“Georgism”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Georgism is concerned with the distribution of economic rent caused by natural monopolies, pollution, and the control of commons, including title of ownership for natural resources and other contrived privileges (e.g., intellectual property). Any natural resource which is inherently limited in supply can generate economic rent, but the classical and most significant example of 'land monopoly' involves the extraction of common ground rent from valuable urban locations. Georgists argue that taxing economic rent is efficient, fair, and equitable. The main Georgist policy recommendation is a tax assessed on land value. Georgists argue that revenues from a land value tax (LVT) can be used to reduce or eliminate existing taxes (for example, on income, trade, or purchases) that are unfair and inefficient. Some Georgists also advocate for the return of surplus public revenue to the people by means of a basic income or citizen's dividend.

Economists since Adam Smith and David Ricardo have observed that, unlike other taxes, a public levy on land value does not cause economic inefficiency.^[8]^[9] A land value tax also has progressive tax effects, in that it is paid primarily by the wealthy (the landowners), and it cannot be passed on to tenants, workers, or users of land.^[10]^[11] Advocates of land value taxes argue that they would reduce economic inequality, increase economic efficiency, remove incentives to under-utilize urban land, and reduce property speculation.^[12] The philosophical basis of Georgism dates back to several early thinkers such as John Locke,^[13] Baruch Spinoza,^[14] and Thomas Paine,^[15] but the concept of gaining public revenues mainly from land and natural resource privileges was widely popularized by Henry George and his first book, Progress and Poverty (1879).

Georgist ideas were popular and influential during the late 19th and early 20th century.^[16] Political parties, institutions and communities were founded based on Georgist principles during that time. Early devotees of Henry George's economic philosophy were often termed Single Taxers for their political goal of raising public revenue mainly from a land value tax, although Georgists endorsed multiple forms of rent capture (e.g., seigniorage) as legitimate.^[17] The term Georgism was invented later, and some prefer the term geoism to distinguish their beliefs from those of Henry George.^[18]^[19]

Main tenets

George believed there was an important distinction between common and collective property.^[21] Although equal rights to land might be achieved by nationalizing land and then leasing it to private users, George preferred taxing unimproved land value and leaving the control of land mostly in private hands. George's reasoning for leaving land in private control and slowly shifting to land value tax was that it would not penalize existing owners who had improved land and would also be less disruptive and controversial in a country where land titles have already been granted.

Georgists have observed that privately created wealth is socialized via the tax system (e.g., through income and sales tax), while socially created wealth in land values are privatized in the price of land titles and bank mortgages. The opposite would be the case if land rents replaced taxes on labor as the main source of public revenue; socially created wealth would become available for use by the community, while the fruits of labor would remain private.^[22] According to Georgists, a land value tax can be considered a user fee instead of a tax, since it is related to the market value of socially created locational advantage, the privilege to exclude others from locations. Assets consisting of commodified privilege can be considered as wealth since they have exchange value, similar to taxi medallions.^[23]{{failed verification|date=January 2015}} A land value tax, charging fees for exclusive use of land, as a means of raising public revenue is also a progressive tax tending to reduce economic inequality,^[10]^[11] since it applies entirely to ownership of valuable land, which is correlated with income,^[24] and there is generally no means by which landlords can shift the tax burden onto tenants or laborers.

Economic properties

Standard economic theory suggests that a land value tax would be extremely efficient – unlike other taxes, it does not reduce economic productivity.^[12] Milton Friedman described Henry George's tax on unimproved value of land as the "least bad tax", since unlike other taxes, it would not impose an excess burden on economic activity (leading to zero or even negative "deadweight loss"); hence, a replacement of other more distortionary taxes with a land value tax would improve economic welfare.^[25] As land value tax can improve the use of land and redirect investment toward productive, non-rentseeking activities, it could even have a negative deadweight loss that boosts productivity.^[26] Because land value tax would apply to foreign land speculators, the Australian Treasury estimated that land value tax was unique in having a negative marginal excess burden, meaning that it would increase long-run living standards.^[27]

It was Adam Smith who first noted the efficiency and distributional properties of a land value tax in his book, The Wealth of Nations:^[8]

Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry. The annual produce of the land and labour of the society, the real wealth and revenue of the great body of the people, might be the same after such a tax as before. Ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are, therefore, perhaps, the species of revenue which can best bear to have a peculiar tax imposed upon them. ... Nothing can be more reasonable than that a fund which owes its existence to the good government of the state should be taxed peculiarly, or should contribute something more than the greater part of other funds, towards the support of that government.}}

Henry George wrote that his plan for a high land value tax would cause people "to contribute to the public, not in proportion to what they produce ... but in proportion to the value of natural [common] opportunities that they hold [monopolize]". He went on to explain that "by taking for public use that value which attaches to land by reason of the growth and improvement of the community", it would, "make the holding of land unprofitable to the mere owner, and profitable only to the user".

A high land value tax would discourage speculators from holding valuable natural opportunities (like urban real estate) unused or only partially used. Henry George claimed this would have many benefits, including the reduction or elimination of tax burdens from poorer neighborhoods and agricultural districts; the elimination of a multiplicity of taxes and expensive obsolete government institutions; the elimination of corruption, fraud, and evasion with respect to the collection of taxes; the enablement of true free trade; the destruction of monopolies; the elevation of wages to the full value of labor; the transformation of labor saving inventions into blessings for all; and the equitable distribution of comfort, leisure, and other advantages that are made possible by an advancing civilization.^[30] In this way, the vulnerability that market economies have to credit bubbles and property manias would be reduced.^[12]

Sources of economic rent and related policy interventions

Income flow resulting from payments for restricted access to natural opportunities or for contrived privileges over geographic regions is termed economic rent. Georgists argue that economic rent of land, legal privileges, and natural monopolies should accrue to the community, rather than private owners. In economics, "land" is everything that exists in nature independent of human activity. George explicitly included climate, soil, waterways, mineral deposits, laws/forces of nature, public ways, forests, oceans, air, and solar energy in the category of land.^[31] While the philosophy of Georgism does not say anything definitive about specific policy interventions needed to address problems posed by various sources of economic rent, the common goal among modern Georgists is to capture and share (or reduce) rent from all sources of natural monopoly and legal privilege.^[32]^[33]

Henry George shared the goal of modern Georgists to socialize or dismantle rent from all forms of land monopoly and legal privilege. However, George emphasized mainly his preferred policy known as land value tax, which targeted a particular form of unearned income known as ground rent. George emphasized ground-rent because basic locations were more valuable than other monopolies and everybody needed locations to survive, which he contrasted with the less significant streetcar and telegraph monopolies, which George also criticized. George likened the problem to a laborer traveling home who is waylaid by a series of highway robbers along the way, each who demand a small portion of the traveler's wages, and finally at the very end of the road waits a robber who demands all that the traveler has left. George reasoned that it made little difference to challenge the series of small robbers when the final robber remained to demand all that the common laborer had left.^[34] George predicted that over time technological advancements would increase the frequency and importance of lesser monopolies, yet he expected that ground rent would remain dominant.^[35] George even predicted that ground-rents would rise faster than wages and income to capital, a prediction that modern analysis has shown to be plausible, since the supply of land is fixed.^[36]

Common ground rent is still the primary emphasis of Georgists because of its large value and the known diseconomies of misused land. However, there are other sources of rent that are theoretically analogous to ground-rent and are debated topics of Georgists. The following are some sources of economic rent.^[37]^[38]^[39]

Where free competition is impossible, such as telegraphs, water, gas, and transportation, George wrote, "[S]uch business becomes a proper social function, which should be controlled and managed by and for the whole people concerned." Georgists were divided by this question of natural monopolies and often favored public ownership only of the rents from common rights-of-way, rather than public ownership of utility companies themselves.^[30]

Georgism and environmental economics

The early conservationism of the Progressive Era was inspired partly by Henry George and his influence extended for decades afterward.^[50] Some ecological economists still support the Georgist policy of land value tax as a means of freeing or rewilding unused land and conserving nature by reducing urban sprawl.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Pollution degrades the value of what Georgists consider to be commons. Because pollution is a negative contribution, a taking from the commons or a cost imposed on others, its value is economic rent, even when the polluter is not receiving an explicit income. Therefore, to the extent that society determines pollution to be harmful, most Georgists propose to limit pollution with taxation or quotas that capture the resulting rents for public use, restoration, or a citizen's dividend.^[32]^[54]^[55]

Georgism is related to the school of ecological economics, since both propose market based restrictions for pollution.^[51]^[56] The schools are compatible in that they advocate using similar tools as part of a conservation strategy, but they emphasize different aspects. Conservation is the central issue of ecology, whereas economic rent is the central issue of geoism. Ecological economists might price pollution fines more conservatively to prevent inherently unquantifiable damage to the environment, whereas Georgists might emphasize mediation between conflicting interests and human rights.^[33]^[57] Geolibertarianism, a market oriented branch of geoism, tends to take a direct stance against what it perceives as burdensome regulation and would like to see auctioned pollution quotas or taxes replace most command and control regulation.^[58]

Since ecologists are primarily concerned with conservation, they tend to emphasize less the issue of equitably distributing scarcity/pollution rents, whereas Georgists insist that unearned income not accrue to those who hold title to natural assets and pollution privilege. To the extent that geoists recognize the effect of pollution or share conservationist values, they will agree with ecological economists about the need to limit pollution, but geoists will also insist that pollution rents generated from those conservation efforts do not accrue to polluters and are instead used for public purposes or to compensate those who suffer the negative effects of pollution. Ecological economists advocate similar pollution restrictions but, emphasizing conservation first, might be willing to grant private polluters the privilege to capture pollution rents. To the extent that ecological economists share the geoist view of social justice, they would advocate auctioning pollution quotas instead of giving them away for free.^[51] This distinction can be seen in the difference between basic cap and trade and the geoist variation, cap and share, a proposal to auction temporary pollution permits, with rents going to the public, instead of giving pollution privilege away for free to existing polluters or selling perpetual permits.^[59]^[60]

Revenue uses

The revenue can allow the reduction or elimination of taxes, greater public investment/spending, or the direct distribution of funds to citizens as a pension or basic income/citizen's dividend.^[33]^[61]^[62]

In practice, the elimination of all other taxes implies a very great land value tax, greater than any currently existing land tax. Introducing a land value tax greater than the value of existing taxes would, at an uncertain point, inevitably cause the price of all land titles to decrease. George did not believe landowners should be compensated, and described the issue as being analogous to compensation for former slave owners. Other geoists disagree on the question of compensation; some advocate complete compensation while others endorse only enough compensation required to achieve Georgist reforms. Geoists have also long differed from George as to the degree of rent capture needed. Historically, those who advocated for public rent tax only great enough to replace other taxes were known as endorsers of single tax limited.

