“2010–11 Australian region cyclone season”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 2010–11 Australian region cyclone season was a near average tropical cyclone season, with eleven tropical cyclones forming compared to an average of 12. The season was also the costliest recorded in the Australian region basin, with a total of $3.62 billion (2011 USD) in damages, mostly from the destructive Cyclone Yasi.^[1] The season began on 1 November 2010 and ended on 30 April 2011, although the first tropical cyclone formed on 28 October. The Australian region is defined as being to the south of the equator, between the 90th meridian east and 160th meridian east. Tropical cyclones in this area are monitored by five Tropical Cyclone Warning Centres (TCWC's): Jakarta, Port Moresby, Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane, each of which have the power to name a tropical cyclone. The TCWC's in Perth, Darwin, and Brisbane are run by the Bureau of Meteorology, who designate significant tropical lows with a number and the U suffix. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center also issues unofficial warnings for the region, designating significant tropical cyclones with the "S" suffix when they form west of 135°E, and the "P" suffix when they form east of 135°E.

Seasonal forecasts

Ahead of the cyclone season, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM), the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) and various other Pacific Meteorological services, all contributed towards the Island Climate Update tropical cyclone outlook that was released during October 2010.^[7] The outlook took into account the moderate-strong La Nina conditions that had been observed across the Pacific and analogue seasons that had La Nina conditions occurring during the season.^[7]^[8] The outlook called for a normal or above average number of tropical cyclone occurring during the season, with nine to twelve named tropical cyclones, to occur between 135°E and 120°W compared to an average of nine.^[7] At least three of the tropical cyclones were expected to become category 3 severe tropical cyclones, while one was expected to become a category 4 severe tropical cyclone.^[7] In addition to contributing towards the Island Climate Update outlook, the BoM issued seven seasonal forecasts during October 2010, for the Australian region and the Southern Pacific with each forecast covering the whole tropical cyclone year.^[9] Each forecast issued took into account the La Nina conditions that had developed over the region and were forecasted to persist during the season.^[9]

For the Australian region as a whole it was predicted that the season could be the most active season since 1983–84 and that between 20 - 22 tropical cyclones would either develop within or move into the basin compared to an average of 12 cyclones.^[9]^[10] For the Western region between 90°E and 125°E, the BoM forecast that the area would see between 11 and 12 tropical cyclones compared to the average of 7, it was also noted that the region had a 93% chance of an above average cyclone season.^[9] For the North-Western subregion between 105°E and 130°E, it was predicted that activity would be above average, with 5 tropical cyclones and a 67% chance of above average tropical cyclone activity.^[9] TCWC Perth also noted that there was a likelihood of two tropical cyclones and a significant likelihood of at least one severe tropical cyclone impacting Western Australia.^[11] It was also noted that there was an increased chance of an early season cyclone and a system impacting Western Australia before Christmas 2010.^[11] It was predicted that the Northern Territory between 125°E and 142.5°E had a 75% chance of an above average season, and that the first cyclone of the season over the Territory and the monsoon onset would be expected to be earlier than normal.^[9]^[12] The Eastern region between 142.5°E and 160°E had an 87% chance of an above average season, with 7-8 tropical cyclones predicted for the region compared to an average of 6.^[9]^[13] The BoM also issued forecasts for the Western Southern Pacific region, between 142.5°E and 165°E and the Eastern Southern Pacific region between 165°E and 120°W.^[14] It was predicted that the Western Southern Pacific would have a 79% chance of having an above average season with 7-8 tropical cyclones occurring within the region, compared to an average of 5 tropical cyclones.^[14] The Eastern Southern Pacific region was predicted to have a 33% chance of having an above average season and 5-6 tropical cyclones compared to an average of 7 tropical cyclones.^[14]

The Guy Carpenter Asia-Pacific Climate Impact Centre (GCACIC) at the City University of Hong Kong and the Tropical Storm Risk Consortium (TSR) at the University College London also issued seasonal forecasts for the region.^[15]^[16]

Seasonal summary

Systems

Tropical Low Anggrek

On 28 October, TCWC Perth and TCWC Jakarta reported that Tropical Low 01U had developed to the southwest of Sumatra in Indonesia.^[21]^[22] Over the next few days as the low drifted towards the west, the system's low level circulation centre gradually developed further. Before late on 30 October, the JTWC started issuing advisories on the low as Tropical Cyclone 02S. During the next day TCWC Perth and TCWC Jakarta both reported that the low had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone on the Australian scale, with the latter naming it Anggrek. Later that day, as Anggrek moved into TCWC Perths area of responsibility it was reported that Anggrek had further intensified into a Category 2 Tropical Cyclone. Anggrek then passed to the east of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands early on 2 November. Later that day, after passing to the east of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, TCWC Perth reported that Tropical Cyclone Anggrek had weakened into a Category 1 Cyclone. Anggrek continued to weaken, and on 4 November, the TCWC Perth reported Anggrek had become a Tropical Low, and issued their final advisory on the system.

