| 词条 | Germ cell tumor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Germ-cell tumor | synonyms = | image = Seminoma high mag.jpg | caption = Micrograph of a seminoma, a common germ cell tumor. | pronounce = | field = Oncology | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} A germ-cell tumor (GCT) is a neoplasm derived from germ cells. Germ-cell tumors can be cancerous or benign. Germ cells normally occur inside the gonads (ovary and testis). GCTs that originate outside the gonads may be birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo. CauseSome investigators suggest that this distribution arises as a consequence of abnormal migration of germ cells during embryogenesis. Others hypothesize a widespread distribution of germ cells to multiple sites during normal embryogenesis, with these cells conveying genetic information or providing regulatory functions at somatic sites. Extragonadal GCTs were thought initially to be isolated metastases from an undetected primary tumor in a gonad, but many germ cell tumors are now known to be congenital and originate outside the gonads. The most notable of these is sacrococcygeal teratoma, the single most common tumor diagnosed in babies at birth. Of all anterior mediastinal tumors, 15–20% are GCTs of which about 50% are benign teratomas.[1] Ovarian teratomas may be associated with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis.[2] ClassificationGCTs are classified by their histology,[3] regardless of location in the body. They are broadly divided in two classes:[4]
The two classes reflect an important clinical difference. Compared to germinomatous tumors, nongerminomatous tumors tend to grow faster, have an earlier mean age at time of diagnosis ( around 25 years versus 35 years, in the case of testicular cancers), and have a lower five-year survival rate. The survival rate for germinomatous tumors is higher in part because these tumors are very sensitive to radiation, and they also respond well to chemotherapy. The prognosis for nongerminomatous tumours has improved dramatically, however, due to the use of platinum-based chemotherapy regimens.[5] Germinomatous
Nongerminomatous
Mixed
Mixed germ cell tumors occur in many forms. Among these, a common form is teratoma with endodermal sinus tumor. Teratocarcinoma refers to a germ cell tumor that is a mixture of teratoma with embryonal carcinoma, or with choriocarcinoma, or with both.[7] This kind of mixed germ cell tumor may be known simply as a teratoma with elements of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or simply by ignoring the teratoma component and referring only to its malignant component: embryonal carcinoma and/or choriocarcinoma. They can present in the anterior mediastinum. LocationDespite their name, GCTs occur both within and outside the ovary and testis. They are found in:
In females, GCTs account for 30% of ovarian tumors, but only 1 to 3% of ovarian cancers in North America. In younger women, they are more common, thus in patients under the age of 21, 60% of ovarian tumors are of the germ-cell type, and up to one-third are malignant. In males, GCTs of the testis occur typically after puberty and are malignant (testicular cancer). In neonates, infants, and children younger than 4 years, most are sacrococcygeal teratomas. Males with Klinefelter syndrome have a 50 times greater risk of GSTs.[8] In these persons, GSTs usually contain nonseminomatous elements, present at an earlier age, and seldom are gonadal in location.{{Medical citation needed|date=November 2017}} TreatmentWomen with benign GCTs such as mature teratomas (dermoid cysts) are cured by ovarian cystectomy or oophorectomy.[9] In general, all patients with malignant GCTs have the same staging surgery that is done for epithelial ovarian cancer. If the patient is in her reproductive years, an alternative is unilateral salpingoophorectomy, while the uterus, the ovary, and the fallopian tube on the opposite side can be left behind. This is not an option when the cancer is in both ovaries. If the patient has finished having children, the surgery involves complete staging, including salpingoophorectomy on both sides, as well as hysterectomy.[9] Most patients with germ-cell cancer need to be treated with combination chemotherapy for at least three cycles. The chemotherapy regimen most commonly used in GCTs is called PEB (or BEP), and consists of bleomycin, etoposide, and a platinum-based antineoplastic (cisplatin).[9] PrognosisThe 1997 International Germ Cell Consensus Classification[10] is a tool for estimating the risk of relapse after treatment of malignant germ-cell tumor. A small study of ovarian tumors in girls[11] reports a correlation between cystic and benign tumors, and conversely, solid and malignant tumors. Because the cystic extent of a tumor can be estimated by ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan before surgery, this permits selection of the most appropriate surgical plan to minimize risk of spillage of a malignant tumor. Access to appropriate treatment has a large effect on outcome. A 1993 study of outcomes in Scotland found that for 454 men with nonseminomatous (nongerminomatous) GCTs diagnosed between 1975 and 1989, five-year survival increased over time and with earlier diagnosis. Adjusting for these and other factors, survival was 60% higher for men treated in a cancer unit that treated the majority of these men, though the unit treated more men with the worst prognosis.[12] Choriocarcinoma of the testicles has the worst prognosis of all germ-cell cancers.[13]See also
