词条 | 31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) |
释义 |
|unit_name= 31st Infantry Division |native_name= 31. Infanteriedivision — 31. InfDiv — | image=Divisionsabzeichen der 31. Infanterie-Division der Wehrmacht.jpg | image_size = 200 |caption= Unit insignia of the division, the Brunswick Lion |dates= 1 October 1936 – 8 May 1945 |country= {{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch= Army |type= Infantry |role= |size=Division |command_structure= 2nd Panzer Army, 9th Army, others |garrison= |garrison_label= |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |colors_label= |march= |mascot= |equipment= |equipment_label= |battles=World War II |disbanded=18 July 1944 (subsequently re-formed) |notable_commanders={{plainlist |
}} }} The 31st Infantry Division ({{lang-de|31. Infanterie-Division}}) was a German infantry division of the Army during World War II. It participated in the invasion of Poland in 1939 then the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940. As part of Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre, it was involved in the invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941. After hard fighting throughout 1941 and 1942 it joined the 9th Army and fought in the Battle of Kursk in July and August 1943. Along with the rest of the 9th Army, the division conducted a fighting withdrawal for the remainder of 1943, during which it sustained heavy casualties. In the early stages of the Soviet Operation Bagration of June to August 1944, the 31st Infantry Division was destroyed, a fate which subsequently befell most of Army Group Centre. The division was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944. The division was initially re-formed on 21 July 1944 as the 31st Grenadier Division, but was soon re-designated as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division and returned to the front line in September 1944 as part of Army Group North. Army Group North was subsequently re-designated Army Group Courland in October 1944 when it was cut off from the rest of the German Army on the Courland Peninsula in northwestern Latvia. Army Group Courland remained encircled for the rest of the war, but several divisions, including the 31st Volksgrenadier Division were evacuated by sea to Germany in January 1945. The division joined the newly formed Army Group Vistula and fought in the Danzig area before being captured by the Red Army in May 1945. Twenty-three awards of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross were made to members serving with the division, along with two awards of the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross. Two of its commanders were killed in action. FormationThe division was created on 1 October 1936 recruited from the Braunschweig region of north-central Germany within Wehrkreis XI.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=76}} The division was established with three infantry regiments of three battalions each.{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}} The divisional emblem was a standing lion.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=76}} OperationsThe division saw combat under the command of Generalleutnant (Major General) Rudolf Kaempfe during the invasion of Poland in 1939 as part of the Tenth Army's XVI Motorised Corps,{{sfn|Nafziger|1996|p=51}} which included a role for the division in the drive on Warsaw.{{sfn|Wettstein|2012|p=45}} After a reorganisation it then participated in heavy fighting during the invasion of France and the Low Countries in 1940,{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=77}} as part of XI Corps and the Sixth Army of Army Group B.{{sfn|Nafziger|1992|p=5}} In June 1941 it took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union as part of General der Panzertruppe (Lieutenant General) Heinz Guderian's Panzergruppe 2. of Army Group Centre. The 31st Division initially fought in battles for Białystok and Minsk.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=77}} During the battle for Smolensk which commenced on 17 July 1941, the division was part of Generaloberst (General) Maximilian von Weichs's 2nd Army, as part of the XII Corps.{{sfn|Glantz|2010|pp=135–136}} It was also involved in fighting at Bryansk, and was engaged in the failed attempt to encircle Tula southeast of Moscow (in late 1941). Other bitter fighting fell to the 31st Division in the winter of 1941/42. Generaloberst Walter Model's 9th Army, XLVI Panzer Corps, in the Kursk area in 1943 where it took part in rear-guard skirmishes in the Middle Dneiper area of the Ukraine. It was almost completely annihilated to the east of Minsk in June/July 1944. Its commanding officer, Generalleutnant Willifrank Ochsner, was taken prisoner along with most of the remaining troops.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=77}} The recovering wounded and new recruits were organized into a new 31st Division in Germany in the fall of 1944; initially designated the 31st Grenadier Division, it was later merged with the 550th Grenadier Division to form the 31st Volksgrenadier Division. In September 1944 this division successfully participated in the early battles to defend the Courland Peninsula, (Latvia). In early 1945 the division was evacuated by sea to northern Germany where it fought its last campaigns with Army Group Vistula.{{sfn|Hinsley|1988|p=646–647}} In late January 1945 it was part of the garrison defending the East Prussian city of Thorn on the Vistula from the Red Army.{{sfn|Buttar|2012|p=181}} After destroying the bridges over the river at Thorn, the division fought its way west and north in an attempt to breakout from Soviet encirclement. When it reached a crossing point about {{convert|5|km}} south of Kulm in early February, the ice was melting and the Red Army was closing in.{{sfn|Buttar|2012|pp=186–188}} In May 1945 it surrendered to Russian troops on the Hel Peninsula, a 35-km-long sand bar peninsula in Northern Poland that separates the Bay of Puck from the Baltic Sea. Ochsner remained a Soviet prisoner until 1955.{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=77}} Organisational historyThe division was mobilised on 28 August 1939. Its initial composition was:{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}}{{sfn|Nafziger|1994|p=5}}