On November 5, the remnants of Anggrek entered the south-west Indian Ocean as a convectiveless circulation center.^[23]

Throughout the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, heavy rain and gusty winds were experienced as Cyclone Anggrek passed. Only minor damage was reported, with several trees and power lines brought down. No deaths were reported across the islands. In post storm analysis, TCWC Perth declassified Anggrek as a tropical cyclone because gale-force winds never extended more than halfway around the system center.^[38]

Tropical Cyclone Abele

Early on 3 December, TCWC Perth reported that Tropical Cyclone Abele had moved into the Australian Region from the South-West Indian Ocean as a category 2 tropical cyclone.^[38]^[24] As it entered the region the system was located well to the southwest of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, with the JTWC reporting that the system was equivalent to a category 1 hurricane with 1-minute sustained windspeeds of 120 km/h (75 mph).^[24]^[25] Over the next day Abele weakened further because of cooler sea surface temperatures and increasing vertical wind shear, before it was last noted by both the JTWC and TCWC Perth during 4 December.^[38]^[24]^[25]

Tropical Low 03U

On 15 December a monsoonal low developed about 500 km north-west of Exmouth, Western Australia. The system drifted slowly to the south-east. Gales and heavy rain reached areas far from the centre of the system which crossed the coast near Coral Bay on 18 December. However, shortly after landfall the system turned sharply to the south-west and reached the Indian Ocean west of Carnarvon on 19 December. It moved away from the coast and dissipated late on 20 December some 500 km west of Geraldton.^[46]

In the catchment basin of the Gascoyne River heavy precipitation fell from 16 to 19 December and triggered one of the worst floods along the Gascoyne River in history. The rain also affected other river basins in the area, such as Wooramel, Murchison, Lyndon-Minilya, and Ashburton rivers. For the period from 16 to 20 December some stations reported up to 300 mm cumulated precipitation which is equivalent to the normal annual rainfall amount. The highest 24 hours rainfall was reported at Carnarvon Airport on 17 December. During that day 207.8 mm fell which set an all-time record since recording began in 1883 with the previous record 119.4 mm set on 24 March 1923.^[46]

Preliminary estimates placed damage at A$100 million (US$100.4 million) with at least 2000 head of cattle lost in the flood.^[26]

Tropical Cyclone Tasha

In late December, a low pressure area was tracked for several days moving westwards towards Queensland. Early on Christmas Day (local time) it strengthened rapidly and was designated Tropical Cyclone Tasha when it was {{convert|95|km|mi|abbr=on}} east northeast of Cairns. The cyclone crossed the coast between Cairns and Innisfail at about 5:30 am, with wind gusts of up to 105 km/h (65 mph) recorded off the coast. Rainfall of about 100 mm was recorded in the space of an hour.^[27] Damage from associated flooding was estimated at A$1 billion.^[28]^[29]

Tropical Cyclone Vince

At midnight on 10 January, the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) reported that a Tropical Low had developed off the coast of Western Australia.^[30] The system gradually intensified and became a Category 1 tropical cyclone on 12 January, receiving the name "Vince".^[31] The cyclone was initially expected to reach Category 2 status, but it became less well organised and lost cyclone intensity on 14 January.^[32]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Zelia

On 12 January, TCWC Brisbane started monitoring Tropical Low 10U that had developed, over the Coral Sea to the northeast of Townsville in Queensland, Australia.^[38]^[33] {{Clear}}