Synonyms and variants

Most early advocacy groups described themselves as Single Taxers, and George reluctantly accepted "single tax" as an accurate name for his main political goal—the repeal of all unjust or inefficient taxes, to be replaced with a land value tax (LVT).

Some modern proponents are dissatisfied with the name Georgist. While Henry George was well known throughout his life, he has been largely forgotten by the public and the idea of a single tax of land predates him. Some now prefer the term geoism,^[19]^[63] with the meaning of geo (from Greek {{lang|grc|γῆ}} gē "earth, land", as incidentally is in Greek the first compound of the name George (whence Georgism) < (Gr.) Geōrgios < geōrgos "farmer" or geōrgia "agriculture, farming" < gē + ergon "work")^[64]^[65] deliberately ambiguous. The terms Earth Sharing,^[66] geonomics,^[67] and geolibertarianism^[68] (see Libertarianism) are also used by some Georgists. These terms represent a difference of emphasis, and sometimes real differences about how land rent should be spent (citizen's dividend or just replacing other taxes); but all agree that land rent should be recovered from its private recipients.

Compulsory fines and fees related to land rents are the most common Georgist policies, but some geoists prefer voluntary value capture systems that rely on methods such as non-compulsory or self-assessed location value fees, community land trusts,^[69] and purchasing land value covenants.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73]^[74]

Some geoists believe that partially compensating landowners is a politically expedient compromise necessary for achieving reform.^[75]^[76] For similar reasons, others propose capturing only future land value increases, instead of all land rent.^[77]

Though Georgism has historically been considered as a radically progressive or socialist ideology, some libertarians and minarchists take the position that limited social spending should be financed using Georgist concepts of rent value capture, but that not all land rent should be captured. Today, this relatively conservative adaptation is usually considered incompatible with true geolibertarianism, which requires that excess rents be gathered and then distributed back to residents. During Henry George's time, this restrained Georgist philosophy was known as "single tax limited", as opposed to "single tax unlimited". Henry George disagreed with the limited interpretation but accepted its adherents (e.g., Thomas Shearman) as legitimate "single-taxers" [Georgists].^[78] (See Milton Friedman in "Critical reception")

Influence

Georgist ideas heavily influenced the politics of the early 20th century. Political parties that were formed based on Georgist ideas include the United States Commonwealth Land Party, the Henry George Justice Party, the Single Tax League, and Denmark's Justice Party.

In the UK during 1909, the Liberal Government included a land tax as part of several taxes in the People's Budget intended to redistribute wealth (including a progressively graded income tax and an increase of inheritance tax). This caused a crisis which resulted indirectly in reform of the House of Lords. The budget was passed eventually—but without the land tax. In 1931, the minority Labour Government passed a land value tax as part III of the 1931 Finance act. However, this was repealed in 1934 by the National Government before it could be implemented.

In Denmark, the Georgist Justice Party has previously been represented in Folketinget. It formed part of a centre-left government 1957–60 and was also represented in the European Parliament 1978–79. The influence of Henry George has waned over time, but Georgist ideas still occasionally emerge in politics. In the United States 2004 Presidential campaign, Ralph Nader mentioned Henry George in his policy statements.^[79]

Economists still generally favor a land value tax.^[80] Milton Friedman publicly endorsed the Georgist land value tax as the "least bad tax".^[9] Joseph Stiglitz stated that: "Not only was Henry George correct that a tax on land is non-distortionary, but in an equilibrium society … tax on land raises just enough revenue to finance the (optimally chosen) level of government expenditure."^[81] He dubbed this proposition the Henry George theorem.^[82]

Communities

Several communities were also initiated with Georgist principles during the height of the philosophy's popularity. Two such communities that still exist are Arden, Delaware, which was founded in 1900 by Frank Stephens and Will Price, and Fairhope, Alabama, which was founded in 1894 by the auspices of the Fairhope Single Tax Corporation.^[83] Some established communities in the United States also adopted Georgist tax policies. A Georgist in Houston, Texas, Joseph Jay "J.J." Pastoriza, promoted a Georgist club in that city established in 1890. Years later, in his capacity as a city alderman, he was selected to serve as Houston Tax Commissioner, and promulgated a "Houston Plan of Taxation" in 1912. Improvements to land and merchants' inventories were taxed at 25 percent of appraised value, unimproved land was taxed at 70 percent of appraisal, and personal property was exempt. This Georgist tax continued until 1915, when two courts struck it down as violating the Texas Constitution in 1915. This quashed efforts in several other Texas cities which took steps towards implementing the Houston Plan in 1915: Beaumont, Corpus Christi, Galveston, San Antonio, and Waco.^[84]

The German protectorate of the Kiautschou Bay concession in Jiaozhou Bay, China fully implemented Georgist policy. Its sole source of government revenue was the land value tax of six percent which it levied in its territory. The German government had previously had economic problems with its African colonies caused by land speculation. One of the main reasons for using the land value tax in Jiaozhou Bay was to eliminate such speculation, which the policy achieved.^[85] The colony existed as a German protectorate from 1898 until 1914, when seized by Japanese and British troops. In 1922 the territory was returned to China.

Georgist ideas were also adopted to some degree in Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, and Taiwan. In these countries, governments still levy some type of land value tax, albeit with exemptions.^[86] Many municipal governments of the US depend on real property tax as their main source of revenue, although such taxes are not Georgist as they generally include the value of buildings and other improvements. One exception is the town of Altoona, Pennsylvania, which for a time in the 21st century only taxed land value, phasing in the tax in 2002, relying on it entirely for tax revenue from 2011, and ending it 2017; the Financial Times noted that "Altoona is using LVT in a city where neither land nor buildings have much value".^[87]^[88]

Institutes and organizations

Various organizations still exist that continue to promote the ideas of Henry George. According to The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, the periodical Land&Liberty, established in 1894, is "the longest-lived Georgist project in history".^[89] Founded during the Great Depression in 1932, the Henry George School of Social Science in New York offers courses, sponsors seminars, and publishes research in the Georgist paradigm.^[90] Also in the US, the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy was established in 1974 based on the writings of Henry George. It "seeks to improve the dialogue about urban development, the built environment, and tax policy in the United States and abroad".^[91]

The Henry George Foundation continues to promote the ideas of Henry George in the UK.^[92] The IU is an international umbrella organisation that brings together organizations worldwide that seek land value tax reform.^[93]

Reception

The economist Alfred Marshall believed that George's views in Progress and Poverty were dangerous, even predicting wars, terror, and economic destruction. Specifically, Marshall was upset about the idea of rapid change and the unfairness of not compensating existing landowners. In his lectures on Progress and Poverty, Marshall opposed George's position on compensation while fully endorsing his ultimate remedy. So far as land value tax moderately replaced other taxes and did not cause the price of land to fall, Marshall supported land value taxation on economic and moral grounds, suggesting that a three or four percent tax on land values would fit this condition. After implementing land taxes, governments would purchase future land values at discounted prices and take ownership after 100 years. Marshall asserted that this plan, which he strongly supported, would end the need for a tax collection department of government. For newly formed countries where land was not already private, Marshall advocated implementing George's economic proposal immediately.^[94]^[95]

Other contemporaries such as Austrian economist Frank Fetter and neoclassical economist John Bates Clark argued that it was impractical to maintain the traditional distinction between land and capital, and used this as a basis to attack Georgism. Mark Blaug, a specialist in the history of economic thought, credits Fetter and Clark with influencing mainstream economists to abandon the idea "that land is a unique factor of production and hence that there is any special need for a special theory of ground rent" claiming that "this is in fact the basis of all the attacks on Henry George by contemporary economists and certainly the fundamental reason why professional economists increasingly ignored him".^[102]

George has also been accused of exaggerating the importance of his "all-devouring rent thesis" in claiming that it is the primary cause of poverty and injustice in society.^[106] George argued that the rent of land increased faster than wages for labor because the supply of land is fixed. Modern economists, including Ottmar Edenhofer have demonstrated that George's assertion is plausible but was more likely to be true during George's time than now.^[36]

An early criticism of Georgism was that it would generate too much public revenue and result in unwanted growth of government, but later critics argued that it would not generate enough income to cover government spending. Joseph Schumpeter concluded his analysis of Georgism by stating that, "It is not economically unsound, except that it involves an unwarranted optimism concerning the yield of such a tax." Economists who study land conclude that Schumpeter's criticism is unwarranted because the rental yield from land is likely much greater than what modern critics such as Paul Krugman suppose.^[107] Krugman agrees that land value taxation is the best means of raising public revenue but asserts that increased spending has rendered land rent insufficient to fully fund government.^[108] Georgists have responded by citing studies and analyses implying that land values of nations like the US, UK, and Australia are more than sufficient to fund all levels of government.^[109]^[110]^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]^[115]

