“2104 Toronto”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in August 1951, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.^[26]

Physical characteristics

Rotation period

Two rotational lightcurves of Toronto have been obtained from photometric observations ({{small|U=2+/3}}).^[11]{{efn|name=lcdb-Aznar 2016a}} The consolidated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 8.97 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.26 and 0.32 magnitude.^[3]

Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Toronto measures between 26.96 and 37.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.099 and 0.292.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 61.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.^[3]

Naming

This minor planet was named after the University of Toronto which was celebrating its sesquicentennial at the time of its discovery. It was the first minor planet to be discovered at an observatory in Canada (despite the fact that the credited discovery site is located in Germany). The naming also emphasized the university's central role in the development of Canadian astronomy.^[2]^[40] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 ({{small|M.P.C. 4645}}).^[41]

Notes

References

1. ^¹²³{{cite book |title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2104) Toronto |last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D. |publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg |page = 171 |date = 2007 |isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 |doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2105 |chapter = (2104) Toronto }}
2. ^¹{{citation |title = Canadian Asteroids |publisher = The Royal Astronomy Society of Canada |date = 22 July 2008 |url = http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061551/http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml |archivedate= 1 February 2009 |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}
3. ^¹²{{cite web |title = 2104 Toronto (1963 PD) |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2104 |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}
4. ^¹{{cite web |title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive |work = Minor Planet Center |url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}
5. ^¹²³{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = A. K. |last3 = Mainzer |first4 = C. R. |last4 = Nugent |first5 = J. M. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = R. |last6 = Stevenson |first7 = S. |last7 = Sonnett |date = August 2014 |title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 791 |issue = 2 |page = 11 |bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 |arxiv = 1406.6645 }}
6. ^¹²{{cite web |title = Small Bodies Data Ferret |work = Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0 |url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}
7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web |title = LCDB Data for (2104) Toronto |publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) |url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=2104%7CToronto |accessdate = 5 December 2017}}
8. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui |first2 = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda |first3 = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller |first4 = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa |first5 = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro |first6 = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo |first7 = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara |first8 = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza |first9 = Satoshi |last9 = Takita |first10 = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu |first11 = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno |first12 = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara |first13 = Takashi |last13 = Onaka |date = October 2011 |title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey |url = http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/5/1117.full.pdf+html |journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |volume = 63 |issue = 5 |pages = 1117–1138 |bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U |doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}
9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer |first2 = T. |last2 = Grav |first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero |first4 = E. |last4 = Hand |first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer |first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen |first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan |first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr |first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri |first10 = E. |last10 = Wright |first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins |first12 = W. |last12 = Mo |first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski |date = November 2011 |title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results |journal = The Astrophysical Journal |volume = 741 |issue = 2 |page = 25 |bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M |doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 |arxiv = 1109.6407 }}
10. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero |first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer |first3 = T. |last3 = Grav |first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer |first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri |first6 = C. |last6 = Nugent |first7 = M. S. |last7 = Cabrera |date = November 2012 |title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M |journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters |volume = 759 |issue = 1 |page = 5 |bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M |doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8 |arxiv = 1209.5794 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}
11. ^¹²{{Cite journal |author = Oey, Julian |date = December 2006 |title = Lightcurves analysis of 10 asteroids from Leura Observatory |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2006MPBu...33...96O |journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin |volume = 33 |issue = 4 |pages = 96–99 |issn = 1052-8091 |bibcode = 2006MPBu...33...96O |access-date= 5 December 2017}}
12. ^¹{{cite journal |display-authors = 6 |first1 = Peter |last1 = Veres |first2 = Robert |last2 = Jedicke |first3 = Alan |last3 = Fitzsimmons |first4 = Larry |last4 = Denneau |first5 = Mikael |last5 = Granvik |first6 = Bryce |last6 = Bolin |first7 = Serge |last7 = Chastel |first8 = Richard J. |last8 = Wainscoat |first9 = William S. |last9 = Burgett |first10 = Kenneth C. |last10 = Chambers |first11 = Heather |last11 = Flewelling |first12 = Nick |last12 = Kaiser |first13 = Eugen A. |last13 = Magnier |first14 = Jeff S. |last14 = Morgan |first15 = Paul A. |last15 = Price |first16 = John L. |last16 = Tonry |first17 = Christopher |last17 = Waters |date = November 2015 |title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results |url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V |journal = Icarus |volume = 261 |pages = 34–47 |bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V |doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 |arxiv = 1506.00762 |access-date= 5 December 2017}}

