“Ger (Hasidic dynasty)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ger or Gur (or Gerrer when used as an adjective) is a Hasidic dynasty originating from Góra Kalwaria ({{lang-yi|גער|Ger}}), a small town in Poland. The founder of the dynasty was Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter (1798–1866), known as the Chiddushei HaRim after his primary scholarly work by that title.

Before the Holocaust, followers of Ger were estimated to number in excess of 100,000,^[1] making it the largest and most influential Hasidic groups in Poland.^[2]^[3] Today, the movement is based in Jerusalem, and its membership is estimated at 13,000 families, most of whom live in Israel, making Ger the largest Hasidic dynasty in Israel.^[4] However, there are also well-established Ger communities in Brooklyn, New York, and London, UK; and minor Ger communities in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and Los Angeles, California. {{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

History

After the death of the Kotzker Rebbe in 1859, the vast majority of his followers chose Rabbi Yitzchak Meir Alter, the Kotzker Rebbe's closest disciple, as their new rebbe. At the time, Alter lived in Warsaw and led the main Kotzker shtiebel there (on ul. Zelazna). Shortly after accepting the role, Yitzchak Meir was appointed as Rav and Av Beit Din (head of the rabbinical court) of Góra Kalwaria (Ger). Relocating to Ger, he became the founding rebbe of the Gerrer dynasty. During his seven years of leadership, the group flourished, causing it to be known as the "seven years of plenty".

After Alter's death in 1866, his followers wanted his eighteen-year-old grandson, Rabbi Yehudah Aryeh Leib Alter, to succeed him. When Yehuda Aryeh Leib refused to accept this position, most of the Hasidim became followers of the elderly Hasid, Rabbi Chanokh Heynekh HaKohen Levin, formerly rabbi of Prushnits and Krushnevits and then retired to Alexander. After Rabbi Chanokh Heynekh died in 1870, Yehudah Aryeh Leib (who became known posthumously as the Sfas Emes) acceded to the request of the Hasidim to become their next rebbe. Despite his youth, he was quickly accepted amongst the rebbes of Poland.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

The Gerrer movement flourished under the leadership of Yehudah Aryeh Leib and his eldest son and successor, Rabbi Avraham Mordechai Alter (known as the Imrei Emes). In 1926, in a bold departure for Polish Hasidim, Avraham Mordechai established a yeshiva in Jerusalem, naming it for his father, the Sfas Emes. The first rosh yeshiva was Rabbi Nechemiah Alter, a brother of the Imrei Emes. Today, the yeshiva remains the flagship of the Ger yeshivas. A branch was set up in Tel Aviv, later to be called Yeshivas Chiddushei HaRim.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Distribution of Gerrer Hasidim

Almost all Ger Hasidim living in pre-war Europe (approximately 100,000 Hasidim) were murdered by the Nazis in the Holocaust.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}} Avraham Mordechai Alter, who managed to escape, set about the task of rebuilding the movement in the British Mandate of Palestine.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}} It is generally accepted that he was released by the Nazis, and was then able to move to Palestine, because of a very large ransom paid by his followers to the Nazis.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Under its post-war leaders, the movement began to flourish again. Presently, on major occasions such as Rosh Hashana and Shavuos, more than 12,000 Hasidim may gather in the main Ger beth midrash.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Large communities of Ger Hasidim exist in Israel in Ashdod, Bnei Brak, and Jerusalem, where thousands of Hasidim live, and a somewhat smaller community exists in Brooklyn, NY.

Smaller communities with tens or hundreds of Hasidim have also been established in small towns in Israel, such as Arad in the Negev desert, Hatzor HaGlilit in the Galilee, Kiryat HaRim Levin in Tel Aviv, Beit Shemesh, and Kiryat Gat, and in major cities in the world, such as Lakewood, NJ, Los Angeles, CA, London, UK, Antwerp, Belgium, Zurich, Switzerland, and Toronto, Ontario, Canada.{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Ger maintains a well-developed educational network of Talmud Torahs, yeshivas, and kollels, as well as Beis Yaakov schools for girls. Its leaders dominate the Agudat Israel religious movement and political party in Israel.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}

Identifying features of Ger

The men are distinguished by their dark Hasidic garb, and by their pants tucked into their socks called hoyzn-zokn (not to be confused with the breeches, called halber-hoyzn, worn by men in some other Hasidic groups). They wear a round felt hat, and a high, almost-pointed kapel. They raise their sidelocks from the temples, and tuck them under the yarmulke, nearly hiding them. On Shabbos and Jewish holidays, married men wear the high circular fur hat of the Polish Hasidim, called a spodik by Galicianers (not to be confused with the much flatter shtreimel worn by married men in Hasidic groups which do not hail from Congress Poland).{{Citation needed|date=December 2015}}

Ger follows the way of Menachem Mendel of Kotzk in stressing service of God in a sharp and objective way, as opposed to the mystical and spiritual orientation of other Hasidic groups. Ger also places much emphasis on Talmud study.