References1. ^Clinical Image: Mediastinal Teratoma 2. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Omata T, Kodama K, Watanabe Y, Iida Y, Furusawa Y, Takashima A, Takahashi Y, Sakuma H, Tanaka K, Fujii K, Shimojo N | title = Ovarian teratoma development after anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis treatment | journal = Brain & Development | volume = 39 | issue = 5 | pages = 448–451 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28040316 | doi = 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.12.003 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ulbright TM | title = Germ cell tumors of the gonads: a selective review emphasizing problems in differential diagnosis, newly appreciated, and controversial issues | journal = Modern Pathology | volume = 18 Suppl 2 | pages = S61-79 | date = February 2005 | pmid = 15761467 | doi = 10.1038/modpathol.3800310 }} 4. ^{{EMedicine|med|2246|Germinoma, Central Nervous System}} 5. ^{{cite book | last1 = Robbins | first1 = Stanley L. | last2 = Kumar | first2 = Vinay | last3 = Cotran | first3 = Ramzi S. | name-list-format = vanc | title = Robbins Basic Pathology |publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year=2003 |page=664 |isbn=0-7216-9274-5 |edition=7th }} 6. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Nielsen OS, Munro AJ, Duncan W, Sturgeon J, Gospodarowicz MK, Jewett MA, Malkin A, Thomas GM | title = Is placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) a useful marker for seminoma? | journal = European Journal of Cancer | volume = 26 | issue = 10 | pages = 1049–54 | year = 1990 | pmid = 2148879 | doi = 10.1016/0277-5379(90)90049-y }} 7. ^{{MeSH name| Teratocarcinoma}} 8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Bebb GG, Grannis FW, Paz IB, Slovak ML, Chilcote R | title = Mediastinal germ cell tumor in a child with precocious puberty and Klinefelter syndrome | journal = The Annals of Thoracic Surgery | volume = 66 | issue = 2 | pages = 547–8 | date = August 1998 | pmid = 9725401 | doi = 10.1016/S0003-4975(98)00504-9 }} 9. ^1 2 Treatment for germ cell tumors of the ovary at American Cancer Society. Last Medical Review: 12/05/2011. Last Revised: 01/11/2012 10. ^{{cite journal | author = International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group | title = International Germ Cell Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers | journal = Journal of Clinical Oncology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 594–603 | date = February 1997 | pmid = 9053482 | doi = 10.1200/jco.1997.15.2.594 }} 11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Stankovic ZB, Djukic MK, Savic D, Lukac BJ, Djuricic S, Sedlecki K, Zdravkovic D | title = Pre-operative differentiation of pediatric ovarian tumors: morphological scoring system and tumor markers | journal = Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism : JPEM | volume = 19 | issue = 10 | pages = 1231–8 | date = October 2006 | pmid = 17172084 | doi = 10.1515/JPEM.2006.19.10.1231 }} 12. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Harding MJ, Paul J, Gillis CR, Kaye SB | title = Management of malignant teratoma: does referral to a specialist unit matter? | journal = Lancet | volume = 341 | issue = 8851 | pages = 999–1002 | date = April 1993 | pmid = 8096954 | doi = 10.1016/0140-6736(93)91082-W }} 13. ^{{cite book | title = Testicular Cancer | last = Verville | first = Kathleen M. | name-list-format = vanc | page = 76 | publisher = Infobase Publishing | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-1-60413-166-6 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=BW3hcnysOC4C&pg=PA76&dq=choriocarcinoma+testicular#v=onepage&q=choriocarcinoma%20testicular&f=false }} External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|C|56||c|51}}, {{ICD10|C|62||c|60}}, {{ICD10|D|27||d|10}}, {{ICD10|D|29|2|d|10}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|183}}, {{ICD9|186}}, {{ICD9|220}}, {{ICD9|222.0}} | ICDO = 9060–9100 | OMIM = | OMIM_mult = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 863 | DiseasesDB = | MeshID = D009373 }}
4 : Gynaecological cancer|Colorectal surgery|Male genital neoplasia|Germ cell neoplasia |
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