| 词条 | 2011 United States public employee protests |
| 释义 |
In February 2011, a series of public employee protests began in the United States against proposed legislation which would weaken the power of labor unions. By March, eighteen states had proposed legislation which would remove some collective bargaining powers from unions, along with another five states which proposed legislation which would negatively affect unions.[1] The protests occurred when public employee unions mounted protests against legislation proposed by Republican governors such as Scott Walker (Wisconsin), Rick Scott (Florida), Mitch Daniels (Indiana), Sean Parnell (Alaska), Rick Snyder (Michigan), John Kasich (Ohio), Paul LePage (Maine) and Jan Brewer (Arizona) which, among other things, would strip public employees of some collective bargaining rights as well as require higher employee contributions to pension and health care plans. The governors stated they needed these changes in order to cut state spending and balance the states' budgets. The protests began in Wisconsin,[2][3] then spread to Indiana and Ohio, with unions around the country rallying to show their opposition to the proposed legislation.[5] Several other states considered similar legislation.[2][7][3] Virginia, North Carolina, and Texas prohibit formal collective bargaining with public employees.[4] image:Map of collective bargaining legislation.svg|thumb|600px|Clickable map of proposed legislation which reduces collective bargaining or reduces union rights. poly 152 457 153 540 177 548 205 576 205 589 183 588 158 553 117 547 100 567 12 578 66 547 41 517 52 469 72 449 107 437 #Alaska poly 132 396 190 434 229 441 245 325 161 309 157 326 148 326 140 347 151 364 #Arizona poly 27 164 91 181 73 243 140 339 138 346 149 363 134 394 91 389 41 334 13 194 #California poly 257 235 369 248 364 331 247 320 #Colorado poly 731 453 776 545 757 583 739 584 714 520 688 472 663 485 624 471 624 460 666 454 666 460 #Florida poly 169 48 154 107 161 116 145 140 137 190 226 206 236 157 206 154 200 127 189 131 192 105 175 72 182 50 #Idaho poly 603 229 602 312 631 305 650 284 644 222 #Indiana poly 461 197 454 215 469 258 535 258 544 244 553 225 540 198 #Iowa poly 368 268 361 333 488 336 488 291 481 285 484 277 471 269 #Kansas poly 836 111 850 149 854 157 897 106 887 89 872 60 849 56 #Maine poly 816 170 817 186 849 180 857 187 878 189 878 171 854 160 #Massachusetts poly 544 114 555 131 596 149 613 224 664 219 674 191 647 128 581 85 #Michigan poly 470 259 471 269 486 288 488 345 566 344 561 353 571 353 582 334 559 305 562 294 536 261 #Missouri poly 340 203 337 244 368 247 368 265 475 269 460 217 426 208 #Nebraska poly 829 114 825 168 852 160 835 109 #New Hampshire poly 92 182 180 200 156 324 146 323 141 342 73 244 #Nevada poly 245 320 347 330 337 436 245 431 242 443 226 439 #New Mexico poly 801 207 799 225 806 231 797 240 809 254 823 224 815 218 815 211 #New Jersey poly 653 281 679 285 686 292 714 243 710 213 675 224 663 220 645 223 649 275 #Ohio poly 347 331 488 337 494 407 430 397 397 388 397 347 345 345 #Oklahoma poly 569 374 667 366 705 327 575 344 #Tennessee poly 57 76 73 85 73 95 111 102 158 109 168 49 88 25 60 34 #Washington poly 522 129 520 140 513 146 513 169 538 184 539 210 549 216 592 210 600 156 593 153 585 143 548 126 538 120 #Wisconsin rect 867 244 950 269 #New Jersey rect 680 88 774 113 #Massachusetts desc bottom-right AlaskaProposed LegislationRepresentative Carl Gatto (R-Palmer), has introduced legislation that would strip many public employees of the right to collectively bargain for hours, benefits and working conditions. State employees could still collectively bargain for wages under the legislation. The bill exempts firefighters, police officers and emergency medical technicians.[5] Arizona{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7295QI20110311 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=March 2011}}More info[1] CaliforniaProposed LegislationRepublicans in the Senate and Assembly have proposed measures that would limit collective-bargaining rights and increase pension contributions for state employees. Democrats in control of the Legislature kept collective bargaining safe, but Governor Jerry Brown (D) unveiled a plan in March to target excesses in pensions.[12] ProtestsLos Angeles county police estimated that between 5,000 and 8,000 people took part in a protest against pay cuts to state workers on March 26.[12] Colorado{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7295QI20110311 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=March 2011}}More info[1] FloridaProposed LegislationRepublican Governor Rick Scott’s budget proposal calls for a heavy hit to union strength, but, due to a constitutional provision, the state is not allowed to strip collective-bargaining rights unless a union’s membership falls below a certain level. Lawmakers are instead preparing to place a cap on the amount unions can automatically extract from members’ paychecks without written permission. One of the bills passed the House in late March and awaits Senate approval. Republicans control both chambers, so passage is likely.[12] ProtestsProtests have yet to escalate in Florida. A small group of union employees, nearing 100, marched in Palm Beach to show solidarity with Wisconsin workers on April 4, in honor of the anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s death.[12] Hawaii{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=July 2011}}More info[2] IdahoProposed LegislationA bill restricting the collective bargaining rights’ of Idaho’s unionized teachers passed the legislature on March 7 and was signed into effect by Republican Gov. Butch Otter. The bill, which first passed in the House in February, will keep 12,000 teachers from bargaining their salary and benefits. It also eliminated tenure and introduced merit-based pay. The legislature adjourned for April 7, ending what lawmakers have called one of the most difficult sessions in memory.[12][6] ProtestsUnion members planned to protest outside the Capitol in Boise on March 9 to condemn the passage of the bill. A rally in Boise on February 21, before the House vote, drew about 1,000 protesters and smaller pro-teacher’s union rallies were held in 10 other cities.