Ger Hasidut produced one of the most prolific composers of Jewish liturgical music of all time, Yankel Talmud (1885-1965). Known as "the Beethoven of the Gerrer Rebbes",^[5] Talmud composed dozens of new melodies every year for the prayer services, including marches, waltzes, and dance tunes. Though he had no musical training, and could not even read music,^[6] Talmud composed over 1,500 melodies,^[7]^[8] most of them sung by him and his choir in the main Ger synagogue in Poland and in Israel.^[5] Several of Talmud's compositions are still widely sung today, including his rousing "Shir Hamaalos" march tune, performed at many weddings, and "Lo Sevoshi", sung in Hasidic shtiebels.^[9]

The 5th Gerrer Rebbe

Under the leadership of the fifth Gerrer Rebbe, Rabbi Yisrael Alter, known as the Beis Yisrael, the Ichud Mosdos Gur (Union of Gerrer Institutions) was established as the responsible body for funding all the educational institutions affiliated with Ger in Israel. Currently there are about 100 such institutions.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

The Beis Yisrael helped rebuild Ger after its virtual destruction in World War II.{{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}

Gerrer dynastic leadership

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Estēr Farbšṭeyn|title=Hidden in Thunder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=772I7ZNUSKYC&pg=PA82|accessdate=31 July 2013|date=1 October 2007|publisher=Feldheim Publishers|isbn=978-965-7265-05-5|page=82|quote=During this venerated rebbe's lifetime, the Ger court spread farther than ever before; some estimates of the number of his followers before the Holocaust exceed 100,000.}}
2. ^{{cite book|last1=Skolnik|first1=Fred|last2=Berenbaum|first2=Michael|title=Encyclopaedia Judaica|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEEOAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 January 2013|volume=8|year=2007|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|isbn=978-0-02-865936-7|page=424}}
3. ^{{cite book|last1=Spector|first1=Shmuel|last2=Wigoder|first2=Geoffrey|title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life: Before and During the Holocaust|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tumlOiOZvSUC|accessdate=9 January 2013|year=2001|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-9356-5|page=1430}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Simeon D. Baumel|title=Sacred Speakers: Language And Culture Among The Haredim In Israel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uKfnmG-pREEC&pg=PA35|accessdate=31 July 2013|year=2006|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-062-5|page=35}}
5. ^¹Bleich, Chanania. "Remembering Reb Yankel Talmud". Ami, 1 September 2013, pp. 128–132.
6. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.hebrewbooks.org/pagefeed/hebrewbooks_org_19048_213.pdf|script-title=he:היכל הנגינה|trans-title=The Chamber of Music|last=Mandelbaum|first=Dovid Avrohom|year=2005|location=Jerusalem|publisher=Machon HM”Y|accessdate=3 November 2013|language=Hebrew|page=213}}
7. ^{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u09ytwAACAAJ&dq=songs+of+hope+werdyger&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3WWBUorrDNLy7Aan5IHQBw&redir_esc=y|title=Songs of Hope|first1=Duvid|last1=Werdyger|authorlink1=David Werdyger|first2=Avraham Yaakov|last2=Finkel|publisher=CIS Publishers|year=1993|isbn=1-56062-226-1|page=34}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://pelorous.totallyplc.com/media_manager/public/76/Accompanying%20Notes%20by%20Cantor%20Moshe%20Haschel%20for%20Shabbat%20Shira%202012.pdf|title=Accompanying Notes by Cantor Moshe Haschel for Shabbat Shira|date=3–4 February 2012|accessdate=3 November 2013|publisher=pelorous.totallyplc.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112004708/http://pelorous.totallyplc.com/media_manager/public/76/Accompanying%20Notes%20by%20Cantor%20Moshe%20Haschel%20for%20Shabbat%20Shira%202012.pdf|archivedate=12 November 2013|df=}}
9. ^Mandelbaum (2005), p. 215.
10. ^The State Archive in Lodz/Archiwum Państwowe w Łodzi: "Jewish Civil Registry of Aleksandrow Lodzki", 1870, death (akt) #10, age: 76, marital status: widower, date: March 21