After studying Progress and Poverty, Tyler Cowen concluded, "George had some good economic arguments, but [. . .] was politically naive. At the margin we should move in George’s direction, but ultimately landowners have to be part of the building coalitions rather than pure victims."^[119]

Notable Georgists

Economists

Heads of government

Other political figures

Activists

Authors

Journalists

Artists

Philosophers

Other

See also

References

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12. ^¹²{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=jkogP2U4k0AC&pg=PA73&lpg=PA73|title=Land Value Taxation: An Applied Analysis|first1=William J.|last1=McCluskey|first2=Riël C. D.|last2=Franzsen|date=9 October 2017|publisher=Ashgate|accessdate=9 October 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780754614906}}
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15. ^Agrarian Justice, Wikisource edition, paragraph 12
16. ^The Forgotten Idea That Shaped Great U.S. Cities by Mason Gaffney & Rich Nymoen, Commons magazine, October 17, 2013.
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19. ^¹{{cite journal |last=Casal |first=Paula |title=Global Taxes on Natural Resources |journal=Journal of Moral Philosophy |year=2011 |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=307–27 |url=http://www.unipa.it/dottoratodirittocomparato/sites/default/files/20052009/Materiale%20Casal%282%29.pdf |accessdate=14 March 2014 |quote=It can also invoke geoism, a philosophical tradition encompassing the views of John Locke and Henry George ... |doi=10.1163/174552411x591339}}
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34. ^{{cite book |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Protection or Free Trade |date=1886 |publisher=Doubleday, Page & Co. |location=New York |url= |accessdate=}}
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36. ^¹Mattauch, Linus; Siegmeier, Jan; Edenhofer, Ottmar; Creutzig, Felix (2013) : Financing Public Capital through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem, CESifo Working Paper, No. 4280 http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/77659/1/cesifo_wp4280.pdf
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38. ^¹²³{{cite journal |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=The Hidden Taxable Capacity of Land: Enough and to Spare |journal=International Journal of Social Economics |date=July 3, 2008 |issue=Summer 2008 |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-12old.pdf |accessdate=13 June 2014}}
39. ^¹²³{{cite web |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Karl |title=Total Resource Rents of Australia |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TRRA_2013_final.pdf |publisher=Prosper Australia |accessdate=16 June 2014}}
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42. ^{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=Scotland and Scotsmen |url=http://homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/hgh/scots.htm |accessdate=16 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810011003/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/janusg/hgh/scots.htm |archivedate=10 August 2014 |df= }} Address delivered on 18 February 1884 at the City Hall, Glasgow
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47. ^{{cite web |last1=Zarlenga |first1=Stephen |title=Henry George's Concept of Money (Full Text) And Its Implications For 21st Century Reform |url=http://www.monetary.org/henry-georges-concept-of-money-ful/2010/12 |publisher=American Monetary Institute |accessdate=13 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604031856/http://www.monetary.org/henry-georges-concept-of-money-ful/2010/12 |archive-date=2013-06-04 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
48. ^{{cite web |last1=George |first1=Henry |title=On Patents and Copyrights |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/george-henry_on-patents-and-copyrights-1888.htm |accessdate=16 June 2014}}
49. ^{{cite web |last1=Niman |first1=Neil B. |title=Henry George and the Intellectual Foundations of the Open Source Movement |url=http://schalkenbach.org/scholars-forum/Niman-George-and-Open-Source.pdf |website=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |accessdate=16 June 2014}} "A modern counterpart to thenineteenth century focus on land can be found in the twentieth century concern withthe establishment of intellectual property rights that fence off a portion of the creativecommons in order to construct temporary monopolies."
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108. ^https://psmag.com/news/this-land-is-your-land-3392 "urban economics models actually do suggest that Georgist taxation would be the right approach at least to finance city growth."/
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117. ^{{cite web |last1=Heinrich |first1=David J |title=Murray Rothbard and Henry George |url=https://mises.org/blog/murray-rothbard-and-henry-george |website=www.mises.org |accessdate=28 August 2014|date=2004-02-24 }}
118. ^{{cite journal |last=Andelson |first=Robert V. |title=On Separating the Landowner's Earned and Unearned Increment: A Georgist Rejoinder to F. A. Hayek |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=January 2000 |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=109–17 |doi=10.1111/1536-7150.00016}} Hayek wrote, "It was a lay enthusiasm for Henry George which led me to economics."
119. ^Taxing Land to Pay for Trains Will Work. In Some Places. By Tyler Cowen https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-02-01/taxing-land-to-pay-for-trains-will-work-in-some-places
120. ^Brown, H. G. "A Defense of the Single Tax Principle." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 183.1 (1936): 63–69. Quote: "The truth is that I recognize the fundamental justice and common sense of the single-tax idea. But that any other tax than a tax on land values is always and everywhere wrong, regardless of public needs or the nature of this other tax, I do not maintain."
121. ^Harter, Lafayette G. John R. Commons, His Assault on Laissez-faire. Corvallis: Oregon State UP, 1962. pp. 21, 32, 36, 38.
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123. ^{{cite book |last1=Brue |first1=Stanley |last2=Randy |first2=Grant |title=The Evolution of Economic Thought |date=2012 |publisher=Cengage Learning |edition=Supplemental Biography of John Rogers Commons for chapter 19 of the online edition of The Evolution of Economic Thought |url= }} "After reading Henry George's Progress and Poverty," Commons "became a single-taxer."
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125. ^{{cite web |last1=Sheppard |first1=Barry |title='Progress and Poverty' – Henry George and Land Reform in modern Ireland |url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2014/08/24/progress-and-poverty-henry-george-and-land-reform-in-modern-ireland/ |website=The Irish Story |accessdate=29 August 2014|date=2014-08-24 }}
126. ^{{cite web |last1=Daly |first1=Herman |title=Smart Talk: Herman Daly on what's beyond GNP Growth |quote=". . . I am really sort of a Georgist." |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=npmx_qsCHz4 |publisher=Henry George School of Social Science |accessdate=24 October 2015}}
127. ^{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Stimulus: The False and the True Mason Gaffney |url=http://commonground-usa.net/gaffney-mason_stimulus-the-false-and-the-true-2008.htm |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
128. ^{{cite book |last=Douglas |first=Paul |title=In the fullness of time; the memoirs of Paul H. Douglas |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0151443765}}
129. ^{{cite journal |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Hypergeorgism: When is Rent Taxation as a Remedy for Insufficient Capital Accumulation Socially Optimal? |ssrn=2232659 |date=2013 |quote="Extending and modifying the tenet of georgism, we propose that this insight be called hypergeorgism." "From a historical perspective, our result may be closer to Henry George’s original thinking than georgism or the neoclassical Henry George Theorems."}}
130. ^{{cite journal |last=Edenhofer |first=Ottmar |title=Financing Public Capital Through Land Rent Taxation: A Macroeconomic Henry George Theorem |ssrn=2284745 |date=2013-06-25 }}
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134. ^{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler |url=http://masongaffney.org/essays/Henry_George_100_Years_Later.pdf |accessdate=27 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303234646/http://www.masongaffney.org/essays/Henry_George_100_Years_Later.pdf |archivedate=3 March 2012 |df=}}
135. ^Airlie Worrall, The New Crusade: the Origins, Activities and Influence of the Australian Single Tax Leagues, 1889–1895 (M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne, 1978).
136. ^Turgeon, Lynn. Bastard Keynesianism : the evolution of economic thinking and policymaking since World War II. Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997
137. ^Gaffney, Mason. "Warm Memories of Bill Vickrey". Land & Liberty. http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116103120/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/gaffney-mason_warm-memories-of-bill-vickrey-1997.htm |date=2016-11-16 }}
138. ^Gaffney, Mason, and Fred Harrison. The corruption of economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn in association with Centre for Incentive Taxation, 2006
139. ^Hotelling, Harold. “The General Welfare in Relation to Problems of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates.” Econometrica, vol. 6, no. 3, 1938, pp. 242–69. www.jstor.org/stable/1907054.
140. ^Andelson Robert V. (2000). Land-Value Taxation Around the World: Studies in Economic Reform and Social Justice Malden. MA:Blackwell Publishers, Inc. p. 359.
141. ^{{cite news |last1=Knack |first1=Ruth Eckdish |title=Pay As You Park: UCLA professor Donald Shoup inspires a passion for parking. |url=http://shoup.bol.ucla.edu/PayAsYouPark.htm |accessdate=17 September 2014 |agency=Planning Magazine |issue=May 2005}}
142. ^Shoup, Donald C. "The Ideal Source of Local Public Revenue." Regional Science and Urban Economics 34.6 (2004): 753-84.
143. ^{{cite web |last1=Washington |first1=Emily |title=The High Cost of Free Parking Chapters 19–22 |url=http://marketurbanism.com/2012/08/07/the-high-cost-of-free-parking-chapters-19-22/ |website=marketurbanism.com |publisher=Market Urbanism |accessdate=17 September 2014|date=2012-08-07 }}
144. ^Quotes from Nobel Prize Winners Herbert Simon stated in 1978: "Assuming that a tax increase is necessary, it is clearly preferable to impose the additional cost on land by increasing the land tax, rather than to increase the wage tax – the two alternatives open to the City (of Pittsburgh). It is the use and occupancy of property that creates the need for the municipal services that appear as the largest item in the budget – fire and police protection, waste removal, and public works. The average increase in tax bills of city residents will be about twice as great with wage tax increase than with a land tax increase."