[12] Indiana{{See also|2011 Indiana legislative walkouts}}Proposed legislationRepublican House members proposed a “right-to-work” bill that would have made it illegal for an employer to mandate that employees join a union. Lacking support from Republican Governor Mitch Daniels, the bill has died.[12][7] ProtestsMost of the Democratic representatives in Indiana's state House of Representatives fled to neighboring states to block voting on bill.[12][8][25] On March 10 thousands of protesters appeared at the Indiana state house, protesting in support of labor unions. IowaProposed LegislationHouse Republicans proposed a bill that required state workers to pay a portion of their insurance premiums and allowed workers to opt out of union membership. Though the Republican-controlled House pushed a labor reform to weaken unions, the Democrat-controlled Senate has not taken it up for debate.[12] ProtestsRoughly 300 people came to show their support for workers on April 4, marking the anniversary of Martin Luther King Jr.'s death.[12] KansasProposed legislationThe Kansas House passed a Republican-backed bill on February 24 that would ban voluntary deductions from union members’ paychecks for political activities. The bill also bans public employee unions from endorsing political candidates. The bill has a good chance of passing the heavily Republican Senate. Republican Governor Sam Brownback has not communicated his stance on the bill.[4][12] ProtestsKansas union members filled the hall of the House on February 24 in an unsuccessful attempt to urge lawmakers to oppose the bill.[12] MaineProposed legislationOn February 28 it was reported that newly elected Governor Paul LePage, in an interview at the National Governors Association, praised Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, who is trying to eliminate collective bargaining rights for public employees, and expressed support for right-to-work legislation proposals in the Maine Legislature. The 'right-to-work' bill would make it illegal for public employees to be required to join a union, and eliminate collective bargaining for public employees. LePage openly challenged public workers saying Wisconsin-style protests will start coming to Maine "once [public employees] start reading the budget bill."[9] ProtestsSeveral protests were planned by the Maine State Employees Union, with a member saying that LePage is trying to "drive public employees to poverty."[10] MSEU bussed public employees out to the capital of Augusta to protest, and several high schools and colleges held walkouts in protest of the legislation. Reports said the numbers of protesters in Augusta numbered in the hundreds,[11] while the exact number of high school and college walkouts are unknown. In February, state Rep. Diane Russel traveled to Wisconsin to join in the protests going on in Madison saying, "This war isn't about the unions: it's a class war; this affects every worker and every member of the Middle Class – what's left of it."[12] On March 24, Governor LePage sparked protests when he announced that he planned to remove a large mural depicting the history of the state's labor movement from the lobby of the Maine Department of Labor offices. LePage said that he had received a written complaint signed by a "secret admirer", and "some complaints" from business owners. The mural includes depictions of Rosie the Riveter at Bath Iron Works, a 1937 shoe worker’s strike, and the 1986 SD Warren paper mill strike. The artist, Judy Taylor, stated, “There was never any intention to be pro-labor or anti-labor, it was a pure depiction of the facts.”[13] LePage also announced that he plans to rename conference rooms that have carried the names of historic leaders of American labor, including former Secretary Frances Perkins, the first female cabinet member in American history (Franklin Roosevelt's Secretary of Labor) who had strong Maine roots. The Governor's spokesman explained that the mural and the conference-room names were “not in keeping with the department's pro-business goals.[14] Despite protests, on March 28 it was disclosed that the murals had been removed over the weekend. In a statement LePage's press secretary said, "The mural has been removed and is in storage awaiting relocation to a more appropriate venue."[15] Some Maine residents are protesting the removal.[16] On April 2, the federal government, who granted US$60,000 to the State of Maine to have the mural painted and installed, asked LePage to return the $60,000 or put the mural back up. Protesters, numbering at about 350 people, have maintained a presence in the capitol, even after LePage left for a vacation in Jamaica. Some protesters held signs comparing LePage to dictators such as Muammar Gaddafi, Hosni Mubarak and Benito Mussolini. Others wore stickers and T-shirts with 61% written on them, referencing that 61% of voters had voted for someone other than LePage in the 2010 Maine gubernatorial election. MassachusettsProposed LegislationDemocratic Governor Deval Patrick's agenda included proposals to restrict the collective bargaining power of municipal unions over health care plan design and to increase the retirement age in order to reduce the unfunded liability in the pension system. Restrictions to collective-bargaining rights were seen as unlikely to pass the Democratic-controlled Legislature. Although Patrick supported limited restrictions on some aspects of health care plans for municipal employees, he has spoken against broader proposals against overall collective bargaining rights.[12] On April 27, the Democratic-controlled Massachusetts House of Representatives voted overwhelmingly in favor with a vote of 111–42 to change collective bargaining rights of municipal employee unions with regards to health care. The legislation, which ultimately passed, created a process for municipalities to force their unions to the bargaining table regarding health care plan design or be moved into the state Group Insurance Commission pool, which has significantly more bargaining power and leeway in plan design than municipal plans (and thus much lower costs). State employees were unaffected as they already used the GIC, and municipal employees retain the right to collectively bargain premium contributions to their plans, GIC or otherwise. However, the legislation ran contrary to the national trend in which the Democratic Party at the federal and state level were opposing all measures to change collective bargaining rights.