Tropical Cyclone Anthony

During 22 January TCWC Brisbane reported that Tropical Low 11U had developed within the northwestern Coral Sea to the northeast of Cairns, Australia.^[34] Over the next day atmospheric convection developed and organised over the systems low level circulation, as it moved southeastwards away from the Queensland Coast under the influence of an upper level trough of low pressure.^[34] The JTWC subsequently initiated advisories on the system early on 23 January and designated it as Tropical Cyclone 09P, before TCWC Brisbane reported that the system had developed into a category 1 tropical cyclone and named it Anthony.^[34]^[35] During that day the system may have become a category 2 tropical cyclone as radar and microwave imagery showed that Anthony had a well defined circulation and was forming a partial eyewall.^[34] The system subsequently moved into an area of higher vertical windshear and weakened into a tropical low during 24 January as it moved into the South Pacific basin.^[34]

The system moved back into the Australian region during 25 January but remained a tropical low over the next few days, as it moved north-westwards across the Coral Sea as a low level circulation centre with little or no associated convection.^[34] During 28 January TCWC Brisbane briefly reported that Anthony had re-intensified into a category 1 tropical cyclone, after wind shear over the system reduced due to a possible Fujiwara interaction with a secondary circulation to the east of Anthony and Severe Tropical Cyclone Wilma.^[34] However, later that day the system turned and started moving towards the north-west as the secondary system moved to its north, which meant that Anthony became sheared again and weakened into a tropical low.^[34] The system remained a sheared tropical low until late on 29 January, when convection began to increase and organize as a result of weakening upper atmospheric wind shear.^[34] During the next day as Anthony moved towards the southwest and the Queensland coast, the JTWC re-initiated advisories on the system, before reporting that it had peaked with 1-minute sustained wind speeds of 100 km/h (65 mph).^[36]^[37] TCWC Brisbane also reported that the system had re-intensified into a category 1 tropical cyclone during that day, before reporting that it had become a category 2 tropical cyclone with peak 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 100 km/h (65 mph).^[34] The system subsequently made landfall on the Queensland east coast near Bowen and rapidly weakened over land.^[34]

Ahead of Anthony's landfall on the Queensland east coast, tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for the region between Innisfail, St Lawrence and Charters Towers.^[34] Townsville and Mackay were pre-emptively declared disaster areas in order to aid the recovery response, while the ports of Townsville, Mackay, Hay Point and Abbott Point were closed.^[34]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Bianca

Early on 21 January TCWC Darwin reported that Tropical Low 12U had developed within the Gulf of Carpentaria.^[38] Gradual strengthening took place and on 25 January, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring the system as Tropical Cyclone 10P.^[39] A few hours later, TCWC Perth upgraded the low into a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone, naming it Bianca.^[40] Early on the next day, TCWC Perth further upgraded Bianca to a Category 2 Tropical Cyclone.^[41] Intensification continued and late on the same day, TCWC Perth upgraded Bianca into a Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone.^[42] The system continued to intensify and became a Category 4 severe tropical cyclone on 28 January.^[43] On the same day, the system started weakening rapidly and TCWC Perth downgraded Bianca into a Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone.^[44]

Rain and strong winds were experienced along the Kimberley coast on 25 January. On 26 January, Bianca moved away from Kimberley and weather conditions started to improve.^[45] Bianca disrupted operations in Australia's major iron ore port and several oil facilities.^[46] In Western Australia, preparations were underway as the system was soon expected to approach land.^[47] As soon as Bianca became a category 3 Severe tropical cyclone, strong winds lashed through Pilbara suspending oil and gas production and port facilities.^[48] Though Bianca was moving away and the level of risk was going down, coastal communities between Onslow and Exmouth remained on a red alert as the system intensified.^[49] On 28 January, according to the media, there was a chance for Bianca to start weakening, as it was moving further south into a colder, high pressure zone.^[50]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Bianca was expected to make landfall around Mandurah as a weak Category 1 or strong Tropical Low late on 30 January. A Cyclone Warning was issued for the area between just north of Jurien Bay and Albany, including Perth. However, the warnings were cancelled on 30 January as Bianca dissipated south of Western Australia in the afternoon of 30 January.^[52] The airmass around Bianca was responsible for giving Perth and the Southwest of WA a taste of the tropics with severe thunderstorms, unrelated to Bianca, springing up on 29 January causing damage in the Geraldton region.^[53] Two deaths were attributed to damaging severe thunderstorms that formed along the storm's outer rainbands.^[54]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Yasi