145. ^{{cite web |last1=Stiglitz |first1=Joseph |title=Working Paper No. 6: Principles and Guidelines for Deficit Reduction |url=http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |website=Next New Deal The Blog of the Roosevelt Institute |publisher=The Roosevelt Institute |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206120932/http://www.newdeal20.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/principles-and-guidelines-for-deficit-reduction.pdf |archivedate=6 December 2010 |page=5 |date=2 December 2010 |quote=One of the general principles of taxation is that one should tax factors that are inelastic in supply, since there are no adverse supply side effects. Land does not disappear when it is taxed. Henry George, a great progressive of the late nineteenth century, argued, partly on this basis, for a land tax.}}
146. ^{{cite web |last=Tideman |first=Nicolaus |title=Global Economic Justice |url=http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |publisher=Schalkenbach Foundation |accessdate=8 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629031608/http://www.schalkenbach.org/library/tidemanglobaljustice.html |archivedate=June 29, 2013}}
147. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/auth/Vickrey.html|title=Bill Vickrey: "This paper would benefit from an application of Henry George's idea of taxing land values!"|website=www.wealthandwant.com|accessdate=9 October 2017}}
148. ^{{cite journal |last1=Netzer |first1=Dick |title=Remembering William Vickrey |journal=Land Lines |date=November 1996 |volume=8 |issue=6 |url=http://www.lincolninst.edu/pubs/503_Remembering-William-Vickrey |accessdate=2 September 2016}}
149. ^Vickrey, William. "The Corporate Income Tax in the U.S. Tax System, 73 TAX NOTES 597, 603 (1996). Quote: "Removing almost all business taxes, including property taxes on improvements, excepting only taxes reflecting the marginal social cost of public services rendered to specific activities, and replacing them with taxes on site values, would substantially improve the economic efficiency of the jurisdiction."
150. ^{{cite journal |last=Cirillo |first=Renato |title=Léon Walras and Social Justice |journal=The American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=Jan 1984 |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1984.tb02222.x|jstor=3486394 }}
151. ^Barker, Charles A., 1955. Henry George. New York: Oxford University Press
152. ^{{cite book |last=Boast |first=Richard |title=Buying the land, selling the land : governments and Maori land in the North Island 1865–1921 |publisher=Victoria University Press, Victoria University of Wellington |location=Wellington N.Z |year=2008 |isbn=9780864735614}}
153. ^Daunton, M. J. State and market in Victorian Britain : war, welfare and capitalism. Woodbridge, UK Rochester, NY: Boydell Press, 2008. Quote: "In the election of 1890 he campaigned for radical land reform, arguing for a tax on the 'unearned increment', and advocated the programme of Henry George as a means of 'bursting up the great estates'."
154. ^http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/churchill-winston_mother-of-all-monopolies-1909.html{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
155. ^{{cite journal |last1=MacLaren |first1=Andrew |title=The People's Rights: Opportunity Lost? |journal=Finest Hour |date=Autumn 2001 |volume=112 |url=http://www.winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-112/the-people-s-rights-opportunity-lost |accessdate=15 August 2015}}
156. ^{{cite news |last1=Dugan |first1=Ianthe Jeanne |title=It's a Lonely Quest for Land-Tax Fans, But, by George, They Press On |url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323826704578354733775359470 |accessdate=25 August 2014 |agency=Wall Street Journal |date=March 17, 2013}}
157. ^Stevens, Elizabeth Lesly. "A Tax Policy With San Francisco Roots". July 30, 2011 https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/31/us/31bcstevens.html Quote: "But Mr. Brown was certainly in good company as a Georgist. Devotees over the years have included Leo Tolstoy, Winston Churchill, Sun Yat-Sen, and the inventor of the board game that would become Monopoly."
158. ^Murdoch, Walter. Alfred Deakin: a sketch. Melbourne, Vic: Bookman, 1999. [1923]
159. ^{{cite book |last=Bastian |first=Peter |title=Andrew Fisher: An Underestimated Man |publisher=UNSW Press |location=Sydney, N.S.W |year=2009 |isbn=978-1742230047 |pages=28–30}}
160. ^[George, Henry, Jr. The Life of Henry George. New York: Doubleday & McClure, 1900.]
161. ^{{cite web |last=Hayes |first=Rutherford B. |title=Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |accessdate=26 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004921/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/hayes-rutherford_henry-george-1887.html |archivedate=3 December 2013 |df= }}
162. ^"Hughes, William Morris (Billy) (1862–1952)". Australian Dictionary of Biography: Online Edition.
163. ^{{cite news |last1=Stout |first1=Robert |title=ADDRESS BY THE HON. R. STOUT. |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZH18850414.2.41 |accessdate=6 December 2014 |agency=New Zealand Herald |issue=Volume XXII, Issue 7302 |publisher=PAPERPAST |date=14 April 1885}}
164. ^{{cite book |last=Trescott |first=Paul B. |title=Jingji Xue: The History of the Introduction of Western Economic Ideas Into China, 1850–1950 |year=2007 |publisher=Chinese University Press |pages=46–48 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=RkJtJm9L7mQC&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&q=%22basis%20of%20our%20program%20OR%20reform%22%20Leng%20sun%20yat%20sen |quote=The foregoing help to demonstrate why Sun Yat-sen would have regarded Henry George as a very credible guide, and why in 1912 Sun could tell an interviewer, 'The teachings of your single-taxer, Henry George, will be the basis of our program of reform.'|isbn=9789629962425 }}
165. ^{{cite journal |last1=Post |first1=Louis Freeland |title=Sun Yat Sen's Economic Program for China |journal=The Public |date=April 12, 1912 |volume=15 |page=349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYlGAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA349 |accessdate=8 November 2016 |quote="land tax as the only means of supporting the government is an infinitely just, reasonable, and equitably distributed tax, and on it we will found our new system"}}
166. ^{{cite book |last1=Altgeld |first1=John |title=Live Questions |date=1899 |publisher=Geo. S Bowen & Son |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |pages=776–81 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924001239/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Altgeld%20on%20Henry%20George.pdf |archivedate=2014-09-24 |df=}}
167. ^Chicago Single Tax Club collection, Special Collections and University Archives, University of Illinois at Chicago http://findingaids.library.uic.edu/ead/rjd1/ChiSingleTaxf.html
168. ^¹²{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Henry George 100 Years Later: The Great Reconciler |url=http://schalkenbach.org/henry-george/henry-george-100-years-later/ |publisher=Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |accessdate=3 September 2014}}
169. ^{{cite book |last=Finegold |first=Kenneth |title=Experts and politicians: reform challenges to machine politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, N.J |year=1995 |isbn=978-0691037349}}
170. ^{{cite journal |last=Stevens |first=Elizabeth Lesly |title=The Power Broker |journal=Washington Monthly |volume=July/August 2012 |date=July–August 2012 |url=http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/magazine/julyaugust_2012/features/the_power_broker038423.php?page=all# |accessdate=8 December 2013}}
171. ^{{cite web |last1=Cameron |first1=Clyde |title=REVENUE THAT IS NOT A TAX |url=http://www.georgist.multiline.com.au/revenue2.htm |accessdate=18 February 2015}}
172. ^{{cite news |title=Single Tax Loses, But Mayor Favoring This Reform Is Chosen By a Small Vote Margin |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1499&dat=19120306&id=0GExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1CAEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4805,3507757 |accessdate=23 August 2014 |agency=The Milwaukee Journal |date=Mar 6, 1912}}
173. ^Arnesen, Eric. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History. New York: Routledge, 2007
174. ^Johnston, Robert D. The Radical Middle Class: Populist Democracy and the Question of Capitalism in Progressive Era Portland, Oregon. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2003
175. ^Gaynor, William Jay. Some of Mayor Gaynor's Letters and Speeches. New York: Greaves Pub., 1913. 214–21. https://books.google.com/books?id=-7kMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA219#v=onepage
176. ^{{cite news |title=Socialism in England: James Keir Hardie Declares That It Is Capturing That Country. |url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC18950925.2.136# |accessdate=4 November 2014 |agency=San Francisco Call |publisher=California Digital Newspaper Collection |date=25 September 1895}} Hardie states, "I was a very enthusiastic single-taxer for a number of years."
177. ^Howe, Frederic C. The Confessions of a Reformer. Kent, OH: Kent State UP, 1988.
178. ^Arcas Cubero, Fernando: El movimiento georgista y los orígenes del Andalucismo : análisis del periódico "El impuesto único" (1911–1923). Málaga : Editorial Confederación Española de Cajas de Ahorros, 1980. {{ISBN|84-500-3784-0}}
179. ^[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1910/05/31/104936447.pdf "Single Taxers Dine Johnson"]. New York Times May 31, 1910.
180. ^"Henry George". Ohio History Central: An Online History of Ohio History.
181. ^{{cite web |title=Frank de Jong: Economic Rent Best Way to Finance Government |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KB6zNyOXMBg |accessdate=9 November 2013}}
182. ^{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=What's the matter with Michigan? Rise and collapse of an economic wonder |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/papers/papers08/08-15.pdf |accessdate=28 April 2014}}
183. ^{{cite web |last=Cleveland |first=Polly |title=The Way Forward for Detroit? Land Taxes |url=http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |publisher=Washington Spectator |accessdate=28 April 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428034615/http://www.washingtonspectator.org/index.php/Economics/when-progressive-taxation-made-detroit-a-powerhouse.html |archivedate=28 April 2014 |df= }}
184. ^{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=New Life in Old Cities |url=http://economics.ucr.edu/seminars_colloquia/2008/development_applied_economics/Gaffney.pdf |work=UC Riverside |accessdate=28 April 2014}}
185. ^{{cite book |last=Bryson |first=Phillip |title=The economics of Henry George : history's rehabilitation of America's greatest early economist |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |location=New York |year=2011 |page=145}}