In January 1940 the divisional replacement battalion became part of the 181st Infantry Division, and II battalion of the 12th Infantry Regiment (I/12) became part of the 295th Infantry Division and a new battalion was raised to replace it. In October 1940 roughly a third of the division was used as the core of the 131st Infantry Division, but the donated units were replaced. In 1942, II/12, II/17 and III/82 were disbanded and from this point onwards the infantry regiments of the division consisted of only two battalions each. In May 1944, the divisional fusilier battalion was formed from the divisional reconnaissance battalion, and the division absorbed the 566th Grenadier Regiment of the 52nd Field Recruit Division which was being broken up. At this point the division comprised the following major units:{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}}
In June 1944, the division was destroyed while serving with Army Group Centre, and it was officially disbanded on 18 July 1944.{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}} On 21 July 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was formed using a combination of the remnants of the 31st Infantry Division and a re-designation of the 550th (Sperr) Division of the 29th Wave. The major units of the division comprised:{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}}
On 9 September 1944, the 31st Grenadier Division was re-formed as the 31st Volksgrenadier Division, and some minor re-organisation was affected. The re-organisation was completed in Danzig on 17 January 1945.{{sfn|Nafziger|2000|p=25}} Commanding officersThe following officers commanded the division:{{sfn|Mitcham|2007|p=76}}
Footnotes1. ^“Bundesarchiv“ a.a.O., page 51. ReferencesBooks
|last=Buttar |first=Prit |title=Battleground Prussia: The Assault on Germany's Eastern Front 1944/45 |publisher=Osprey |location=Long Island, New York |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-84908-790-2 |ref=harv }}
|last1=Frankson |first1=Anders |last2=Zetterling |first2=Niklas |title=The Drive on Moscow, 1941 |publisher=Casemate |location=Havertown, Pennsylvania |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vH8G_w4mUUC |isbn=978-1-61200-120-3 |ref=harv }}
|last=Glantz |first=David M. |authorlink=David Glantz |title=Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk 10 July - 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle, and the First and Second Soviet Counteroffensives, 10 July–24 August 1941 |volume=1 |publisher=Casemate |location=Havertown, Pennsylvania |year=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDfInc6Gb40C |isbn=978-1-907677-50-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Hinsley |first=Francis Harry |authorlink=Harry Hinsley |title=British Intelligence in the Second World War, Part 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations |volume=3 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=New York |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-521-35196-6 |ref=harv }}
|last=Mitcham |first=Samuel W. |title=German Order of Battle Volume Three: Panzer, Panzer Grenadier, and Waffen SS Divisions in WWII |publisher=Stackpole Books |location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |year=2007 |isbn= |ref=harv }}
|last=Nafziger |first=George F. |authorlink=George Nafziger |title=The German Order of Battle — Infantry in World War II |publisher=Greenhill Books |location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85367-393-1 |ref=harv }}
|last=von Roman |first=Rudolf Freiherr |authorlink=Rudolf Freiherr von Roman |chapter=XX Corps in Defensive Fighting, August–October 1943 |editor-last=Newton |editor-first=Steven H. |title=Kursk: The German View |pages=228–250 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |year=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AQJny3H51ZQC |isbn=978-0-7867-4513-5 |ref=harv }}
| last = Wettstein | first = Adrian E. | year = 2012 | chapter = Urban Warfare Doctrine on the Eastern Front | editor1-last = Kay | editor1-first = Alex J. | editor2-last = Rutherford | editor2-first = Jeff | editor3-last = Stahel | editor3-first = David | title = Nazi Policy on the Eastern Front, 1941: Total War, Genocide, and Radicalization | pages = 45–65 | publisher = University Rochester Press | location = Rochester, New York | isbn = 978-1-58046-407-9 | ref = harv Web
| url = http://usacac.army.mil/cac2/CGSC/CARL/nafziger/940GEAJ.pdf | title = German Army - Invasion of France - 10 May 1940 | accessdate = 8 June 2013 | publisher = Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library | year = 1992 | last = Nafziger | first = George | ref = harv }}
| url = http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIAA.PDF | title = German Army - 1 September 1939 | accessdate = 8 June 2013 | publisher = Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library | year = 1994 | last = Nafziger | first = George | ref = harv }}
| url = http://www.cgsc.edu/CARL/nafziger/939GIPQ.PDF | title = German Army Group South - Invasion of Poland - 1 September 1939 | accessdate = 8 June 2013 | publisher = Combined Arms Research Library Digital Library | year = 1996 | last = Nafziger | first = George | ref = harv }}{{Infantry Divisions of the Wehrmacht}}{{Knight's Cross recipients of the 31st ID}}{{Authority control}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=World War II }}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:31st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)}} 3 : Infantry divisions of Germany during World War II|Military units and formations established in 1936|Military units and formations disestablished in 1945 |
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