Yasi crossed the Queensland coast near Mission Beach shortly after midnight (local time) on 3 February. At that time, the large destructive core around the eye extended between Innisfail and Cardwell, Queensland.^[57] Yasi caused at least $3.6 billion (2011 USD) in damage, becoming the costliest tropical cyclone recorded in the Australian region.^[1] Accounting for inflation, Yasi was the second-costliest tropical cyclone in Australia's history, after Cyclone Tracy. One death occurred due to asphyxiation in Ingham.^[58]

Tropical Low 15U

A low formed off the Western Australian coast on 8 February and drifted steadily west south west for the next few days.^[59] On 11 February, the Bureau of Meteorology identified the system as Tropical Low 15U and began monitoring the system for further development.^[60] Later that day, the JTWC began issuing advisories on the system under the name 14S.^[61] The storm was expected to reach minimal category 1 cyclone intensity (Australian scale) on 12 February but high shear, cool sea temperatures and poor organisation saw the system stay as a low.^[62]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Dianne

Tropical Low 16U developed within a monsoon trough during 14 February, about {{convert|405|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the north of Port Hedland in Western Australia.^[63] Over the next few days, the system remained well offshore and was steered drifted towards the west-southwest by a ridge of high pressure while slowly developing further.^[63]

A Cyclone watch was issued for the coastal communities between Onslow to Coral Bay.^[64] Late on 16 February, the low formed into Tropical Cyclone Dianne whilst 445 km NW of Exmouth.^[65] Dianne intensified as expected and was upgraded to a Category 2 cyclone on 18 February whilst slowly moving towards the SSW.^[66] On 19 February the system intensified into a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone.^[67]

By late 21 February the system lost its strength as it moved into colder waters and was downgraded to a Category 1 Tropical Cyclone,^[68] and by 22 February it was classified as an ex-Tropical low.^[69]

Severe Tropical Cyclone Carlos

On 14 February the Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre (TCWC) in Darwin reported that a tropical low formed near latitude 13.2S, longitude 130.7E, about {{convert|40|km|miles|abbr=on}} west southwest of Batchelor. A severe weather warning was issued for northwest Darwin-Daly District and the Tiwi Islands.^[70] Heavy rain pounded the area on 15 February with reports of Marrara recording {{convert|179.4|mm|in|abbr=on}} and Darwin International Airport {{convert|131.0|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain.^[71] This was later followed by {{convert|339.6|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain in just 24 hours, which is the highest 24-hour rainfall for the city on record.^[72]

On 16 February the slow moving system strengthened into Tropical Cyclone Carlos causing localised flooding and damage to homes, with fallen trees.^[73] Schools in Darwin, Darwin International Airport and East Arm Wharf were closed.^[73] After looping around the Darwin area overnight and back over land the system weakened on 17 February and BOM downgraded it to a Tropical low.^[74] A record three-day total of {{convert|684.8|mm|in|abbr=on}} rain was recorded at Darwin International Airport due to the lingering of the system.^[75]

The system moved slowly southwest on 18 February moving towards the Northern Territory/Western Australian border with a possibility of restrengthening.^[76] The community of Daly River received {{convert|442|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall.^[76] On 19 February the system passed into the Northern Kimberley region. Rainfall totals were not as large as in previous days. Wyndham recorded {{convert|90|mm|in|abbr=on}} while Kalumburu recorded {{convert|80|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall.^[77]

In the early hours of 21 February the system returned to the open waters of the Indian Ocean, causing it to redevelop back into a cyclone.^[78] The system was located {{convert|75|km|mi|abbr=on}} northwest of Broome.^[79] The cyclone continued to track southwest at a relatively fast pace and produced a squall line that generated four tornadoes in the mining town of Karratha^[80] which damaged 38 homes as well as numerous cars, buildings and a school.^[81] It also strengthened steadily to become a category 2 cyclone.^[82]

On 22 February the system moved parallel to the Pilbara coast. Varanus Island recorded {{convert|59|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall and the highest wind gust recorded in the area was {{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} at Bedout Island.^[81] The system became more organised and on 23 February the record rainfall amount of {{convert|283|mm|in|abbr=on}} was recorded at Barrow Island. The strongest gusts of {{convert|139|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} recorded at Varanus Island.^[83] The cyclone crossed the North West Cape and lashed Onslow and Exmouth with high winds up to {{convert|155|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} and rain.^[84]

As Carlos moved away from the western coast of Australia on 24 February it strengthened into a Severe Tropical Cyclone. Carlos also spun-off a mini tornado to Ellenbrook, Perth, Western Australia on February 28.^[85]