186. ^{{cite book |last=Moore |first=Robert |title=Pit-men, preachers & politics the effects of Methodism in a Durham mining community |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |year=1974 |page=61}}
187. ^{{cite journal |last1=Barton |first1=Stephen E. |title=Berkeley Mayor J. Stitt Wilson: Christian Socialist, Georgist, Feminist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |volume=75 |issue=1 |year=2016 |pages=193–216 |issn=0002-9246 |doi=10.1111/ajes.12132}}
188. ^"Some Suggestions for Reform of Taxation", Proceedings, 14th Annual Convention, League of California Municipalities, Santa Barbara, California, October 25, 1911, pp. 152–71. J. Stitt Wilson, "Report from California", The Single Tax Review, V.17, No.1, January–February 1917, pp. 50–52
189. ^{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Carolyn C. |title=Taxing Women: Thoughts on a Gendered Economy: Symposium: A Historical Outlook: Taxes and Peace" A Case Study of Taxing Women |journal=Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies Southern California Review of Law and Women's Studies |date=Spring 1997 |url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=6+S.+Cal.+Rev.+L.+%26+Women%27s+Stud.+361&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=2ee4d64342aee8044cf7a2058abebf9e |accessdate=5 December 2014}}
190. ^¹{{cite book |last1=Rothbard |first1=Murray |title=Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought (Complete, 1965–1968) |date=2007 |publisher=Ludwig von Mises Institute |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=erCNHca0ThoC&pg=PA263#v=onepage |accessdate=5 December 2014|isbn=9781610160407 }}
191. ^Chris Oestereich. "With Liberty and Dividends for All: An Interview with Peter Barnes"; https://medium.com/@costrike/with-liberty-and-dividends-for-all-an-interview-with-peter-barnes-2d3cbd95028c
192. ^Beth Shalom Hessel. "Field, Sara Bard"; http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00220.html; American National Biography Online April 2014. Access Date: Mar 22 2015
193. ^Lane, Fintan. The Origins of Modern Irish Socialism, 1881–1896.Cork University Press, 1997 (pp. 79, 81).
194. ^{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph Dana |title=Mr. Samuel Gompers Replies to Our Criticism |journal=The Single Tax Review |date=1921 |volume=21–22 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAoAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=31 August 2014}}
195. ^{{cite book |last1=Gompers |first1=Samuel |title=The Samuel Gompers Papers: The making of a union leader, 1850–86, Volume 1 |date=1986 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |pages=431–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5ZapJXvCtgC |accessdate=31 August 2014|isbn=9780252011375 }}
196. ^Leubuscher, F. C. (1939). Bolton Hall {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214070335/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/leubuscher-frederic_bolton-hall.html |date=December 14, 2010 }}. The Freeman. January issue.
197. ^{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Joseph Dana |title=The Single Tax Review, Volumes 21–22 |date=1921 |page=178 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEAoAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=16 December 2014}}
198. ^{{cite book |title=Land and Freedom, Volumes 22–23 |date=1922 |page=179 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6xLAQAAIAAJ |accessdate=16 December 2014}}
199. ^{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_f-h.html |accessdate=5 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101042450/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_f-h.html |archivedate=1 November 2014 |df= }} Holmes said, "The passing years have only added to my conviction that Henry George is one of the greatest of all modern statesmen and prophets."
200. ^{{cite web |last1=Eckert |first1=Charles R. |title=Henry George, Sound Economics and the "New Deal" |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935.html |accessdate=5 December 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604102744/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/eckert-charles_henry-george-sound-economics-and-the-new-deal-1935.html |archivedate=4 June 2016 |df=}}
201. ^Thompson, Noel. Political economy and the Labour Party: The economics of démocratic socialism (1884–2005). Routlegde Ed., 2006, pp. 54–55.
202. ^{{cite book |last=Haggard |first=Robert |title=The persistence of Victorian liberalism : the politics of social reform in Britain, 1870–1900 |publisher=Greenwood Press |location=Westport, Conn |year=2001 |isbn=978-0313313059 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53VUwDw_UYMC&pg=PA87}}
203. ^Orr, B. S. (2006–2007). Mary Elizabeth Lease: Gendered discourse and Populist Party politics in Gilded Age America. Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains, 29, 246–265.
204. ^Caves, Roger W. Encyclopedia of the City. Abingdon, Oxon, OX: Routledge, 2005.
205. ^Marsh, Benjamin Clarke. Lobbyist for the People; a Record of Fifty Years. Washington: Public Affairs, 1953.
206. ^{{cite news |title=Single-Taxers again laud Henry George |newspaper=Daily Standard Union |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=12 |date=Sep 8, 1912 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912%20-%201936.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}
207. ^* {{cite news |title=British MP guest at George dinner |newspaper=Daily Standard Union |location=Brooklyn, NY |page=9 |date=Sep 6, 1912 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912/Brooklyn%20NY%20Standard%20Union%201912%20-%201907.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Community Club |newspaper=Silver Creek News |location=Silver Creek, NY |page=1 |date=Jan 4, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS%201917/SILVER%20CREEK%20NY%20NEWS%201917%20-%200002.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=James F. Morton at Eagle Temple |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=10 |date=Jan 23, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200256.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Meetings this evening; Labor Forum |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=12 |date=Mar 30, 1918 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201918/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201918%20-%201044.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=F. P. Morgan(sic) gives instructive talk on the single tax |newspaper=The Saratogian |location=Saratoga Springs, NY |page=9 |date=Apr 10, 1929 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201929/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201929%20-%201166.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite journal |last=Morton |first=James F., Jr. |title=Report of James F. Morton, Jr.'s Lecture Work |journal=The Single Tax Review |volume=18 |issue=4 |page=116 |date=July–August 1918 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=icZLAQAAIAAJ&lpg=PA116&pg=PA116#v=onepage |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Single taxer to speak |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=9 |date=Apr 7, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202132.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Plans single tax talk |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=10 |date=Apr 14, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202313.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Single tax advocate lectures in church |newspaper=Buffalo Courier |location=Buffalo, NY |page=6 |date=Apr 17, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Courier/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916/Buffalo%20Ny%20Courier%201916%20-%202437.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Meetings this evening; Meeting of the Men's club |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=14 |date=Apr 25, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%201497.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Philosophy of the Single Tax |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=7 |date=Apr 26, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%201504.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Season's close at Chautauqua; The Single Tax |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=9 |date=Aug 28, 1916 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201916%20-%203006.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Exclusive tax on land values |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=3 |date=Jan 15, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200158.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Saturday Night Club |newspaper=Jamestown Evening Journal |location=Jamestown, NY |page=9 |date=Jan 12, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2023/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917/Jamestown%20NY%20Evening%20Journal%201917%20-%200134.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Lewiston |newspaper=Buffalo Evening News |location=Buffalo, NY |page=10 |date=Apr 30, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201917/Buffalo%20NY%20Evening%20News%201917%20-%202129.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Greenfield Center |newspaper=The Saratogian |location=Saratoga Springs, NY |page=7 |date=Nov 13, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspapers%2021/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201917/Saratoga%20Springs%20NY%20Saratogian%201917%20-%202152.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}* {{cite news |title=Church Services Tomorrow; First Congregational Church |newspaper=Daily Argus |location=Mount Vernon, NY |page=12 |date=Dec 3, 1917 |url=http://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2018/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus%201917/Mount%20Vernon%20NY%20Daily%20Argus%201917%20-%203585.pdf |accessdate=Nov 7, 2014}}
208. ^Jorgensen, Emil Oliver. The next Step toward Real Democracy: One Hundred Reasons Why America Should Abolish, as Speedily as Possible, All Taxation upon the Fruits of Industry, and Raise the Public Revenue by a Single Tax on Land Values Only. Chicago, IL: Chicago Singletax Club, 1920.
209. ^¹Gorgas, William Crawford, and Lewis Jerome Johnson. Two Papers on Public Sanitation and the Single Tax. New York: Single Tax Information Bureau, 1914. https://books.google.com/books?id=v3NHAAAAYAAJ
210. ^¹Ware, Louise. George Foster Peabody, Banker, Philanthropist, Publicist. Athens: U of Georgia, 1951. http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334561.pdf
211. ^{{cite book |last=Young |first=Arthur Nichols |title=Single tax Movement in the United States |publisher=Hardpress Ltd |location=S.l |year=1916}}
212. ^{{cite book |last=Thompson |first=John |title=Reformers and war : American progressive publicists and the First World War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York |year=1987}}
