur Cayley and J.J. Sylvester. The three of them together with a small number of other mathematicians (including Charles Hermite) were developing a system for dealing with n-dimensional algebra and geometry. During this period Salmon published about 36 papers in journals. In these papers for the most part he solved narrowly defined, concrete problems in algebraic geometry, as opposed to more broadly systematic or foundational questions. But he was an early adopter of the foundational innovations of Cayley and the others. In 1859 he published the book Lessons Introductory to the Modern Higher Algebra (where the word "higher" means n-dimensional). This was for a while simultaneously the state-of-the-art and the standard presentation of the subject, and went through updated and expanded editions in 1866, 1876 and 1885, and was translated into German and French. Meanwhile, back in 1848 Salmon had published an undergraduate textbook entitled A Treatise on Conic Sections. This text remained in print for over fifty years, going through five updated editions in English, and was translated into German, French and Italian. Salmon himself did not participate in the expansions and updates of the more later editions. The German version, which was a "free adaptation" by Wilhelm Fiedler, was popular as an undergraduate text in Germany. Salmon also published two other mathematics texts, A Treatise on Higher Plane Curves (1852) and A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions (1862). These too were in print for a long time and went through a number of later editions, with Salmon delegating the work of the later editions to others. In 1858 he was presented with the Cunningham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy. In June 1863 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society followed in 1868 by the award of their Royal Medal "For his researches in analytical geometry and the theory of surfaces". In 1889 Salmon received the Copley Medal of the society, the highest honorary award in British science, but by then he had long since lost his interest in mathematics and science. Salmon received honorary degrees from several universities, including that of Doctor mathematicae (honoris causa) from the Royal Frederick University on 6 September 1902, when they celebrated the centennial of the birth of mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.[3][4] {{ill|Salmon's theorem|ru|Теорема Сальмона}} is named in honor of George Salmon.TheologyFrom the early 1860s onward Salmon was primarily occupied with theology. In 1866 he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity at Trinity College, Dublin, at which point he resigned from his position in the mathematics department at Trinity. In 1871 he accepted an additional post of chancellor of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin. One of his early publications in theology was in 1853 as a contributor to a book of rebuttals to the Tracts for the Times. Arguments against Roman Catholicism were a recurring theme in Salmon's theology and culminated in his widely read 1888 book Infallibility of the Church in which he argued that certain beliefs of the Roman church were absurd, especially the beliefs in the infallibility of the church and the infallibility of the pope. Salmon also wrote books about eternal punishment, miracles, and interpretation of the New Testament. His book An Historical Introduction to the Study of the Books of the New Testament, which was widely read, is an account of the reception and interpretation of the gospels in the early centuries of Christianity as seen through the writings of leaders such as Irenaeus and Eusebius. ChessSalmon was a keen chess player. He was a patron to the University Chess Club,[5] and was also the President of Dublin Chess Club from 1890–1903.[6] He participated in the second British Chess Congress and had the honour of playing the chess prodigy Paul Morphy in Birmingham, England, on 27 August 1858.[7][8] He beat Daniel Harrwitz in an interesting game.[9] Even in his book Infallibility of the Church, Salmon mentions chess a few times:
Provost of Trinity CollegeSalmon was Provost of Trinity College in Dublin from 1888 until his death in 1904. The highlight of his career may have been when in 1892 he presided over the great celebrations marking the tercentenary of the College, which had been founded by Queen Elizabeth I. His deep conservatism led him to strongly oppose women receiving degrees from the University. He eventually agreed to dropping his veto in 1901 when the Board voted in favour of allowing women to enter the university. This was one of his last acts as Provost.[11] Coincidentally, just after his death in January 1904, the first women undergraduates were admitted.[12] Bibliography
Notes and references1. ^{{cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0 902 198 84 X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}} 2. ^"Men and Women," The Sphere. 6 February 1904, p. 124 3. ^{{Cite newspaper The Times |articlename=Foreign degrees for British men of Science |day_of_week=Monday |date=8 September 1902 |page_number=4 |issue=36867| }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uio.no/om/tall-og-fakta/aresdoktorer/tidligere-aresdoktorer/1902-1910/ |title=Honorary doctorates from the University of Oslo 1902-1910}} (in Norwegian) 5. ^History of Dublin University Chess Society {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629041851/http://chesssoc.org/hist.php |date=29 June 2008 }}. chesssoc.org 6. ^Luce, A.A. (1967) A History of Dublin Chess Club, Irish Printers Ltd, Dublin. 7. ^Paul Morphy vs George Salmon, Birmingham, 27 August 1858. Chessgames.com 8. ^Sergeant, Philip W. (1937) Morphy's Games of Chess. G. Bell and Sons Ltd. 9. ^Harding, Tim (2010) Playing the Morphy Number Game, ChessCafe.com. 10. ^The Infallibility of the Church, London: John Murray, 4th ed. 1914, [https://archive.org/stream/a607385500salmuoft#page/n143/mode/2up p. 111]. 11. ^The Provost's Office Former Provosts, George Salmon 1888–1904(c. 1819–1904), Trinity College, Dublin website.{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 12. ^Royal Irish Academy, Dictionary of Irish Biography – George Salmon by Roderick Gow {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081115231828/http://www.ria.ie/projects/dib/salmon.html |date=15 November 2008 }} 13. ^{{cite journal|author=Snyder, Virgil|authorlink=Virgil Snyder|title=Review: A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions, vol. 1, by George Salmon|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1912|volume=19|issue=2|pages=80–83|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1912-02287-5}} 14. ^{{cite journal|author=Snyder, Virgil|title=Review: ''A Treatise on the Analytic Geometry of Three Dimensions, vol. 2, by George Salmon|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1915|volume=22|issue=3|pages=147–149|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1915-02744-8}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{NIE Poster|Salmon, George|George Salmon}}
|before = John Hewitt Jellett |title = Provost of Trinity College, Dublin |years = 1888–1904 |after = Anthony Traill }}{{s-end}}{{Provosts of Trinity College, Dublin}}{{Regius Professors of Divinity}}{{Provosts of Trinity College, Dublin}}{{Copley Medallists 1851-1900}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Salmon, George}} 16 : 1819 births|1904 deaths|Irish mathematicians|19th-century British mathematicians|People from County Cork|Irish Christian theologians|Irish Anglicans|Irish chess players|Recipients of the Copley Medal|Provosts of Trinity College Dublin|Royal Medal winners|Fellows of the Royal Society|Burials at Mount Jerome Cemetery and Crematorium|Fellows of the British Academy|Regius Professors of Divinity (University of Dublin)|Donegall Lecturers of Mathematics at Trinity College Dublin |
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