[17] ProtestsPro-union protesters gathered at Beacon Hill in Boston on February 22. The counter rally, held by tea partiers, took place at the foot of the Statehouse. Smaller groups, maximum 300, have gathered around the state following the February protest.[12] MichiganProposed LegislationDemocrats in the Republican-dominated legislature have proposed an amendment to guarantee collective bargaining rights to state workers. The amendment would need a public vote to become part of the constitution. The amendment is unlikely to get the two-thirds vote it would need to appear on the public ballot.[12] Both chambers of the state legislature have passed bills that would give state-appointed Emergency Financial Managers the power to break contracts in the event of a municipal "financial emergency".[4] ProtestsMichigan firefighters and other union members were at the Capitol in protest of anti-union legislation on March 8.[18] Roughly 200 gathered outside the capitol in Lansing on April 4.[12] Minnesota{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=July 2011}}More info[2] MissouriProposed LegislationSenate President Pro Tem Rob Mayer, a Republican, said on February 24 that he plans to propose a “right-to-work” bill next week. The Missouri Chamber of Commerce has announced its support of the bill, and both chambers of the legislature are controlled by Republicans. Democratic Governor Jay Nixon has yet to communicate his stance on the issue.[12] ProtestsWisconsin-style protests haven’t occurred, but Senate Presidrnt Rob Mayer told the St. Louis Post-Dispatch: “I’m aware that [protests] could take place and happen, but it will in no way keep me from moving forward with trying to implement the law.”[12] Montana{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=July 2011}}More info[2] NebraskaProposed LegislationA proposed bill and constitutional amendment introduced by State Senator John Nelson (Republican) called for abolishing collective bargaining and the Nebraska Commission of Industrial Relations. The state commission resolves impasses in wage and benefit negotiations for public workers. Other bills call for changes in the commission's powers, including removing teachers unions from its jurisdiction. Governor Dave Heineman (Republican), says he favors “meaningful and significant” changes.[19] NevadaProposed LegislationRepublican lawmakers and former Republican Governor Jim Gibbons drafted a bill in 2010 to end collective bargaining. In February, newly elected Republican Governor Brian Sandoval asked legislators to ignore his predecessor’s collective-bargaining plan. Sandoval’s decision, combined with the obstacle of a Democrat-controlled House and Senate, makes such a measure highly unlikely to pass. Assembly Minority Leader Pete Goicoechea said the Republican caucus would be flexible in order to avoid a Wisconsin-style showdown.[12] ProtestsNevada's public employees held rallies in Carson City on April 4 to protest the proposed “attacks” on their rights.[12] New HampshireProposed legislationA bill passed by the New Hampshire House would forbid collective bargaining agreements that require employees to join a union.[4] An amendment to the state budget bill, HB2, was proposed on March 22, 2011. The bill would effectively end collective bargaining in the state by de-certifying unions whose contracts expired. The amendment text is as follows Rep Kurk, Hills. 7 March 22, 2011 2011-1148h 10/09 Draft Amendment to HB 2-FN-A-LOCAL Impasse in Collective Bargaining. RSA 273·A: 12, VII 18 repealed and re-enacted to read as follows: VII. For any collective bargaining agreement entered into by the par ties after the effective date of this paragraph, if the impasse is not resolved at the time of the expiration of the parties' agreement, the terms of the collective bargaining agreement shall cease and all employees subject to the agreement shall become at-will employees whose salaries, benefits, and terms and conditions of employment shall be at the discretion of the employer. On March 30, the New Hampshire House of Representatives passed a bill that ended nearly all collective bargaining rights for state workers. "There is no way" the measure will clear the Senate, said Carole Alfano, the Senate communications director. "It has absolutely zero support.". However, the New Hampshire Senate has an overwhelming Republican majority with 19 of the 24 members being Republicans. Democratic governor John Lynch opposes the bill.[20] ProtestsOn March 31, local religious leaders held a prayer and fasting vigil in the statehouse outside House Speaker Bill O'Brien's office. Meanwhile, thousands of concerned citizens held a rally outside to oppose the proposed budget and the attached amendment.[21] New JerseyProposed legislationRepublican Governor Chris Christie’s proposal for pension reform plans to dock more pay from state workers. He did not propose restricting collective bargaining because Democrats control the Legislature.[12] ProtestsNew Jersey union groups called for a solidarity rally for Wisconsin’s public workers outside the statehouse in Trenton on February 25.[12] The state teachers union, police and firefighters, CWA and AFL-CIO planned to send protesters to a workers' rights rally at the Statehouse on June 16.[22] New MexicoProposed LegislationA bill has been filed in committee that would limit the collective bargaining rights of workers.[23] North Carolina{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7295QI20110311 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=March 2011}}More info[1] OhioProposed legislationRepublican Governor John Kasich supported a Senate bill (SB 5) that would eliminate collective bargaining for state-government employees. Senate Democrats’ attempt to kill the bill with a statewide referendum. They collected 1.3 million signatures against the bill and has been defeated as Issue 2 in this November's election ballot.