213. ^{{cite book |last1=Powderly |first1=Terence Vincent |title=Thirty Years of Labor. 1859–1889 |date=1889 |publisher=Excelsior publishing house |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHXZAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=8 December 2014}} "It would be far easier to levy a "single tax," basing it upon land values." "It is because […] a single land tax would prove to be the very essence of equity, that l advocate it.
214. ^{{cite book |last=Mitgang |first=Herbert |title=The Man Who Rode the Tiger: The Life and Times of Judge Samuel Seabury |year=1996 |publisher=Fordham Univ Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__yUGoL0OmAC&q=henry+george#v=snippet|isbn=9780823217229 }}
215. ^{{cite book |last=Magarey |first=Susan |title=Unbridling the tongues of women : a biography of Catherine Helen Spence |publisher=Hale & Iremonger |location=Sydney, NSW |year=1985 |isbn=978-0868061498}}
216. ^{{cite book |last=Wenzer |first=Kenneth |title=An Anthology of Henry George's Thought (Volume 1) |year=1997 |publisher=University Rochester Press |pages=87, 243 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcE19ylnJ8YC|isbn=9781878822819 }}
217. ^{{cite web |title=Oregon Biographies: William S. U'Ren |work=Oregon History Project |publisher=Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society |year=2002 |url=http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/Oregon-Biographies-William-Uren.cfm |accessdate=2006-12-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110113347/http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/Oregon-Biographies-William-Uren.cfm |archivedate=2006-11-10}}
218. ^{{cite journal |last1=Candeloro |first1=Dominic |title=The Single Tax Movement and Progressivism, 1880–1920 |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 1979 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=113–27 |url=http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979.htm |accessdate=16 July 2015 |doi=10.1111/j.1536-7150.1979.tb02869.x |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717015930/http://www.cooperative-individualism.org/candeloro-dominic_single-tax-movement-and-progressivism-1979.htm |archivedate=17 July 2015 |df= }}
219. ^{{cite journal |title=The Inquisitive Voter |journal=The Great Adventure |date=September 11, 1920 |volume=4 |issue=35 |accessdate= |quote=The proposition of Henry George will do more to lift humanity from the slough of poverty, crime, and misery than all else.}}
220. ^{{cite web |last1=Eisenstein |first1=Charles |title=Post-Capitalism |url=http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |accessdate=5 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085910/http://www.thenewandancientstory.net/home/post-capitalism |archivedate=6 October 2014 |df= }}
221. ^¹²{{cite news |title=The Funeral Procession |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1897/11/01/102544571.pdf |accessdate=17 November 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |date=November 1, 1897}}
222. ^{{cite book |last=Newlin |first=Keith |title=Hamlin Garland a life |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln |year=2008 |isbn=978-0803233478 |pages=102–27}}
223. ^https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vviBboUXhuA Fred Harrison speaks at ALTER Spring Conference 2014
224. ^{{cite web |last1=Aller |first1=Pat |title=The Georgist Philosophy in Culture and History |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/aller.htm |accessdate=2 October 2014}}
225. ^{{cite journal |last1=Steuer |first1=Max |title=REVIEW ARTICLE A hundred years of town planning and the influence of Ebenezer Howard |journal=The British Journal of Sociology |date=June 2000 |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=377–86 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-4446.2000.00377.x|pmid=10905006 }}
226. ^{{cite book |last1=Meacham |first1=Standish |title=Regaining Paradise: Englishness and the Early Garden City Movement |date=1999 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=50–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqa9S_E7ImQC |accessdate=5 August 2014|isbn=978-0300075724 }}
227. ^{{cite book |last1=Purdom |first1=Charles Benjamin |title=The Letchworth Achievement |date=1963 |page=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWTaAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=5 August 2014}}
228. ^{{cite book |last1=Hubard |first1=Elbert |title=Little Journeys to the Homes of Great Reformers |date=1907 |publisher=The Roycrofters |location=East Aurora, New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcS_CEFos_4C |accessdate=6 July 2016}}
229. ^Harrison, F. (May–June 1989). "Aldous Huxley on 'the Land Question' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213223137/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/harrison-fred_aldous-huxley-on-the-land-question-1989.html |date=2014-12-13 }}". Land & Liberty. "Huxley redeems himself when he concedes that, if he were to rewrite the book, he would offer a third option, one which he characterised as 'the possibility of sanity.' In a few bold strokes he outlines the elements of this model: 'In this community economics would be decentralist and Henry Georgian, politics Kropotkinesque and co-operative.'"
230. ^{{cite book |last=Kunstler |first=James Howard |title=Home from Nowhere: Remaking Our Everyday World For the 21st Century |year=1998 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |chapter=Chapter 7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ZW_dvcbEqUC&printsec|isbn=9780684837376 }}
231. ^{{cite web |last1=Mace |first1=Elisabeth |title=The economic thinking of Jose Marti: Legacy foundation for the integration of America |url=http://www.akimoo.com/2013/the-economic-thinking-of-jose-marti-legacy-foundation-for-the-integration-of-america/ |accessdate=5 August 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20150908183320/http://www.akimoo.com/2013/the-economic-thinking-of-jose-marti-legacy-foundation-for-the-integration-of-america/ |archivedate=8 September 2015 |df= }}
232. ^{{cite web |last1=Hudson |first1=Michael |title=Speech to the Communist Party of Cuba |url=http://michael-hudson.com/2000/01/speech-to-the-communist-party-of-cuba/ |accessdate=5 August 2015}}
233. ^Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry, eds. (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America. Greenwood Publishing, Inc. p. 310. "Thus, the Freeman was to speak for the great tradition of classical liberalism, which [Albert Jay Nock and Francis Nielson] were afraid was being lost, and for the economics of Henry George, which both men shared."
234. ^{{cite web |last=Norris |first=Kathleen |title=The Errors of Marxism |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/norris-kathleen_errors-of-marxism-1940.html |accessdate=21 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224036/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/norris-kathleen_errors-of-marxism-1940.html |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}
235. ^{{cite web |last1=Sinclair |first1=Upton |title=The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities |url=http://savingcommunities.org/docs/sinclair.upton/consequences.html |accessdate=3 November 2014}}Sinclair was an active georgist but eventually gave up on explicitly advocating the reform because, "Our opponents, the great rich bankers and land speculators of California, persuaded the poor man that we were going to put all taxes on this poor man's lot."
236. ^{{cite web |last1=Gaffney |first1=Mason |title=Excerpts from The Corruption of Economics |url=http://www.politicaleconomy.org/gaffney.htm |accessdate=3 November 2014}}
237. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=9jAfAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA314&lpg=PA314#v=onepage&q=%22people%20do%20not%20argue%22 A Great Iniquity.]. Leo Tolstoy once said of George, "People do not argue with the teaching of George, they simply do not know it".
238. ^{{cite web |last1=Lebrun |first1=Victor |title=Leo Tolstoy and Henry George |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lebrun-victor_leo-tolstoy-and-henry-george-1966.html |accessdate=9 September 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911001701/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lebrun-victor_leo-tolstoy-and-henry-george-1966.html |archivedate=11 September 2014 |df= }}
239. ^{{cite book |last=Starr |first=Kevin |title=The dream endures : California enters the 1940s |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0195157970}} Wood had "strong leanings toward the single-tax theory of Henry George".
240. ^{{cite web |last1=Barnes |first1=Tim |title=C.E.S. Wood (1852–1944) |url=http://www.oregonencyclopedia.org/articles/c_e_s_wood/ |publisher=The Oregon Encyclipedia |accessdate=14 December 2014}}
241. ^{{cite web |last1=Buckley |first1=William F. Jr |title=FIRING LINE: Has New York Let Us Down? |url=http://www.schalkenbach.org/firing_line/Buckly-Star.pdf |publisher=PBS, Robert Schalkenbach Foundation |accessdate=6 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924094932/http://www.schalkenbach.org/firing_line/Buckly-Star.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-24 |dead-url=yes |df= }} Buckley says, "The location problem is, of course, easily solved by any Georgist, and I am one."
242. ^{{cite book |last=Perry |first=Jeffrey |title=Hubert Harrison the voice of Harlem radicalism, 1883–1918 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |year=2009 |isbn=978-0231139113}}
243. ^¹{{cite web |last1=Sklar |first1=Dusty |title=Henry George and Zionism |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028225026/http://jewishcurrents.org/henry-george-zionism-32779 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=28 October 2014 |accessdate=28 October 2014 }}
244. ^{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=Inequality: It’s Even Worse Than We Thought |url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2012-06-13/inequality-it-s-even-worse-than-we-thought |accessdate=31 October 2014 |agency=BloombergView |publisher=Bloomberg |date=Jun 13, 2012}}
245. ^{{cite news |last1=Kinsley |first1=Michael |title=The Capital-Gains Tax: A Tragedy in Two Acts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-12-19/the-capital-gains-tax-a-tragedy-in-two-acts.html |accessdate=31 October 2014 |issue=Dec 19, 2012}}Kinsley reiterates that George is his favorite economist and that land taxes are the best source of revenue.
246. ^{{cite web |title=The Land Question Quotations from Historical and Contemporary Sources |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |accessdate=31 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101010830/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/land-question_i-l.html |archivedate=1 November 2014 |df= }}In The New Republic (February 12, 1992) Kinsley advocates removing all taxes and collecting land rent instead.
247. ^{{cite book |last1=Chamberlain |first1=John |title=Farewell To Reform |date=1965 |publisher=Quadrangle Books |pages=47–48 |accessdate=}}