Tropical Low 18U

reported that a tropical low formed estimated to be {{convert|75|km|miles|abbr=on}} west northwest of Kalumburu and {{convert|445|km|miles|abbr=on}} northeast of Derby and moving slowly southwest parallel to the north Kimberly coast.^[86] In the early hours of 28 February the tropical low moved inland from King Sound. Heavy rainfall was reported on the Dampier Peninsula east and southeast of Port Hedland, including Telfer and parts of the De Grey catchment.^[87] Derby recorded {{convert|83|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain while Camballin received {{convert|142|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the aboriginal community of Looma had {{convert|105|mm|in|abbr=on}}.^[88] The tropical low continued moving overland and the BOM issued their final advisory on 28 February.

Tropical Low 23U (Cherono)

On 10 March TCWC Perth reported that Tropical Low 23U, had developed within TCWC Jakarta's area of responsibility about {{Convert|1640|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the east of Jakarta, Indonesia.^[89]^[90] Over the next couple of days the low remained slow moving. On 13 March, the low briefly moved into TCWC Perth's area of responsibility, before crossing 90°E and moving out of the Australian region and into the South-West Indian Ocean. It later developed into Tropical Storm Cherono.

Tropical Low 25U

On 26 March TCWC Darwin reported that Tropical Low 25U had developed in the western Arafura Sea, to the north of the Tiwi Islands.^[34]^[91] Over the next few days the system slowly moved around the Arafura Sea, before TCWC Darwin initiated advisories on the low during 30 March as atmospheric convection surrounding the system organised further.^[92]^[93]

Tropical Cyclone Errol

During 12 April the Australian Bureau of Meteorology reported that Tropical Low 29U, had developed over the Timor Sea to the south of Timor-Leste.^[34]^[94] Over the next couple of days the system moved southwards towards the Australian state of Kimberly and intensified gradually before it was declared a category 1 tropical cyclone and named Errol by the BoM early on 15 April.^[34]^[94]

Other systems

During 15 December, Tropical Low 04U was located to the northeast of Nhulunbuy, though TCWC Darwin did not mention their low in their next bulletin.^[95] On 30 December, TCWC Perth started issuing advisories on Tropical Low 06U that had developed inland over the Top End of Western Australia.^[96] On 1 January, when 06U had emerged over the Indian Ocean waters, it was forecast that it would intensify into a tropical cyclone, though shear had caused the low to struggle to develop.^[97] TCWC Perth issued its final advisory the next day as 06U weakened to a low-pressure area.^[98] On 31 January, Tropical Low 13U developed well over in the Indian Ocean.^[99] Tropical Low 19U developed over in the southern Gulf of Carpentaria on 26 February, monitored by TCWC Darwin.^[100] 19U was last noted on 1 March as it was close the Northern Territory and Queensland border with a pressure of 1000 hPa.^[101] During 5 March, Tropical Low 20U briefly developed about {{convert|200|km|abbr=on}} west of Lockhart River, Queensland.^[102]

On 7 March, the BoM reported that Tropical Low 21U had developed within the Coral Sea, about {{convert|1000|km|mi|abbr=on|round=5}} to the northwest of Yeppoon, Queensland, Australia.^[103] During that day, the low tracked eastwards, and gradually intensified. On 8 March it continued eastwards. Later that day, the low moved out of the Australian region, entered the South Pacific and was assigned the new designation 12F. Tropical Low 22U briefly developed during 11 March over Kimberley associated within the monsoon trough.^[104] Tropical Low 26U, located north of Pilbara coast and Tropical Low 27U, over in the 90° east median, developed on 30 March.^[105] Both lows did not intensify further and dissipated while last mentioned in the bulletins of TCWC Perth during 3 April, though 27U moved into the South-West Indian Ocean basin and the MFR gave the designation of 08R.^[106] On 14 April, Tropical Low 28U developed to the northwest of New Caledonia until it crossed the basin into the South Pacific the next day.^[107]