[12] ProtestsOn the night of the bill’s signing, thousands of demonstrators protested outside the statehouse in Columbus.[12] OklahomaProposed legislationRepublican leadership proposed amendments to limit the strength of city employee unions. Most state employees in Oklahoma are not allowed to unionize. The bills would repeal collective bargaining rights and change how cities handle disputes with public safety unions. With Republicans dominating the state’s government, the bill has a good shot at passing.[12] One bill in the state House by Representative Mark McCullough (R-Sapulpa), and approved by House Economic Development, Tourism and Financial Services Committee, proposed altering the Oklahoma Firefighters Pension and Retirement System. ProtestsOn March 9, 2011, hundreds of Oklahoma firefighters went to the state capitol to protest against proposed changes in their pension benefits. The president of the International Association of Firefighters said he was concerned about the "tone of the legislature", and that "public employees seem to be the scapegoat". Nearly 400 union workers rallied outside the capitol in Oklahoma City on April 4.[12] Pennsylvania{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=July 2011}}More info[2] TennesseeProposed legislationRepublican Governor Bill Haslam's budget did not call for collective-bargaining reforms, but a Senate bill threatened to take away those rights for teachers. The Senate bill, which once seemed likely to pass, has been met with sharp opposition from the public. On April 7, the bill was sent back to the education committee for revisions yet to be determined.[12] ProtestsA rally organized by local MoveOn.org members as part of the nationwide day of action of Rallies to Save the American Dream was held on Saturday, February 26 on Legislative Plaza on the south side of the Tennessee State Capitol. About 500 attended by organizer counts, but only 200 according to media accounts. The rally was both to stand with Wisconsin, and also to protest the proposed Tennessee legislation.[24] On March 5 nearly 3000 rallied on Legislative Plaza in a rally and march organized by the Tennessee Education Association, the state affiliate of the National Education Association. Teachers, union members, activists, and other supporters rallied against the proposed legislation. Dennis Van Roekel, national President of NEA flew in from Arizona to speak to the crowd. A number of Democratic elected officials spoke and were in attendance.[25][26] A protest of hundreds on March 15 came to a head when police physically dragged seven teachers out of the Senate committee hearing.[12] Virginia{{expand section|proposed legislation and resulting protests. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 This page] has information on proposed legislation & protests|date=July 2011}}More info[2] WashingtonProposed LegislationThere was a Republican-sponsored Senate bill that would restrict collective-bargaining rights for the state. The bill has little chance of passing because Democrats control the governor’s mansion and both legislative chambers.[12] ProtestsAmendments to collective bargaining have not come to fruition; about 400 demonstrators protesting budget cuts to state programs gathered at the Capitol on April 6.[12] West VirginiaProtestsPublic-sector workers in West Virginia protested to demand better pay and working conditions. State employees are asking for the elimination of a 2005 pay freeze, a 3% cost-of-living adjustment, and seniority rights. Workers also want the state to fund the West Virginia Occupational and Safety Act, which was passed in 1987 to regulate workplace safety but has never been funded.[27] Wisconsin{{main|2011 Wisconsin protests}}Proposed legislationLegislation proposed by Republican Governor of Wisconsin Scott Walker[29] to address a projected $3.6 billion budget shortfall has sparked protests in Wisconsin.[30] The legislation would require state employees to contribute 5.8% of their salaries to cover pension costs, contribute 12.6% towards their health care premiums, and would limit collective bargaining rights for most public employee union members. Democrats and union leaders offered to accept the increased cost of benefits but not the removal of bargaining rights.[31] Walker offered a compromise to allow bargaining on wages with no limit which was deemed inadequate to the unions and the Democratic leadership.[32] ProtestsA crowd estimated to be up to 100,000 people turned out in Madison, Wisconsin on Saturday, February 26 to protest Governor Walker's bill. Solidarity demonstrations, and demonstrations against similar measures in other states, also took place around the country.[33] Some journalists and political commentators have compared the protests to the Arab Spring, some in jest.[85] Christian Science Monitor staff writer Stephen Kurczy dubbed the Wisconsin protests "The Cheddar Revolution".[85] Many journalists and commentators also considered the Middle East and North African protests an inspiration for the U.S. public employee protests.[34][35][36] In all 50 US states of the United States, there have been rallies supporting the Wisconsin demonstrations.[37][38][39] Wisconsin Capitol building occupationProtesters occupied the Wisconsin Capitol building to demonstrate their opposition to the proposed legislation restricting the collective bargaining rights of public employees and increase their share of benefits payments, and what they saw as anti-democratic behavior by the governor and legislature. On Friday, February 25, Capitol Police Chief Charles Tubbs told reporters that demonstrators would have to leave the Wisconsin state Capitol building by 4 pm on the following Sunday. According to media estimates, tens of thousands participated in the protests, and hundreds occupied the building around the clock. Police restricted sleeping bags, coolers, and folding chairs, and that the Capitol would be closed "for public health reasons". The Capitol was scheduled to reopen the following on Monday at 8 am, but police said they would closely monitor the number of people in the building.