248. ^{{cite journal |last1=Bernstein |first1=David |title=Lochner's Feminist Legacy |journal=Michigan Law Review |date=May 2003 |volume=101 |issue=6 |url=http://pdc-connection.ebscohost.com/c/book-reviews/12107056/lochners-feminist-legacy |accessdate=23 December 2014}}
249. ^{{cite news |last1=Matthews |first1=Dylan |title=Five conservative reforms millennials should be fighting for |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/07/five-conservative-reforms-millennials-should-be-fighting-for/ |accessdate=26 August 2014 |agency=Wonkblog |publisher=The Washington Post |date=January 7, 2014}}
250. ^{{cite tweet|user=dylanmatt|author=Dylan Matthews|number=414149160775204864|date=20 December 2013|title=@Bencjacobs @mattyglesias I think we've both been Georgists for a while now, though @AshokRao95 led me to revisit this stuff}} Dylan Matthews's verified account states, "I think we've both been Georgists for a while now."
251. ^{{cite book |last=Lawson |first=R |title=A commonwealth of hope : the New Deal response to crisis |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |year=2006 |isbn=978-0801884061}}
252. ^{{cite book |last=Mowry |first=George |title=The era of Theodore Roosevelt and the birth of modern America, 1900–1912 |publisher=Harper & Row |location=New York |year=1958 |quote="I conceded the voice of ultimate wisdom and saw in Henry George the apostle of a new gospel." |isbn=978-0061330223}}
253. ^Riis, Jacob A. "The Unemployed: a Problem". (In Peters, John P., Labor and Capital, a chapter on "Socialism and the Single Tax", pp. 425-431. New York, 1902. 12°. Questions of the day, no. 98.)
254. ^{{cite book | last = Burrows | first = Edwin | title = Gotham : a history of New York City to 1898 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0195140491 | page = 1183}}
255. ^{{cite news |last1=Salam |first1=Reihan |title=On Property Taxes |url=http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/231111/property-taxes-reihan-salam |accessdate=19 March 2015 |date=July 15, 2010}}
256. ^{{cite journal |last1=Traubel |first1=Horace |title=Progress and Poverty |journal=The Conservator |date=1896 |volume=7-9 |pages=252–53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjwZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA252 |accessdate=13 December 2015}}
257. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/8f06df9e-8ac1-11df-8e17-00144feab49a.html?siteedition=intl#axzz2gan65rob |title=Why we must halt the land cycle |publisher=The Financial Times |author=Martin Wolf |date=2010-07-08 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}
258. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/392c33a6-211f-11e3-8aff-00144feab7de.html#axzz2gan65rob |title=How a levy based on location values could be the perfect tax |publisher=The Financial Times |author=Merryn Somerset Webb |date=2013-09-27 |accessdate=2013-10-02}}
259. ^{{cite tweet|user=iddqkfa|author=©ommons $ense 🔰|number=468204465057566720|date=19 May 2014|title=Closet georgist, @MerrynSW, on an entertaining BBC program "Simon Evans Goes to Market", about investing in land #LVT}}
260. ^{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Charles Joseph |title=Forty Years of the Struggle for Freedom |journal=Land and Freedom |date=January–February 1941 |volume=XLI |issue=1 |url=https://archive.org/stream/landfreedom41newyrich/landfreedom41newyrich_djvu.txt |accessdate=30 October 2014}}
261. ^{{cite book |last=Filler |first=Louis |title=The muckrakers |publisher=Stanford University Press |location=Stanford, Calif |year=1993}}
262. ^Miller, Joseph Dana (ed.), 1917. Single Tax Year Book. NY: Single Tax Review Publishing Company
263. ^{{cite news |last1=Worstall |first1=Tim |title=What Michael Kinsley Gets Wrong About Taxation |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/12/22/what-michael-kinsley-gets-wrong-about-taxation/ |accessdate=23 August 2014 |agency=Forbes |date=2012-12-22}}
264. ^{{Cite journal |last=Matthew |first=Yglesias |title=My Five-Point Plan for Fixing Everything |journal=Slate |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2013/10/23/how_to_fix_everything.html |accessdate=7 November 2013|date=2013-10-23 }}
265. ^{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/mattyglesias/status/313754546486796288 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505024740/https://twitter.com/mattyglesias/status/313754546486796288 |archivedate=2014-05-05 |df= }} "WSJ story on Georgism fails to note that it’s clearly correct"
266. ^Wineapple, Brenda. Sister Brother: Gertrude and Leo Stein. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2008.
267. ^¹Mills, Allen. "Single Tax, Socialism and the Independent Labour Party of Manitoba: The Political Ideas of F.J. Dixon and S.J. Farmer." Labour / Le Travail 5 (1980): 33–56. JSTOR. Weborn 04 Dec. 2014.
268. ^{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Carl |title=Urban Disorder and the Shape of Belief: The Great Chicago Fire, the Haymarket Bomb, and the Model Town of Pullman, Second Edition |year=2008 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |page=359 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyutjS7elsC|isbn=9780226764252 }}
269. ^Muse return with new album The Resistance "Sure, he has already launched into a passionate soliloquy about Geoism (the land-tax movement inspired by the 19th-century political economist Henry George)".
270. ^{{cite book |last=Caldwell |first=John |title=American paintings in the Metropolitan Museum of Art |publisher=The Museum in association with Princeton University Press |location=New York |year=1994 |isbn=978-0691037950}}
271. ^Co-founder of the [https://archive.is/20120525163651/http://www.hgclub.com.au/history.htm Henry George Club], Australia.
272. ^{{cite web |last=Williams |first=Karl |title=Walter Burley Griffin |url=http://www.prosper.org.au/about/geoists-in-history/walter-burley-griffin/ |accessdate=1 October 2013}}
273. ^{{cite web |title=Henry George, our hero in the battle for the right (Songs of the Hutchinsons) |url=http://www.oocities.org/unclesamsfarm/songs/henrygeorge.htm |accessdate=17 November 2013}}
274. ^{{cite web |title=George Inness (1825–1894) |url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/inne/hd_inne.htm |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |accessdate=27 August 2014}}
275. ^{{cite book |last=Schor |first=Esther |title=Emma Lazarus |publisher=Random House |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=wIgji4llu_wC&pg=PA116&lpg=PA116&q=emma%20lazarus%20progress%20and%20poverty|isbn=9780805242751 }} Author of "The New Colossus", on the Statue of Liberty, and the poem "Progress and Poverty", named after George's book, of which she said, “The life and thought of no one capable of understanding it can be quite the same after reading it.”
276. ^{{cite journal |last1=Peseroff |first1=Joyce |title=Emma Lazarus |journal=Tikkun |date=March–April 2007 |volume=22 |issue=2 |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P3-1341275061/emma-lazarus |accessdate=20 December 2014}} Lazarus "supported Henry George's single tax".
277. ^{{cite web |last=Schwartzman |first=Jack |title=A Remembrance of Anna George de Mille and Agnes de Mille |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/schwartzman-jack_a-remembrance-of-anna-george-de-mille-and-agnes-de-mille-1993.html |accessdate=17 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224085337/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/schwartzman-jack_a-remembrance-of-anna-george-de-mille-and-agnes-de-mille-1993.html |archivedate=24 December 2013 |df= }}
278. ^{{cite book |last=Eyman |first=Scott |title=Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille |year=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |pages=29, 47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjXltLIqRoC|isbn=9781439180419 }}
279. ^{{cite book |last=Easton |first=Carol |title=No Intermissions The Life of Agnes de Mille |year=1996 |publisher=Da Capo Press |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/no_inter.htm}}
280. ^{{cite book |last=Louvish |first=Simon |title=Cecil B. DeMille: A Life in Art |year=2008 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=40, 249 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgWPLXuXhesC|isbn=9780312377335 }}
281. ^{{cite book |last=Eyman |first=Scott |title=Empire of Dreams: The Epic Life of Cecil B. DeMille |year=2010 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwjXltLIqRoC|isbn=9781439180419 }}
282. ^"Henry George, The Scholar" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004215751/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_henry-george-the-scholar-1940.html |date=2013-10-04 }} – A Commencement Address Delivered by Francis Neilson at the Henry George School of Social Science, June 3, 1940.
283. ^{{cite journal |last=Neilson |first=Francis |title=Albert Jay Nock on Henry George – Truth Sets Men Free |journal=The Freeman |date=September 1939 |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_albert-jay-nock-on-henry-george.html |accessdate=1 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213045/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/neilson-francis_albert-jay-nock-on-henry-george.html |archivedate=4 October 2013 |df= }}
284. ^{{cite web |title=Happy Birthday, Eddie Palmieri! Alt.Latino Helps El Maestro Blow Out 81 Candles |url=http://wmot.org/post/happy-birthday-eddie-palmieri-altlatino-helps-el-maestro-blow-out-81-candles |publisher=WMOT |accessdate=12 January 2018}}
285. ^McQueen, Humphrey. A New Britannia. St. Lucia, Qld.: U of Queensland, 2004.
286. ^{{cite journal |last1=Mills |first1=Benjamin Fay |title=Louis Prang, Popularizer of Art |journal=Vocations, Vocational Guidance, Hall & Locke Company |date=1911 |volume=10 |page=254 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xw8AQAAMAAJ |accessdate=13 December 2015}}
287. ^{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Mark |title=Arden |year=2010 |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9KxJTJw2GE4C|isbn=9780738585598 }}
288. ^{{cite web |title=Forgotten Writings of Arden's Frank Stephens |author=Shields, Jerry |publisher=Collecting Delaware Books |url=http://jnjreid.com/cdb/stephens.html#forgot}}
289. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/docs/Wright_HG%27s_Remedy.html |title=Frank Lloyd Wright on Henry George's Remedy |publisher=Wealthandwant.com |accessdate=2012-07-26}}
290. ^Carlson, Allan. The New Agrarian Mind: The Movement Toward Decentralist Thought in Twentieth-Century America Transaction Publishers, 2004 (p. 51).
291. ^Silagi, M., & Faulkner, S. (1993). Henry George and Europe: Early Efforts to Organize Germany's Land Reformers Failed, but the Pioneers Won a National Demonstration. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, 52(1), 119–27. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3487644Quote: "The meeting was chaired by the materialist philosopher Ludwig Biichner. He was an admirer of Henry George and had been won over to the [land reform] movement by Fliirscheim."
292. ^{{cite journal |last=Buttenheim |first=Harold S. |title=The Relation of Housing to Taxation |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |date=March 1934 |volume=1, No. 2 |issue=Low-Cost Housing and Slum Clearance: A Symposium |pages=198–205 |doi=10.2307/1189565|jstor=1189565 }}