词条	2104 Toronto
释义	Orbit and classification Physical characteristics Rotation period Diameter and albedo Naming Notes References External links {{Infobox planet \| minorplanet = yes \| name = 2104 Toronto \| background = #D6D6D6 \| image = \| image_size = \| caption = \| discovery_ref = \| discoverer = K. W. Kamper \| discovery_site = Karl Schwarzschild Obs. \| discovered = 15 August 1963 \| mpc_name = (2104) Toronto \| alt_names = 1963 PD{{·}}1955 HW \| pronounced = \| named_after = University of Toronto ^[2] \| mp_category = main-belt{{·}}{{small\|(outer)}} ^[3] background ^[4] \| orbit_ref = \| epoch = 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) \| uncertainty = 0 \| observation_arc = 61.93 yr (22,619 days) \| aphelion = 3.5735 AU \| perihelion = 2.8031 AU \| semimajor = 3.1883 AU \| eccentricity = 0.1208 \| period = 5.69 yr (2,079 days) \| mean_anomaly = 359.45° \| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS\|0.1731\|sup=ms}} / day \| inclination = 18.379° \| asc_node = 252.48° \| arg_peri = 291.78° \| dimensions = {{val\|26.96\|0.60}} km^[6] {{val\|35.864\|0.383}} km^[7] {{val\|35.874\|0.503}} km^[8] {{val\|37.13\|0.58}} km^[9] 61.04 km {{small\|(calculated)}}^[3] \| rotation = {{val\|8.9669\|0.0002}} h^[11] {{val\|8.97\|0.01}} h{{efn\|name=lcdb-Aznar 2016a}} \| albedo = 0.057 {{small\|(assumed)}}^[3] {{val\|0.099\|0.004}}^[9] {{val\|0.104\|0.011}}^[8] {{val\|0.1062\|0.0280}}^[7] {{val\|0.292\|0.031}}^[6] \| spectral_type = M ^[7]{{·}}C {{small\|(assumed)}}^[3] \| abs_magnitude = {{val\|9.66\|0.36}}^[19]{{·}}9.80^[3]^[6]{{·}}10.30^[7]^[9] }}2104 Toronto, provisional designation {{mp\|1963 PD}}, is a metallic background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 15 August 1963, by Karl Kamper at the David Dunlap Observatory on plates taken by Sidney van den Bergh at the Karl Schwarzschild Observatory in Tautenburg, Germany. The asteroid was named after the University of Toronto. It was the first asteroid discovered at an observatory in Canada.^[2]^[26] Orbit and classification Toronto is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.^[4] It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,079 days; semi-major axis of 3.19 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 18° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory in August 1951, or 12 years prior to its official discovery observation at Tautenburg.^[26] Physical characteristics Toronto has been characterized as a metallic M-type asteroid by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE).^[7] It is also an assumed C-type asteroid.^[3] Rotation period Two rotational lightcurves of Toronto have been obtained from photometric observations ({{small\|U=2+/3}}).^[11]{{efn\|name=lcdb-Aznar 2016a}} The consolidated lightcurve gave a rotation period of 8.97 hours with a brightness amplitude between 0.26 and 0.32 magnitude.^[3] Diameter and albedo According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's WISE telescope, Toronto measures between 26.96 and 37.13 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.099 and 0.292.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and consequently calculates a much larger diameter of 61.04 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 9.8.^[3] Naming This minor planet was named after the University of Toronto which was celebrating its sesquicentennial at the time of its discovery. It was the first minor planet to be discovered at an observatory in Canada (despite the fact that the credited discovery site is located in Germany). The naming also emphasized the university's central role in the development of Canadian astronomy.