| 词条 | 2011 Djiboutian protests |
| 释义 |
| title = 2011 Djiboutian protests | partof = the Arab Spring | image = Location Djibouti AW.png | caption = | date = {{start date|2011|01|28}} – {{end date|2011|03|11}} ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=28|year1=2011|month2=03|day2=11|year2=2011}}) | place = Djibouti | coordinates = | causes = | goals = Remove president Ismail Omar Guelleh from power | methods = Demonstrations, riots. | status = | result = Mass arrests of protesters and opposition leaders,[1] deprivation of international observers[2][3] | side1 = | side2 = | side3 = | leadfigures1 = At least 2 fatalities | leadfigures2 = 10 injuries | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | casualties_label = | notes = }} The 2011 Djiboutian protests were widespread demonstrations and riots that took place between January and March 2011 in Djibouti, situated in the Horn of Africa. A member of the Arab League, the protests in Djibouti showed a clear influence from the concurrent Arab Spring protests in North Africa and the Arabian peninsula. The demonstrations ended after mass arrests[1] and the barring of international observers.[2][3] BackgroundPresident of Djibouti Ismail Omar Guelleh has been in office since 1999, but his government has been in power for 34 years. Recently, Guelleh changed the constitution so that he could have a third term in office. This proved unpopular with the Djiboutian population.[1] These protests occurred in the months leading up to the Djiboutian presidential election, 2011. ProtestsBefore February 19On January 25, thousands of people turned out to protest in Djibouti City. Similar to the events on January 28, only smaller. 300 people gathered in a square in the capital, Djibouti. On February 18, thousands rallied against the president, gathering at a stadium with the intention of staying there until their demands were met. However, the demonstration escalated into clashes after dusk, as police used batons and tear gas against stone-throwing protesters. Officials from the Union for Democratic Change, an umbrella group of three opposition parties, gave speeches at the demonstration calling for Guelleh to step down.[2] February 19–25On February 19, clashes were reported to be intensifying.[3] Anti-government protestors clashed with security forces 24 hours after hundreds of demonstrators demanding the president step down hurled stones at riot police who fired back with tear gas. At least one policeman was killed, and sources said one protester had also been killed.[4] The protest leaders were arrested[5] The next day, Djiboutian authorities released three opposition leaders as opponents of President Ismail Guelleh clashed with police.[6] Leaders of the United Sun Nations, opposition parties and protest organisers were set to meet on February 24 to plan mass protests for the following day. Police acting on behalf of Gulleh arrested 300 organisers during and after the mass protests on February 18, with reports of torture being used to sedate the activists. After the failure of the leaders to turn up on February 24, opposition leader Bourhan Mohammed Ali stated he feared the protests had lost momentum.[7] Protests had been planned for March 4, but it remained to be seen if the Djiboutians would be able to coordinate themselves without the 300 arrested leaders.[7] February 26 – March 11On March 3, Djibouti ordered its opposition party to cancel its anti-government protests which were to be held on March 4, 2011 due to a previous rally a month earlier turning violent. Mohammed Daoud, head of the opposition Djibouti Party for Development, said that protests will occur as scheduled.[8] On the 4th soldiers and police filled the streets to prevent the planned demonstration blocking the route to the city's main stadium where they were to have taken place and preventing the protest.[1] A protest was planned for March 11, but security forces scuppered the protest and detained 4 opposition leaders.[9] CensorshipOn February 9, the President of the Djibouti League of Human Rights was arrested.[10] On March 21, US election monitors were expelled from the country, whose task would have been to observe the April 2011 presidential election.[11] ResponseThe United Kingdom's Ministry of Foreign Affairs warned against travel to Djibouti.[12] See also
References1. ^1 Police, army forces in Djibouti prevent protest - Sunday, March 6, 2011 | 3:02 a.m. - Las Vegas Sun{{dead link|date=July 2015}} {{Arab Spring}}{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}2. ^{{cite news|title=Djiboutians rally to oust president|author =|publisher=Aljazeera English|date=18 February 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201121816513686216.html}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110219-321179/Djibouti-police-protestors-face-off-for-second-day |title=Djibouti police, protestors face off for second day |publisher=INQUIRER.net |date=19 February 2011 |accessdate=19 February 2011}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Middle-East-Unrest-Bloody-Clashes-Between-Protesters-And-Police-Claim-Dozens-Of-Lives/Article/201102315936935?lpos=World_News_Carousel_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15936935_Middle_East_Unrest:_Bloody_Clashes_Between_Protesters_And_Police_Claim_Dozens_Of_Lives |title=Middle East Unrest: Bloody Clashes Between Protesters And Police Claim Dozens Of Lives |publisher=Sky News |date=|accessdate=19 February 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2015}} 5. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/19/us-djibouti-protests-idUSTRE71I1BQ20110219 | work=Reuters | title=Protests hit Djibouti as opposition leaders held | date=19 February 2011}} 6. ^Djibouti Opposition Leaders Free After Anti-Government Protests - Businessweek {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222115430/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-19/djibouti-opposition-leaders-free-after-anti-government-protests.html |date=February 22, 2011 }} 7. ^1 2 3 afrol News - Mass arrests stopped further Djibouti protests 8. ^{{cite news | url=https://af.reuters.com/article/djiboutiNews/idAFLDE7220AJ20110303 | title=Djibouti orders opposition to postpone protest | accessdate=4 March 2011 | others=Reporting by Abdourahem Arteh in Djibouti and Richard Lough in Nairobi | author=Richard Lough|editor=David Clarke | publisher=Reuters | date=3 March 2011}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-11/djibouti-forces-arrest-opposition-leaders-scuppering-protests.html |title=Djibouti Forces Arrest Opposition Leaders, Scuppering Protests |publisher=Bloomberg.com |accessdate=3 November 2011 |date=11 March 2011}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Djibouti: Human rights activist arrested in Djibouti: Jean-Paul Noёl Abdi|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR23/001/2011/en|accessdate=24 March 2011|date=11 February 2011|publisher=Amnesty International| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110313150842/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR23/001/2011/en| archivedate= 13 March 2011 | deadurl= no}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite news|last=Straziuso|first=Jason|title=Djibouti evicts US vote group ahead of election|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/42141308|accessdate=24 March 2011|newspaper=Associated Press|date=18 March 2011}}{{dead link|date=July 2015}} 12. ^{{cite news|last=Rogers|first=Simon|title=FCO travel advice mapped: the world according to Britain's diplomats|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/23/fco-travel-advice-map|accessdate=24 March 2011|newspaper=guardian.co.uk Datablog|date=23 March 2011|location=London}} 4 : Politics of Djibouti|Arab Spring by country|2011 in Djibouti|2011 protests |
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