“2-Methylpyridine”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

2-Picoline was the first pyridine compound reported to be isolated in pure form. It was isolated from coal tar in 1846 by T. Anderson.^[2] This chemistry was practiced by Reilly Industries in Indianapolis.^[3] It is now mainly produced by two principal routes, the condensation of acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and ammonia and the cyclization of nitriles and acetylene. One example of such reaction is the combination of acetaldehyde and ammonia:

Reactions

Most of the reactions of picoline are centered on the methyl group. For example, the principal use of 2-picoline is as a precursor of 2-vinylpyridine. The conversion is achieved by condensation with formaldehyde:

The copolymer of 2-vinylpyridine, butadiene and styrene is used as an adhesive for textile tire cord. 2-Picoline is also a precursor to the agrichemical, nitrapyrin, which prevents loss of ammonia from fertilizers. Oxidation by potassium permanganate affords picolinic acid:^[4]

Deprotonation with butyllithium affords C₅H₄NCH₂Li, a versatile nucleophile.^[5]

Biodegradation

Like other pyridine derivatives, 2-methylpyridine is often reported as an environmental contaminant associated with facilities processing oil shale or coal, and has also been found at legacy wood treatment sites. The compound is readily degradable by certain microorganisms, such as Arthrobacter sp. strain R1 (ATTC strain number 49987), which was isolated from an aquifer contaminated with a complex mixture of pyridine derivatives.^[6] Arthrobacter and closely related Actinobacteria are often found associated with degradation of pyridine derivatives and other nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. 2-methypyridine and 4-methypyridine are more readily degraded and exhibit less volatilization loss from environmental samples than does 3-methypyridine.^[7]

Uses

2-Methylpyridine is an intermediate used in the production of some pharmaceutical drugs including amprolium, picoplatin, dimethindene, and encainide.{{cn|date=October 2018}}

References

1. ^Eric F. V. Scriven, Ramiah Murugan. 'Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives', Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, (2005). {{doi|10.1002/0471238961.1625180919031809.a01.pub2}}
2. ^{{cite journal | author = Anderson, T. | title = On the constitution and properties of Picoline, a new organic base from Coal Tar | journal = Edinburgh New Phil. J. | year = 1846 | volume = XLI | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=lB0AAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA146 | format = Free full text at Google Books | pages = 146–156; 291–300}}
3. ^{{cite book |last= Beck |first= Bill |date= 1996 |title= Good Chemistry: The Story of P. C. Reilly and Reilly Industries |location= Indianpolis, USA |publisher= Design Printing Company}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=Shinkichi Shimizu |author2=Nanao Watanabe |author3=Toshiaki Kataoka |author4=Takayuki Shoji |author5=Nobuyuki Abe |author6=Sinji Morishita |author7=Hisao Ichimura. | title = Pyridine and Pyridine Derivatives | journal = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a22_399}}
5. ^{{cite journal|author1=Stephanie Ganssl|author2 =Julia Pedronil|author3 =Alexandre Lumbrosol|author4= Günther Leonhardt-Lutterbeckl|author5 =Antje Meißnerl|author6 =Siping Weil|author7 =Hans-Joachim Drexlerl|author8= Detlef Hellerl|author9 = Bernhard Breital|title=Rhodium-Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes towards Z-Enol Esters|journal=Org. Synth.|year=2016|volume= 93|pages= 367–384|doi=10.15227/orgsyn.093.0367}}
6. ^O'Loughlin, E. J., G.K. Sims, and S.J. Traina. 1999. Biodegradation of 2-methyl, 2-ethyl, and 2-hydroxypyridine by an Arthrobacter sp. isolated from subsurface sediment. Biodegradation 10:93-104.
7. ^{{cite journal|last=Sims|first=G.K.|author2=L.E. Sommers|title=Biodegradation of pyridine derivatives in soil suspensions|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|year=1985|volume=5|pages=503–509|doi=10.1002/etc.5620050601}}

Synthesis

Reactions

Biodegradation

Uses

References