293. ^{{cite web |last=Butler |first=Nicholas |title=Progress and Poverty |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/butler-nicholas-murray_progress-and-poverty-1931-01.pdf |work=Commencement Speech, Columbia University (1931) |accessdate=23 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213224031/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/butler-nicholas-murray_progress-and-poverty-1931-01.pdf |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df= }}
294. ^{{cite web |title=Frank Chodorov |url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/themes/Chodorov.html |accessdate=30 November 2013}}
295. ^{{cite web |title=Frank Chodorov |url=https://mises.org/daily/author/112 |accessdate=30 November 2013}}
296. ^{{cite book |last=Daly |first=Herman |title=For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy Toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future |year=1994 |publisher=Beacon Press |pages=258–59, 328–29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TZAIU1yqyRkC&printsec|isbn=9780807047057 }}
297. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wealthandwant.com/HG/PP/Dewey_Appreciation_HG.html|title=John Dewey: An Appreciation of Henry George|website=www.wealthandwant.com|accessdate=9 October 2017}}
298. ^Onken, Werner. "The Political Economy of Silvio Gesell: A Century of Activism." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 59.4 (2000): 609–22. Weborn 16 Aug. 2014.
299. ^{{cite web |title=The Life of Leon MacLaren |url=http://www.maclarenfoundation.net/life1.htm |accessdate=25 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131223055828/http://maclarenfoundation.net/life1.htm |archivedate=23 December 2013 |df= }}
300. ^{{cite web |title=The School of Economic Science |url=http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org/cej/the-school-of-economic-science.html |accessdate=25 January 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006175720/http://www.henrygeorgefoundation.org/cej/the-school-of-economic-science.html |archivedate=6 October 2010 |df=}}
301. ^{{cite book |last=Van Parijs |first=Philippe |title=Introduction to Arguing for Basic Income |year=1992 |publisher=Verso |location=London |pages=3–43 |url=http://www.uclouvain.be/cps/ucl/doc/etes/documents/1992.Verso_-_Intro__Competing_.final.pdf}}
302. ^{{cite book |last=Sterba |first=James P. |title=From Rationality to Equality |year=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=193 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sob86PqcrbYC|isbn=9780199580767 }}
303. ^{{Cite book |title=The Basic Writings of Bertrand Russell, 1903–1959 |author=Bertrand Russell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gO1IP81kuQIC&pg=PA492 |publisher=Psychology Press |year=1992 |page=492|isbn=9780415083010 }}
304. ^{{Cite book |title=Freedom versus Organization |author=Bertrand Russell |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_power-of-money.html |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1962}}
305. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-04-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212820/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/russell-bertrand_admiration-for-henry-george-1960.jpg |archivedate=2013-10-04 |df= }} Letter addressed to a Mr. Krumreig
306. ^Vallentyne, Peter. Left-libertarianism: A Primer. In Vallentyne, Peter; Steiner, Hillel (2000). "Left-libertarianism and Its Critics: The Contemporary Debate". Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. "Georgist libertarians—such as eponymous George (1879, 1892), Steiner (1977, 1980, 1981, 1992, 1994), and Tideman (1991, 1997, 1998)—hold that agents may appropriate unappropriated natural resources as long as they pay for the competitive value of the rights they claim."
307. ^{{cite news |last1=Babson |first1=Roger |title=Roger Babson Sees Many Changes To Come After the War Has Ended |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=950&dat=19430820&id=o2lIAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GlUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=4650,5379686 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |agency=The Evening Independent |date=Aug 20, 1943}}
308. ^{{cite book |last=Brandeis |first=Louis |title=Letters of Louis D. Brandeis: Vol. 1 |year=1971 |page=82 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AN5zRPO2OCgC&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82|isbn=9781438422565 }}
309. ^{{cite web |title=101+ Famous Thinkers on Owning Earth |url=http://www.progress.org/geonomy/Earth.html |accessdate=22 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024602/http://www.progress.org/geonomy/Earth.html |archive-date=5 January 2012 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }} Brandeis said, "I find it very difficult to disagree with the principles of Henry George... I believe in the taxation of land values only."
310. ^How to Abolish Unfair Taxation: An Address Before a Los Angeles Audience, Delivered March 1913 https://books.google.com/books/about/How_to_Abolish_Unfair_Taxation.html?id=rlOFHAAACAAJ
311. ^{{cite web |last1=Darrow |first1=Clarence |title=The Land Belongs To The People |url=http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |website=www.umn.edu |publisher=Everyman |accessdate=3 August 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808060133/http://darrow.law.umn.edu/documents/Land_Belongs_to_People_Everyman_Darrow_1916.pdf |archivedate=8 August 2014 |df= }}
312. ^{{cite journal |title=The Centre for Incentive Taxation |volume=20 |issue=4 |date=August 1994 |quote=Darrow replied about Georgism, "Well, you either come to it or go broke."}}
313. ^Two letters written in 1934 to Henry George's daughter, Anna George De Mille {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412105846/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/einstein-albert_letters-to-anna-george-demille-1934.html |date=2011-04-12 }}. In one letter Einstein writes, "The spreading of these works is a really deserving cause, for our generation especially has many and important things to learn from Henry George."
314. ^{{cite news |last1=Elazar |first1=Daniel |title=Earth Is the Lord's |url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/49968352/ |accessdate=23 November 2014 |agency=The Wisconsin Jewish Chronicle |publisher=Newspapers.com |date=February 4, 1955}}
315. ^{{cite news |last1=Wilhelm |first1=Donald |title=Henry Ford Talks About War and Your Future |url=http://wealthandwant.com/docs/unindexed/FordH_1942.htm |accessdate=23 November 2014 |agency=Liberty Magazine |date=September 5, 1942}} Henry Ford says, "[...] every American family can have a piece of land. We ought to tax all idle land the way Henry George said — tax it heavily, so that its owners would have to make it productive"
316. ^{{cite journal |last1=MacCallum |first1=Spencer H. |title=The Alternative Georgist Tradition |journal=Fragments |date=Summer–Fall 1997 |volume=35 |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |accessdate=30 October 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030071512/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/maccallum-spencer_alternative-georgist-tradition-1997-02.pdf |archivedate=30 October 2014 |df= }}
317. ^{{cite journal |last1=Foldvary |first1=Fred E. |title=Heath: Estranged Georgist |journal=American Journal of Economics and Sociology |date=April 2004 |volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=411–31 |doi=10.1111/j.0002-9246.2004.00295.x}}
318. ^Justice for Mumia Abu-Jamal {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806130249/http://www.henrygeorge.org/mumia.htm |date=August 6, 2007 }}
319. ^{{cite web |last=Kennedy |first=Margrit |title=Money & The Land Grab |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6nSUKPV6BD0 |work=YouTube |publisher=Share the Rents |accessdate=12 December 2013}}
320. ^{{cite web |last=Lincoln |first=John |title=Fighting For Fundamentals |url=http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |accessdate=5 December 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111525/http://www.cooperativeindividualism.org/lincoln-john_fighting-for-fundamentals-1928.html |archivedate=24 December 2013 |df= }}
321. ^Magie invented The Landlord's Game, predecessor to Monopoly
322. ^{{cite web |last=Dodson |first=Edward J. |title=How Henry George's Principles Were Corrupted Into the Game Called Monopoly |url=http://www.henrygeorge.org/dodson_on_monopoly.htm |accessdate=1 October 2013}}
323. ^{{cite web |last=Gaffney |first=Mason |title=Henry George Dr. Edward McGlynn & Pope Leo XIII |url=http://www.masongaffney.org/publications/K18George_McGlynn_and_Leo_XIII.pdf |accessdate=25 January 2014}}
324. ^{{cite news |title=Offers $250,000 For a Single Tax Campaign: Joseph Fels Pledges That Sum for Five Years Here and in England. IF THERE IS AN EQUAL FUND Commission of Single Taxers Formed to Raise the Fund – Roosevelt, Taft, and Hughes Said to be Friendly. |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9904E3D71738E033A2575BC0A9639C946897D6CF |accessdate=30 October 2014 |agency=New York Times |date=May 8, 1909}}
325. ^{{cite book |last=Post |first=Louis F. |title=The Prophet of San Francisco: Personal Memories & Interpretations of Henry George |publisher=The Minerva Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fKqUMrsNcbsC|isbn=9780898758337 |date=April 2002 }}
326. ^{{Cite book |title=The Quiet Warrior |author=Thomas B. Buell |url=https://books.google.com/?id=O09FRikxjhMC&printsec=frontcover |publisher=Little, Brown |location=Boston |year=1974|isbn=9780870215629 }}
327. ^{{cite news |title=American Single Taxers Invade Tiny Andorra; Fiske Warren Carries Their Gospel to the Republic Hidden for Twelve Centuries in the Pyrenees Between France and Spain |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10B10FF385512738FDDAF0994DC405B868DF1D3 |accessdate=9 December 2013 |newspaper=New York Times |date=April 16, 1916}}
328. ^{{cite web |last1=Sinclair |first1=Upton |title=The Consequences of Land Speculation are Tenantry and Debt on the Farms, and Slums and Luxury in the Cities |url=http://savingcommunities.org/docs/sinclair.upton/consequences.html |accessdate=29 July 2014}}
329. ^{{cite book |last=Stanley |first=Buder |title=Visionaries and Planners: The Garden City Movement and the Modern Community |year=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=evBdKUyXY7UC|isbn=9780195362886 }} Wallace described Progress and Poverty as “Undoubtedly the most remarkable and important book of the present century.”
330. ^{{cite book |last=Dudden |first=Arthur |title=Joseph Fels and the single tax movement |year=1971 |publisher=Temple University Press}}
331. ^{{cite book |author-link=Archibald Henderson |title=George Bernard Shaw, his life and works |year=1911 |publisher=Stewart & Kidd Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBZXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA96 }}