[40] Some protesters vowed to remain as an act of civil disobedience, and non-violent civil disobedience training took place.[41] Although many protesters did leave on Sunday afternoon at the urging of union leaders and Democrats,{{citation needed|date=September 2011}} hundreds defied the order and remained in the building. Police did not remove the remaining protesters.[42] The Department of Administration did not reopen the building until Tuesday nor remove the added security, such as metal detectors, for several weeks, in defiance of a court order. On Thursday, March 3, Dane County Circuit Court Judge John Albert ordered that the Capitol building be cleared of protesters at building's the 6 pm closing time, but also ruled that restricting access to the building during business hours was unconstitutional because it violated the public's free speech and peaceful assembly rights.[43] Death threatsEighteen Republican state Senators received death threats after passing the bill.[44][45] On May 12, 2011, 100 pages of public records were released that detailed the emotions and threats that occurred during the protests. Dozens of emails suggest Walker or legislators should be shot, or hanged, or should watch their backs, look over their shoulders or resign. One man tweeted that he prayed an anvil would fall from the sky onto Walker. FBI agents from Maine to California to Florida also got involved, the records show. A suspect in Maine was arrested after sending letters to that state's Republican U.S. senators suggesting Walker should be killed and that all Republican governors resign. A Burbank, California resident who sent a long email offering a $50,000 bounty for Walker was interviewed by federal agents who determined he was mentally challenged and not a true threat. Police in Nebraska tracked down a man who posted to a Wisconsin man's Facebook page that he expected the shooting to start soon and that he would be ready to inflict nonlethal shots so others could hear screams. He told officers he got "carried away," didn't intend to harm anyone and has never been to Wisconsin. A Stevens Point man called the State Police after he heard his accountant, who he knew is married to a teacher, remark that if Walker didn't stop attacking teachers unions he'd be assassinated. An agent interviewed the accountant and determined there was no threat.[46] Legislative walkoutIn another form of protest, and as a tactic to prevent passage of the bill, all 14 Democratic members of the Wisconsin State Senate left the state of Wisconsin and traveled to Illinois in order to delay a vote on the bill.[47] With only 19 Republican members, the Senate would not have the 20 Senators required for a quorum in order to vote on the bill, since it is a fiscal bill.[48][49] The provision that the protests center around – the restricting of collective bargaining rights for state workers – could still be passed as a separate bill even in the absence of the Senate Democrats, because it had no fiscal component.[50] Recall electionsGroups began collecting signatures to try to recall eight Republicans and eight Democratic Senators. Of these attempts, six Republicans and three Democrats faced recall elections. Scholars could cite only three times in American history when more than one state legislator has been recalled at roughly the same time over the same issue.[51] Two Republican senators lost their seats in the recall elections. State Supreme Court electionThe Wisconsin Supreme Court race between 12-year incumbent David Prosser, Jr. and challenger Assistant Attorney General JoAnne Kloppenburg was widely seen as a referendum on Governor Walker's proposed budget reforms in Wisconsin and received considerable national media coverage.[52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] Prosser was seen as the pro-Walker candidate and Kloppenburg was seen as the anti-Walker candidate.[61] On April 15, Prosser was named the official winner by 7,316 votes after all county canvassing was completed.[62] On April 20, Kloppenburg asked for a recount.[63] On May 20, Prosser was declared the official winner.[64] See also
External links
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7295QI20110311|title=Factbox: Several states beyond Wisconsin mull union limits|accessdate=March 11, 2011|author=Wisniewski, Mary|date=March 10, 2011|publisher=Reuters}} [65][66][67][68][69][70]2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last=King |first=Neil |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703800204576158851079665840 |title=Political Fight Over Unions Escalates |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=February 22, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 3. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.torontosun.com/news/world/2011/02/27/17425236.html| author=Michelle Nichols|title=Labor rights protesters rally across United States|work=Toronto Sun|date=February 27, 2011}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/11/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7295QI20110311|author=Mary Wisniewski|title=Factbox: Several states beyond Wisconsin mull union limits|publisher=Reuters|date=March 10, 2011}} 5. ^{{cite web|author=CNN Wire Staff |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/03/22/alaska.collective.bargaining/index.html |title=Alaska GOP lawmaker seeks to curb collective bargaining rights |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 6. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/09/us-usa-unions-states-idUSTRE7280BS20110309?pageNumber=1| author=Mary Wisniewski| title=Idaho passes Republican bill to curb union rights| publisher=Reuters| date=March 8, 2011}} 7. ^{{cite news | url=http://tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/02/mitch-daniels-calls-on-state-gop-to-abandon-union-busting-bill.php | title=Mitch Daniels Calls On State GOP To Abandon Union-Busting Bill | accessdate=March 7, 2011 | author=Evan McMorris-Santoro | date=February 22, 2011 | publisher=Talking Points Memo}} 8. ^{{cite web | url=http://morallowground.com/2011/02/23/public-workers-rally-in-indiana-ohio-michigan-wisconsin-protests-continue-unions-plan-saturday-rallies-in-all-50-states/ | title=Public Workers Rally in Indiana, Ohio, Michigan & Idaho; Wisconsin Protests Continue; Unions Plan Saturday Rallies in All 50 States | accessdate=March 7, 2011 | author=Wilkins, Brett | date=February 23, 2011 | publisher=morallowground}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sunjournal.com/state/story/992937 |title=LePage: Wisconsin protests will come to Maine 'once they start reading our budget' |publisher=Sun Journal |date=February 28, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mypeoplesvoice.com/entrenched-augusta-special-interests-are-trying-to-bring-wisconsin-style-protests-to-maine/ |title=mypeoplesvoice.com |publisher=mypeoplesvoice.com |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 11. ^{{cite news|author=CLARKE CANFIELD |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.sunjournal.com/state/story/994353 |title=LePage budget brings out hundreds of union workers in protest |work=Sun Journal |date=March 2, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 12. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/02/20/diane-russel-maine-wisconsin-protests_n_825763.html |work=Huffington Post | first=Amanda | last=Terkel | title=Diane Russell, Maine State Lawmaker, Heads To Wisconsin To Join Protests: 'It's A Class War' | date=February 20, 2011}} 13. ^ {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529130553/http://new.bangordailynews.com/2011/03/23/politics/mural%E2%80%99s-planned-removal-heats-up-labor-dispute |date=May 29, 2011 }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.pressherald.com/news/latest-lepage-order-a-piece-of-work_2011-03-24.html |title=Bill Nemitz: Latest LePage order a piece of work | The Portland Press Herald / Maine Sunday Telegram |publisher=Pressherald.com |date=March 24, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 15. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/03/28/maine-labor-mural-removes_n_841369.html |work=Huffington Post | first=Amanda | last=Terkel | title=Maine Department of Labor Quietly Removes Mural Over The Weekend | date=March 28, 2011}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://mainelabormural.blogspot.com/ |title=M.U.R.A.L.: Saving the "History of Maine Labor" mural |publisher=Mainelabormural.blogspot.com |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 17. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/30/business/economy/30massachusetts.html | work=The New York Times | first=Abby | last=Goodnough | title=Massachusetts House Seeks to Limit Collective Bargaining | date=April 29, 2011}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.freep.com/article/20110308/NEWS06/110308021/0/SPORTS01/Michigan-firefighters-unions-storm-capitol-protest-anti-union-legislation |title=Amid shouts from protesters, Michigan Senate sets vote on emergency manager bill |work=Detroit Free Press |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=April 20, 2013}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.omaha.com/article/20110223/NEWS01/702239895/1009 |title=Will union battles spread? |publisher=Omaha.com |date=February 23, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 20. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/03/31/new.hampshire.collective.bargaining/index.html?iref=allsearch | work=CNN | title=New Hampshire workers rally against collective bargaining limits | date=March 31, 2011}} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20110401/GJNEWS_01/704019916 |title=Dover NH, Rochester NH, Portsmouth NH, Laconia NH, Sanford ME |publisher=Fosters.com |date=April 1, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 22. ^{{cite web|author=AP |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/06/16/new-jersey-state-workers-try-to-replicate-wisconsin-protests/ |title=New Jersey State Workers Try to Replicate Wisconsin Protests |publisher=Fox News |date=April 7, 2010 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 23. ^Hundreds Rally For Unions At Roundhouse {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927231146/http://www.koat.com/r/26960295/detail.html |date=September 27, 2011 }} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wsmv.com/news/27009766/detail.html|title=Hundreds Rally To Support Union Rights – Nashville News Story – WSMV Nashville|publisher=Wsmv.com|date=February 26, 2011|accessdate=March 13, 2011}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/03/08/134358759/tenn-teachers-join-battle-against-anti-union-bills|title=Tenn. Teachers Join Battle Against Anti-Union Bills|publisher=NPR|date=March 8, 2011|accessdate=March 13, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110315063544/http://www.npr.org/2011/03/08/134358759/tenn-teachers-join-battle-against-anti-union-bills| archivedate= March 15, 2011 | deadurl= no}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tennessean.com/article/20110306/NEWS01/103060373/1970/NEWS04/At-TN-Capitol-3-000-rally-teachers-voices-heard |title=At TN Capitol, 3,000 rally for teachers' voices to be heard |work=The Tennessean |date=March 6, 2011|accessdate=March 13, 2011}} 27. ^{{cite news|last=Allen |first=Steven |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/20/us-wisconsin-protests-westvirginia-idUSTRE71J26O20110220 |title=West Virginia workers plan rally for union rights |agency=Reuters |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 28. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-wisconsin-protests-20110227,0,3378088.story|author=Abby Sewell|title=Protesters out in force nationwide to oppose Wisconsin's anti-union bill|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 27, 2011}} 29. ^{{cite web|url=http://legis.wisconsin.gov/2011/data/JR1SB-11.pdf|title=Senate Bill 11 – Introduced by Committee on Senate Organization, by request of Governor Scott Walker|publisher=State of Wisconsin|date=February 14, 2011|page=144}} 30. ^{{cite news|title=Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker says National Guard ready for any unrest over anti-union bill|publisher=Green Bay Press-Gazette|url=http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/article/20110211/GPG0101/110211052/Public-workers-in-Wisconsin-reeling-from-anti-union-bill|author=AP staff reporter|agency=The Associated Press|date=February 11, 2011}} 31. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.postcrescent.com/article/20110221/APC0101/110221085/Wisconsin-Governor-Scott-Walker-says-he-won-t-accept-compromise-state-budget-plan |title=Wisconsin Governor Scott Walker says he won't accept compromise on state budget plan |agency=The Associated Press |author=AP staff reporter |work=postcrescent.com |date=February 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 32. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2011/03/08/wisconsin-governor-proposes-union-compromise-e-mails|title=Wisconsin Governor Proposes Union Compromise in E-Mails|publisher=Fox News|date=March 8, 2011|accessdate=May 13, 2011}} 33. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-wisconsin-protests-20110227,0,3378088.story| author=Abby Sewell|title=Protesters out in force nationwide to oppose Wisconsin's anti-union bill|work=Los Angeles Times| date=February 27, 2011}} 34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.indypendent.org/2011/02/24/the-tunisia-effect|title=The Tunisia Effect|work=The Independent|date=February 24, 2011|accessdate=March 13, 2011}} 35. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-lux/egypt-wisconsin-and-the-f_b_825185.html|title=Mike Lux: Egypt, Wisconsin, and the Future of Our Democracy|work=Huffington Post|accessdate=March 13, 2011|date=February 18, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110219082708/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/mike-lux/egypt-wisconsin-and-the-f_b_825185.html| archivedate= February 19, 2011 | deadurl= no}} 36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/readersrespond/bs-ed-wisconsin-letter-20110224,0,1659160.story |title=Wisconsin protests: Wisconsin protesters are standing up to a despot |publisher=baltimoresun.com |date=February 24, 2011 |accessdate=March 13, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225084817/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/opinion/readersrespond/bs-ed-wisconsin-letter-20110224%2C0%2C1659160.story |archivedate=February 25, 2011 |deadurl=no |df= }} 37. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 {{cite news|url=http://nationaljournal.com/union-protests-spread-across-the-u-s--20110307|title=Union Protests Spread Across the U.S.|accessdate=March 7, 2011|author=Julia Edwards and Kevin Brennan|date=March 7, 2011|publisher=National Journal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309005006/http://www.nationaljournal.com/union-protests-spread-across-the-u-s--20110307|archivedate=March 9, 2011|deadurl=yes|df=mdy-all}} 38. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/26/earlyshow/saturday/main20036739.shtml|title=Rallies in 50 states support Wis. protesters|publisher=CBS News| date=February 26, 2011}} 39. ^{{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/26/wisconsin.budget.bill|title=Wisconsin budget battle touches all 50 states| publisher=CNN|date=February 27, 2011}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/116963268.html|author=Cary Spivak and Don Walker|title=Wisconsin Capitol protesters have to leave Sunday|work=Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel| date=February 25, 2011}} 41. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2011-02-25-wisconsin-union-battle_N.htm|author=Ben Jones|title=Police: No more sleeping bags in the Wis. Capitol|work=USA Today|date=February 26, 2011}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/02/28/wisconsin.budget|title=Wisconsin protesters stay put; defiant governor holds ground|publisher=CNN|date=February 28, 2011}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2011/03/03/police_remove_rallie.php|author=Pam Selman|title=Police remove ralliers from Capitol building|work=The Badger Herald|date=March 3, 2011}} 44. ^{{cite web|author=Litke, Eric|date=March 10, 2011|url=http://www.postcrescent.com/article/20110311/APC0101/103110516/Multimedia-18-GOP-senators-report-getting-death-threats|title=18 Republican senators from Wisconsin report getting death threats after passing bill to end collective bargaining for most public workers|work=Appleton Post-Crescent|accessdate=April 20, 2013}} 45. ^18 Republican senators from Wisconsin report getting death threats after passing bill to end collective bargaining for most public workers – Wausau Daily Herald – wausaudailyherald.com, Eric Litke March 11, 2011; retrieved March 12, 2011 46. ^{{cite web|last=Vielmetti |first=Bruce |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/121721234.html |title=Records detail threats against Walker, lawmakers |publisher=JSOnline |date=May 12, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/116581183.html|title=In Illinois, Wisconsin Senate Democrats vow unity|publisher=JSOnline|date=February 20, 2011|accessdate=February 28, 2011}} 48. ^{{cite news|first=Mark |last=Niquette |title=Public Worker Protests Spread From Wisconsin to Ohio |date=February 18, 2011 |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-17/public-employee-union-protests-spread-from-wisconsin-to-ohio.html |accessdate=February 18, 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5wb13xKZL?url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-17/public-employee-union-protests-spread-from-wisconsin-to-ohio.html |archivedate=February 18, 2011 |deadurl=no |df=mdy }} 49. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/20/usa-wisconsin-protests-idUSN2018696320110220 "Wisconsin gov. sees Democrats returning to debate plan"]. Reuters, February 20, 2011 50. ^{{cite web|last=Boyle|first=Matthew|url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/02/21/wisconsin-senate-can-eliminate-collective-bargaining-for-teachers-%E2%80%94-even-without-democrats-who-fled|title=Wisconsin Teacher Unions | Senate Could End Collective Bargaining Without Dems |work=The Daily Caller|date=February 21, 2011|accessdate=February 28, 2011}} 51. ^{{cite web|author=Craig Gilbert|url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/117501513.html|title=Recall drives could make history|publisher=JSOnline.com|accessdate=March 8, 2011}} 52. ^{{cite web|author=Chris Bury |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/wisconsin-election-results-david-prosser-ally-governor-scott/story?id=13324581|title=Wisconsin Election Results: Conservative David Prosser Retakes Lead in Supreme Court Race |publisher=ABC News |date=April 7, 2011|accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 53. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/05/us/politics/05wisconsin.html?_r=1|title=Wisconsin Election Is Referendum on Governor|work=The New York Times|date=April 4, 2011|accessdate=May 10, 2011|first=Monica|last=Davey}} 54. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2011/04/04/27149/tuesdays_wisconsin_supreme_court_election_morphs_into_referendum_on_scott_walker|title=Tuesday's Wisconsin Supreme Court election morphs into referendum on Scott Walker|publisher=Minnpost.com |date=April 4, 2011 |accessdate=May 10, 2011| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519034915/http://www.minnpost.com/stories/2011/04/04/27149/tuesdays_wisconsin_supreme_court_election_morphs_into_referendum_on_scott_walker |archivedate= May 19, 2011 |deadurl= no}} 55. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/apr/4/justices-race-now-a-governors-referendum |title=Justice’s race now a governor’s referendum |work=The Washington Times |date=April 4, 2011 |accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 56. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.greenbaypressgazette.com/article/20110326/GPG0101/110326004/1207/Email-Walker-suggested-faking-attack-governor/Court-race-becomes-referendum-union-bargaining-law?odyssey=mod_sectionstories |title=Wisconsin Supreme Court race becomes referendum on union bargaining law |publisher=Greenbaypressgazette.com |accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 57. ^{{cite web |url=http://dailycaller.com/2011/03/30/scott-walkers-nonpartisan-doppelganger/ |title=Scott Walker's nonpartisan doppelganger |author=Caroline May |date=March 30, 2011 |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 58. ^{{cite news |last=Ungar |first=Rick |url=https://blogs.forbes.com/rickungar/2011/04/06/scott-walkers-election-nightmare-in-wisconsin |title=Scott Walker's Election Nightmare in Wisconsin |work=Forbes |date=April 6, 2011|accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 59. ^{{cite web |url=http://articles.chicagobreakingnews.com/2011-04-05/news/29386323_1_collective-bargaining-bill-wisconsin-law-wisconsin-voters |title=Wis. election seen as referendum on governor |date=April 5, 2011 |work=Bloomberg News |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 60. ^{{cite web |author=STEVEN ELBOW |work=The Capital Times |url=http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/govt-and-politics/elections/article_9e7336a2-54c5-11e0-b1fb-001cc4c002e0.html |title=Enraged by Walker, activists put Kloppenburg's Supreme Court campaign on their shoulders |publisher=Host.madison.com |date=March 23, 2011 |accessdate=April 21, 2011}} 61. ^{{cite web |url=http://lakelandtimes.com/main.asp?SectionID=9&SubSectionID=9&ArticleID=12975 |title=Prosser down, but unions fail in bid to repudiate Walker |publisher=Lakelandtimes.com |accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 62. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/119938614.html |title=Ballots are now totaled: Prosser wins by 7,316 |publisher=JSOnline |date=April 16, 2011|accessdate=April 21, 2011| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110416034942/http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/119938614.html |archivedate=April 16, 2011 |deadurl= no}} 63. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.jsonline.com/news/statepolitics/120662044.html|title=May 9 deadline set for Supreme Court recount|publisher=JSOnline |date=April 25, 2011 |accessdate=May 10, 2011}} 64. ^{{cite web |last=Marley |first=Patrick |url=http://www.jsonline.com/blogs/news/122443704.html?page=1 |title=State board declares Prosser winner |publisher=Jsonline.com |accessdate=March 27, 2012}} 65. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-midwest-union-20110223,0,2313447.story|author=Dan Hinkel and Richard Simon|title=Union battles in 3 states escalate|work=Los Angeles Times|date=February 23, 2011}} 66. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/nation/la-na-wisconsin-unions-20110221,0,4746357.story| title=Wisconsin budget standoff and protests continue |agency=The Associated Press|work=Los Angeles Times| date=February 21, 2001}} 67. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Global-News/2011/0223/Cheddar-revolution-Glenn-Beck-vs.-Jon-Stewart-on-Middle-East-Wisconsin-comparisons|author=Stephen Kurczy|title=Cheddar revolution? Glenn Beck vs. Jon Stewart on Middle East-Wisconsin comparisons| publisher=Christian Science Monitor|date=February 23, 2011}} 68. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544_162-20034913-503544.html|author=Stephanie Condon|title=Indiana Dems follow Wisconsin Dems to Illinois, fleeing anti-union vote|publisher=CBS News|date=February 22, 2011}} 69. ^1 {{cite news| url=http://money.cnn.com/2011/02/22/news/economy/Governors_teachers_jobs_union/index.htm|author=Tami Luhby|title=Teachers under attack|publisher=CNN Money|date=February 22, 2001}} 70. ^1 {{cite web|last=Vanegeren|first=Jennifer|title=Reporter|url=http://host.madison.com/ct/news/local/govt-and-politics/blog/article_726761dc-394a-11e0-8465-001cc4c03286.html|publisher=Wisconsin State Journal|accessdate=February 25, 2011}} }}{{Anti-government protests in the 21st century}}{{2008 economic crisis}}{{DEFAULTSORT:United States Public Employee Protests 2011}} 5 : Labor disputes in the United States|Labor relations in the United States|2011 labor disputes and strikes|2011 in the United States|2011 protests |
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