Season effects

See also

Notes

1. ^¹{{cite web|publisher=Reuters|date=3 February 2011|accessdate=5 November 2011|title=Cyclone Yasi to cost insurers A$3.5 billion - forecaster |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/03/insured-losses-yasi-idUSLDE7121NR20110203}}
2. ^¹{{cite report|date=5 May 2010|author2=Lea, Adam|title=Extended Range Forecast for Australian-Region Tropical Storm Activity in 2010/11|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastMay2010.pdf|accessdate=5 May 2010 |author=Saunders, Mark|type=}}
3. ^¹{{cite report|date=6 December 2010|author2=Lea, Adam|title=December Forecast Update for Australian-Region Tropical Storm Activity in 2010/11|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastDec2010.pdf|accessdate=6 December 2010 |author=Saunders, Mark|type=}}
4. ^{{cite report|date=6 July 2010|author2=Lea, Adam|title=July Forecast Update for Australian-Region Tropical Storm Activity in 2010/11|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastJul2010.pdf|accessdate=6 July 2010 |author=Saunders, Mark|type=}}
5. ^{{cite report|date=6 September 2010|author2=Lea, Adam|title=September Forecast Update for Australian-Region Tropical Storm Activity in 2010/11|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastSep2010.pdf|accessdate=6 September 2010 |author=Saunders, Mark|type=}}
6. ^{{cite report|date=9 November 2010|author2=Lea, Adam|title=November Forecast Update for Australian-Region Tropical Storm Activity in 2010/11|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk Consortium|url=http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastNov2010.pdf|accessdate=9 November 2010 |author=Saunders, Mark|type=}}
7. ^¹²³{{cite journal|publisher=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research |url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/climate/icu/island-climate-update-121-october-2010/sw-pacific-tc-guidance-for-the-2010-11-season |journal=Island Climate Update |title=SW Pacific TC guidance for the 2010-11 season |date=26 November 2010 |accessdate=16 November 2014 |archivedate=11 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VVnjb9oD?url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/climate/icu/island-climate-update-121-october-2010/sw-pacific-tc-guidance-for-the-2010-11-season |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
8. ^{{cite web|publisher=National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research |url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/news/zelia-consistent-tropical-cyclone-outlook |title=Zelia consistent with tropical cyclone outlook |archivedate=11 January 2015 |date=18 January 2011 |accessdate=16 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VVnOWCQ9?url=http://www.niwa.co.nz/news/zelia-consistent-tropical-cyclone-outlook |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite web|title=2010–2011 Australian tropical cyclone season outlook|author=National Climate Centre|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/archive/tropical-cyclone/2010-2011-tc.shtml|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=11 January 2015|date=18 October 2010}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mysailing.com.au/news/bom-warns-that-cyclone-season-could-be-worst-in-27-years |title=BoM warns that cyclone season could be worst in 27 years |deadurl=no |date=8 October 2010 |accessdate=11 January 2015 |website=mysailing.com.au |editor=Strainig, Caroline |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VVpNedth?url=http://www.mysailing.com.au/news/bom-warns-that-cyclone-season-could-be-worst-in-27-years |archivedate=11 January 2015 |df=dmy }}
11. ^¹{{cite press release|title=Western Australia Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Outlook |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/outlooks/seasonal/wa.shtml |accessdate=11 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906163936/http://www.bom.gov.au/wa/cyclone/seasonal/ |archivedate=6 September 2015 |date=18 October 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
12. ^{{cite press release|title=2010/2011 Northern Territory Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook |archivedate=13 February 2014 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/outlooks/seasonal/nt.shtml |accessdate=11 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213174902/http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/cyclone/seasonal/ |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
13. ^{{cite web|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |title=Seasonal Outlook 2010-11 for Queensland and the Coral Sea Region |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cyclone/outlooks/seasonal/qld.shtml |accessdate=11 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906165425/http://www.bom.gov.au/qld/cyclone/seasonal/ |archivedate=6 September 2015 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
14. ^¹²{{cite web|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/archive/tropical-cyclone/south-pacific/tc.2010-11.shtml |accessdate=11 January 2015 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VVnrubkK?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/ahead/archive/tropical-cyclone/south-pacific/tc.2010-11.shtml |archivedate=11 January 2015 |deadurl=no |title=2010-11 South Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season Outlook |df=dmy }}
15. ^{{cite report|title=2010–11 Predictions of Seasonal Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Australian region|url=http://weather.cityu.edu.hk/tc_forecast/2010_forecast_NOV.pdf|publisher=City University of Hong Kong|date=12 November 2010|accessdate=7 January 2010}}
16. ^http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastMay2010.pdf
17. ^http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastJul2010.pdf
18. ^http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastSep2010.pdf
19. ^http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastNov2010.pdf
20. ^http://www.tropicalstormrisk.com/docs/TSRAUSForecastDec2010.pdf