^[2]^[40] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 ({{small\|M.P.C. 4645}}).^[41] Notes {{notelist\|refs={{efn\|name=lcdb-Aznar 2016a\|1=Aznar (2016) web. Observation of (2104) Toronto from November 2015: Rotation period {{val\|8.97\|0.01}} hours with a brightness amplitude of {{val\|0.26\|0.02}} mag. Quality Code of 3. Summary figures for at the LCDB}} }} References 1. ^¹²³{{cite book \|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2104) Toronto \|last = Schmadel \| first = Lutz D. \|publisher = Springer Berlin Heidelberg \|page = 171 \|date = 2007 \|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3 \|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2105 \|chapter = (2104) Toronto }} 2. ^¹{{citation \|title = Canadian Asteroids \|publisher = The Royal Astronomy Society of Canada \|date = 22 July 2008 \|url = http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml \|deadurl = yes \|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090201061551/http://www.rasc.ca/education/asteroids.shtml \|archivedate= 1 February 2009 \|accessdate = 5 December 2017}} 3. ^¹²{{cite web \|title = 2104 Toronto (1963 PD) \|work = Minor Planet Center \|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2104 \|accessdate = 5 December 2017}} 4. ^¹{{cite web \|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive \|work = Minor Planet Center \|url = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html \|accessdate = 5 December 2017}} 5. ^¹²³{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = Joseph R. \|last1 = Masiero \|first2 = T. \|last2 = Grav \|first3 = A. K. \|last3 = Mainzer \|first4 = C. R. \|last4 = Nugent \|first5 = J. M. \|last5 = Bauer \|first6 = R. \|last6 = Stevenson \|first7 = S. \|last7 = Sonnett \|date = August 2014 \|title = Main-belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE: Near-infrared Albedos \|journal = The Astrophysical Journal \|volume = 791 \|issue = 2 \|page = 11 \|bibcode = 2014ApJ...791..121M \|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/791/2/121 \|arxiv = 1406.6645 }} 6. ^¹²{{cite web \|title = Small Bodies Data Ferret \|work = Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0 \|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action \|accessdate = 5 December 2017}} 7. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸{{cite web \|title = LCDB Data for (2104) Toronto \|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) \|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/GenerateALCDEFPage_Local.php?AstInfo=2104%7CToronto \|accessdate = 5 December 2017}} 8. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = Fumihiko \|last1 = Usui \|first2 = Daisuke \|last2 = Kuroda \|first3 = Thomas G. \|last3 = Müller \|first4 = Sunao \|last4 = Hasegawa \|first5 = Masateru \|last5 = Ishiguro \|first6 = Takafumi \|last6 = Ootsubo \|first7 = Daisuke \|last7 = Ishihara \|first8 = Hirokazu \|last8 = Kataza \|first9 = Satoshi \|last9 = Takita \|first10 = Shinki \|last10 = Oyabu \|first11 = Munetaka \|last11 = Ueno \|first12 = Hideo \|last12 = Matsuhara \|first13 = Takashi \|last13 = Onaka \|date = October 2011 \|title = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey \|url = http://pasj.oxfordjournals.org/content/63/5/1117.full.pdf+html \|journal = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan \|volume = 63 \|issue = 5 \|pages = 1117–1138 \|bibcode = 2011PASJ...63.1117U \|doi = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117 \|access-date= 5 December 2017}} 9. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = A. \|last1 = Mainzer \|first2 = T. \|last2 = Grav \|first3 = J. \|last3 = Masiero \|first4 = E. \|last4 = Hand \|first5 = J. \|last5 = Bauer \|first6 = D. \|last6 = Tholen \|first7 = R. S. \|last7 = McMillan \|first8 = T. \|last8 = Spahr \|first9 = R. M. \|last9 = Cutri \|first10 = E. \|last10 = Wright \|first11 = J. \|last11 = Watkins \|first12 = W. \|last12 = Mo \|first13 = C. \|last13 = Maleszewski \|date = November 2011 \|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results \|journal = The Astrophysical Journal \|volume = 741 \|issue = 2 \|page = 25 \|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M \|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90 \|arxiv = 1109.6407 }} 10. ^¹²³⁴{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = Joseph R. \|last1 = Masiero \|first2 = A. K. \|last2 = Mainzer \|first3 = T. \|last3 = Grav \|first4 = J. M. \|last4 = Bauer \|first5 = R. M. \|last5 = Cutri \|first6 = C. \|last6 = Nugent \|first7 = M. S. \|last7 = Cabrera \|date = November 2012 \|title = Preliminary Analysis of WISE/NEOWISE 3-Band Cryogenic and Post-cryogenic Observations of Main Belt Asteroids \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2012ApJ...759L...8M \|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters \|volume = 759 \|issue = 1 \|page = 5 \|bibcode = 2012ApJ...759L...8M \|doi = 10.1088/2041-8205/759/1/L8 \|arxiv = 1209.5794 \|access-date= 5 December 2017}} 11. ^¹²{{Cite journal \|author = Oey, Julian \|date = December 2006 \|title = Lightcurves analysis of 10 asteroids from Leura Observatory \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2006MPBu...33...96O \|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin \|volume = 33 \|issue = 4 \|pages = 96–99 \|issn = 1052-8091 \|bibcode = 2006MPBu...33...96O \|access-date= 5 December 2017}} 12. ^¹{{cite journal \|display-authors = 6 \|first1 = Peter \|last1 = Veres \|first2 = Robert \|last2 = Jedicke \|first3 = Alan \|last3 = Fitzsimmons \|first4 = Larry \|last4 = Denneau \|first5 = Mikael \|last5 = Granvik \|first6 = Bryce \|last6 = Bolin \|first7 = Serge \|last7 = Chastel \|first8 = Richard J. \|last8 = Wainscoat \|first9 = William S. \|last9 = Burgett \|first10 = Kenneth C. \|last10 = Chambers \|first11 = Heather \|last11 = Flewelling \|first12 = Nick \|last12 = Kaiser \|first13 = Eugen A. \|last13 = Magnier \|first14 = Jeff S. \|last14 = Morgan \|first15 = Paul A. \|last15 = Price \|first16 = John L. \|last16 = Tonry \|first17 = Christopher \|last17 = Waters \|date = November 2015 \|title = Absolute magnitudes and slope parameters for 250,000 asteroids observed by Pan-STARRS PS1 - Preliminary results \|url = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2015Icar..261...34V \|journal = Icarus \|volume = 261 \|pages = 34–47 \|bibcode = 2015Icar..261...34V \|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.08.007 \|arxiv = 1506.00762 \|access-date= 5 December 2017}} ^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] }} External links Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center {{AstDys\|2104}} {{JPL small body}} {{Minor planets navigator \|2103 Laverna \|number=2104 \|2105 Gudy}}{{Small Solar System bodies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Toronto}} 5 : Background asteroids\|Discoveries by Karl W. Kamper\|Minor planets named for places\|Named minor planets\|Astronomical objects discovered in 1963
随便看	Yujiao Tan Yujiapu railway station Yujiapu Railway Station Yuji Ashimoto Yujia Tao Yuji Funayama Yuji Funayama (basketball) Yuji Funayama (bobsleigh) Yuji Funayama (disambiguation) Yuji Hiramatsu Yuji Hoshi Yuji Iwasawa Yuji Kajikawa Yuji Kasama Yuji Kuroiwa Yuji Masuda Yuji Nagao Yujin Dan Yu Jinglian Yu Jingxi Yu Jingyao Yu Jinhao Yu Jinhe Yujin Nagasawa Yujin Point