| 词条 | German submarine U-20 (1936) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
German submarine U-20 was a Type IIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. Her keel was laid down on 1 August 1935, by Germaniawerft of Kiel as yard number 550. She was commissioned on 1 February 1936. During World War II, she conducted operations against enemy shipping. U-20 went on 16 war patrols, sinking 16 ships totalling {{GRT|39,637}} and damaging one more of {{GRT|1,846|link=off}}. DesignGerman Type IIB submarines were enlarged versions of the original Type IIs. U-20 had a displacement of {{convert|279|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|328|t|LT}} while submerged. Officially, the standard tonnage was {{convert|250|LT|t|abbr=on}}, however.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=39–40}} The U-boat had a total length of {{convert|42.70|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|28.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|4.08|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|8.60|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|3.90|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two MWM RS 127 S four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines of {{convert|700|PS|kW shp|-1}} for cruising, two Siemens-Schuckert PG VV 322/36 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|460|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|0.85|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|80|-|150|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=39–40}} The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|12|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|7|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=39–40}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|35|-|42|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|3800|nmi}} at {{convert|8|kn}}. U-20 was fitted with three {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes at the bow, five torpedoes or up to twelve Type A torpedo mines, and a {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of twentyfive.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=39–40}} Operational history1st, 2nd and 3rd patrolsU-20{{'}}s first three patrols involved observation (in August 1939) and the laying of mines in the North Sea and off the British east coast. She would start in Kiel and finish in Wilhelmshaven; then reverse the process. 4th and 5th patrolsShe sank Magnus about {{convert|40|nmi|abbr=on}} east northeast of Peterhead in Scotland. The ship went down in 90 seconds; there was only one survivor. She also sank Ionian and Willowpool in November and December respectively, with mines laid in November. The boat sank Sylvia northeast of Aberdeen on her fifth sortie on 13 October 1940. 6th - 8th patrolsU-20 sank a steady number of ships on her sixth and seventh patrols, (her eighth foray was relatively quiet), but a series of changes were on the way. She was transferred to the U-Ausbildungsflottille as a school boat on 1 May 1940, then the Black Sea, avoiding the heavy British presence at Gibraltar and throughout the Mediterranean by being transported in sections along the Danube to the Romanian port of Galați. She was then re-assembled by the Romanians at the Galați shipyard and sent to her new home in the Black Sea so she could serve with the 30th U-boat Flotilla.[1] 9th and 10th patrolsThe boat's first patrol in the new environment, but her ninth overall, almost ended in disaster when she tried to torpedo a Soviet submarine chaser; the vessel responded by dropping eight depth charges. U-20 was obliged to stay submerged for four hours and returned to base with various mechanical failures. Near the end of sally number ten, a crew member from {{GS|U-19|1936|2}} who had been taken sick, was transferred to U-20 on 4 August 1943. The boat docked at Constanta on the 7th. 11th - 14th patrolsThese patrols were conducted between Constanta and Sevastopol. U-20 sank the Soviet Vaijan Kutur'e on 16 January 1944 off Cape Anakria. 15th patrolThe boat sank Pestel on 19 June 1944 off Trabzon. The Soviets reported that this ship was sunk in Turkish territorial waters. She also sank the Soviet landing craft DB-26 on 26 June with gunfire and demolition charges. 16th patrol and fateShe was scuttled on 10 September 1944, in the Black Sea off the coast of Turkey.{{sfn|Kemp|1999|p=217}} On 3 February 2008, The Daily Telegraph newspaper reported that U-20 had been discovered by Selçuk Kolay, a Turkish marine engineer, in {{convert|80|ft}} of water off the coast of the Turkish city of Karasu.[2] Summary of raiding history
ReferencesNotes1. ^Steel and Ice: The U-boat Battle in the Arctic and Black Sea 1941-45, Chapter 5 - The Black Sea: War in the South 1942-43, 5th page 2. ^[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1577456/Adolf-Hitlers-lost-fleet-found-in-Black-Sea.html Adolf Hitler's "Lost fleet" found in Black Sea], The Telegraph, Retrieved 2010-12-27 3. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement. 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u20.html |title=Ships hit by U-20 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate= 29 December 2014}} Citations{{reflist|30em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin}}
|last1=Busch |first1=Rainer |last2=Röll |first2=Hans-Joachim |title=Deutsche U-Boot-Verluste von September 1939 bis Mai 1945 |trans-title=German U-boat losses from September 1939 to May 1945 |work=Der U-Boot-Krieg |volume=IV |publisher=Mittler |location=Hamburg, Berlin, Bonn |year=1999 |isbn=3-8132-0514-2 |language=German |ref=harv }}
|last1=Gröner |first1=Erich |author-link1= |author-mask1= |last2=Jung |first2=Dieter |display-authors= |last-author-amp= |last3=Maass |first3=Martin |translator-last1=Thomas |translator-first1=Keith |translator-last2=Magowan |translator-first2=Rachel |year=1991 |title=U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels |volume=2 |work=German Warships 1815–1945 |location=London |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |isbn=0-85177-593-4 |ref=CITEREFGr.C3.B6ner1991 }}
|last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=U-Boats Destroyed - German Submarine Losses in the World Wars |location=London |year=1999 |publisher=Arms & Armour |isbn=1-85409-515-3 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}} External links
|url= http://uboat.net/boats/u20.htm |title= The Type IIB boat U-20 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate= 6 December 2014 }}
| url =http://www.u-boot-archiv.de/dieboote/u0020.html | title=U 20 | last =Hofmann | first=Markus | website=Deutsche U-Boote 1935-1945 - u-boot-archiv.de | language=German | accessdate=2014-12-06 }}
| title = U-boat Archive - U-boat KTB - U-20's 14th War Patrol | url = http://www.uboatarchive.net/U-20/KTB20-14.htm | accessdate = 2017-04-13{{TypeIIsubmarine}}{{September 1944 shipwrecks}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Military of Germany | portal2=Submarine | portal3=World War II }}{{coord|41|10|N|30|47|E|display=title|type:landmark_source:dewiki}}{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}{{DEFAULTSORT:U0020}} 9 : German Type II submarines|U-boats commissioned in 1936|U-boats scuttled in 1944|World War II submarines of Germany|World War II shipwrecks in the Black Sea|1936 ships|Ships built in Kiel|Ships built in Romania|Maritime incidents in September 1944 |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。