21. ^¹{{cite report|year=2010 |deadurl=yes |type=Preliminary Tropical Cyclone Report |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/wa/watc20101031.shtml |title=Tropical Cyclone Anggrek |accessdate=11 January 2015 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |author=Western Australian Regional Office |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6AMh5lMJv?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/wa/watc20101031.shtml |archivedate=2 September 2012 |df=dmy }}
22. ^{{cite web|title=Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks October 2010 |date=14 December 2010 |deadurl=no |author=Padgett, Gary |accessdate=11 January 2015 |archivedate=11 January 2015 |url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2011/trak1010.htm |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VVc8LyZ8?url=http://www.australiasevereweather.com/cyclones/2011/trak1010.htm |df=dmy }}
23. ^{{cite web|publisher=Météo-France|title=Bulletin for Cyclonic Activity and Significant Tropical Weather in the Southwest Indian Ocean|date=5 November 2010|accessdate=8 December 2015|url=http://www.meteo.fr/temps/domtom/La_Reunion/webcmrs9.0/anglais/archives/bulletins/zcit/20102011/ZCITA_201011051000.html}}
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26. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/wa/sevwx/gascoyne_river/gascoyne_river.shtml |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |title=Gascoyne River Flood |year=2010 |accessdate=21 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111084027/http://www.bom.gov.au/wa/sevwx/gascoyne_river/gascoyne_river.shtml |archive-date=11 January 2011 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}
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46. ^{{cite news|title=UPDATE 1-Australia cyclone shuts iron ore port, oil facilities|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL3E7CQ03U20110126|publisher=Thomson Reuters Foundation|accessdate=26 January 2011|date=26 January 2011}}
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50. ^{{cite web|title=The difference between cyclones Alby and Bianca|url=http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2011/01/28/3124530.htm|publisher=ABC News|accessdate=28 January 2011}}
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83. ^{{cite web|first1=Lucy |last1=Rickard |publisher=Fairfax Media |work=WAToday |date=23 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |title=Cyclone Carlos takes aim at Ningaloo tourist destinations |url=http://www.watoday.com.au/environment/weather/cyclone-carlos-takes-aim-at-ningaloo-tourist-destinations-20110223-1b4po.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wiUkfaQw?url=http://www.watoday.com.au/environment/weather/cyclone-carlos-takes-aim-at-ningaloo-tourist-destinations-20110223-1b4po.html |archivedate=23 February 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
84. ^{{cite web|first1=Paul |last1=Hickey |first2= |last2=AAP |publisher=News Limited |work=Perth Now |date=23 February 2011 |accessdate=23 February 2011 |title=Onslow, Exmouth blasted by 155 km/h Carlos onslaught |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/cyclone-warning-for-kimberley-coast/story-e6frg12c-1226010486514 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wiVdFGIy?url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/cyclone-warning-for-kimberley-coast/story-e6frg12c-1226010486514 |archivedate=23 February 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
85. ^{{cite web|url=http://weather.noaa.gv/pub/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt |title=TROPICAL CYCLONE TECHNICAL BULLETIN 24/1815z (17U) |date=24 February 2011 |work=TCWC Perth |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |accessdate=24 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wk9MQtn3?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau02.aprf..txt |archivedate=24 February 2011 |df=dmy }}
86. ^{{cite web|title=TROPICAL CYCLONE WATCH — TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVICE NUMBER 1 (18U) |url=http://dynasmon.fortunecity.com/Perth.html |publisher=Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre, Perth |accessdate=25 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wkxwwWGZ?url=http://dynasmon.fortunecity.com/Perth.html |archivedate=25 February 2011 |df=dmy }}
87. ^{{cite web|first=Paul |last=Hickey |publisher=News Limited |work=Perth Now |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=27 February 2011 |title=Big wet, possible cyclone, menace Pilbara |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/big-wet-possible-cyclone-menace-pilbara/story-e6frg1rc-1226012764264 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wogT3qdt?url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/big-wet-possible-cyclone-menace-pilbara/story-e6frg1rc-1226012764264 |archivedate=27 February 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
88. ^{{cite web|first=Paul |last=Hickey |publisher=News Limited |work=Perth Now |date=28 February 2011 |accessdate=28 February 2011 |title=Big wet, possible cyclone, menace Pilbara |url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/big-wet-possible-cyclone-menace-pilbara/story-e6frg1rc-1226012764264 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wq0KqOVV?url=http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/big-wet-possible-cyclone-menace-pilbara/story-e6frg1rc-1226012764264 |archivedate=28 February 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
89. ^{{cite web|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103100600.htm |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |work=TCWC Perth |title=Tropical Cyclone three-day outlook for the Western Region 2011-03-10 |author=Unattributed |date=10 March 2011 |accessdate=11 March 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x6uNTfpe?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103100600.htm |archivedate=11 March 2011 |df=dmy }}
90. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone three-day outlook for the Western Region 2011-03-11 |author=Unattributed |date=10 March 2011 |url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103110406.htm |accessdate=11 March 2011 |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |work=TCWC Perth |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5x6uuFaIH?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103110406.htm |archivedate=11 March 2011 |df=dmy }}
91. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Outlook for the Northern Region, including the Gulf of Carpentaria 26 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xWY2phDh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDD10610_201103260445.htm |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml |date=26 March 2011 |accessdate=29 December 2014 |author=Darwin Regional Forecasting Centre |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |archivedate=28 March 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
92. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Technical Bulletin: Australia: Northern Region: 30 March 2011: 07:43 UTC |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xZQZ1rUm?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.adrm..txt |archivedate=30 March 2011 |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/wrap_fwo.pl?IDD20020.txt |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=29 December 2014 |author=Darwin Tropical Cyclone Warning Centre |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
93. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Advice Number 1: 30 March 2011: 11:00 CST |author=Darwin Regional Forecasting Centre |archivedate=30 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5xZ7uEidR?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDDP0002_201103300130.htm |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/cgi-bin/wrap_fwo.pl?IDDP0002.txt |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=29 December 2014 |publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}
94. ^¹{{cite report|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology|author=Western Australian Regional Office|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/announcements/sevwx/wa/watc20110412.shtml|title=Tropical Cyclone Errol|accessdate=3 January 2015}}
95. ^https://www.webcitation.org/5v09b0x7F?url=http://www.bom.gov.au/nt/forecasts/tcoutlook.shtml
96. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Low 06U 06Z 30 Dec 2010|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5vMIMbiDk?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|dead-url=yes|archive-date=30 December 2010|date=30 December 2010|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology}}
97. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Low 06U 12Z 1 Jan 2011|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5vPf4zINz?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|dead-url=yes|archive-date=1 January 2011|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology}}
98. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Low 06U 06Z 2 Jan 2011|url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5vQtavmO3?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau01.aprf..txt|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2 January 2011|date=2 January 2011|publisher=Australian Bureau of Meteorology}}
99. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for the Western Region on Monday 31st of January 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201101310600.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wArD1F01?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201101310600.htm|dead-url=yes|date=31 January 2011|archivedate=1 February 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
100. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for Northern Region on Saturday 26th of February 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDD10610_201102260445.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wnNhPCjN?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDD10610_201102260445.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=26 February 2011|date=26 February 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
101. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for Northern Region on Tuesday 1st of March 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDD10610_201103010445.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wr3m6oNh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDD10610_201103010445.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=1 March 2011|date=1 March 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
102. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for Coral Sea on Saturday 5th of March 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDQ10810_201103050430.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5wxN7Pd9e?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDQ10810_201103050430.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 March 2011|date=5 March 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
103. ^https://www.webcitation.org/5x0BfmJmR?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ax/axau21.abrf..txt
104. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for the Western Region on Friday 11th of March 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103110406.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5x6uuFaIH?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103110406.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=11 March 2011|date=11 March 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
105. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for the Western Region on Wednesday 30th of March 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103300312.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xZ87kvbT?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201103300312.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=30 March 2011|date=30 March 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
106. ^{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Three-Day Outlook for the Western Region on Sunday 3rd of April 2011|url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201104030600.htm|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5xfD5Pd1h?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/IDW10800_201104030600.htm|dead-url=yes|archive-date=3 April 2011|date=3 April 2011|publisher=Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology}}
107. ^https://www.webcitation.org/5xy6m6uz6?url=http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/raw/ww/wwso21.abrf..txt
108. ^Damage from Tropical Cyclones Tasha and Anthony are not known as they both contributed to the 2010–11 Queensland floods, which caused over A$ 30 billion.