| 词条 | 5 ft 6 in gauge railway | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
AsiaIndia{{Main|Rail transport in India}}In India, some standard gauge freight railways were built in initial period, though they were dismantled later. Later, in 1850s, the gauge of {{RailGauge|1676mm}} was adopted as standard for the nationwide network. Rail transport in India today is predominantly on {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge with more than 120,000 km of tracks. Small stretches of the network use metre and narrow gauges which are being converted to broad gauge. Urban rail is mostly on standard gauge, although some initial lines use {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge. Bangladesh{{Main|Bangladesh Railway}}Bangladesh Railways uses a mix of {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge and metre gauge. The broad gauge network is primarily located to the west of the Jamuna River, while the metre gauge network is primarily located to its east. The Jamuna Bridge is a mixed use bridge that contains a dual gauge connection across the river linking both networks. Nepal{{Main|Nepal Railways}}In Nepal all services currently operate on {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge only. Pakistan{{Main|Pakistan Railways}}In Pakistan, all services currently operate on {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge only. Sri Lanka{{Main|Rail transport in Sri Lanka}}In Sri Lanka, all services currently operate on {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge only. EuropeUnited Kingdom{{See also|5 ft 6 in gauge in Scotland}}The {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge was actually first used in Scotland for two short, isolated lines, the Dundee and Arbroath Railway (1836-1847) and the Arbroath and Forfar Railway (1838- ). Both the lines were subsequently converted to standard gauge. North America{{Main|Track gauge in North America}}Canada{{Main|Track gauge in Canada}}Canada became the first British colony, in the 1850s, to use {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge. It was known as the "Provincial gauge" in Canada. The earliest railways in Canada, including the 1836 Champlain and St. Lawrence, 1839 Albion Colliery tramway and 1847 Montreal and Lachine Railway however, were built to standard gauge.[2] The Grand Trunk Railway which operated in several Canadian provinces (Quebec and Ontario) and American states (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont) used it, but was changed to standard gauge in 1873. The Grand Trunk Railway operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec, although corporate headquarters were in London, England. The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used it but was converted in 1873. There is a longstanding rumour that the Provincial gauge was selected specifically to create a break-of-gauge with US railways, the War of 1812 still being a fresh memory. However, there is little supporting evidence for this, and this story appears to be traced to a single claim from the late 1800s.[2] United States{{Main|Track gauge in the United States}}The Bay Area Rapid Transit system is the only operating railroad in the United States to use {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge, with {{convert|109|mi|km}} of double tracked routes. The original engineers for the system had background in aerospace (rather than railroads) and intended to make a state-of-the-art system for other municipalities to emulate. The use of {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge rails was one of many unconventional design elements included in its design which, in addition to its unusual gauge, also uses flat-edge rail, rather than typical rail that angles slightly inward. This has complicated maintenance of the system, as it requires custom wheelsets, brake systems, and track maintenance vehicles.[3] The New Orleans, Opelousas and Great Western Railroad (NOO&GW) used {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge until 1872, and the Texas and New Orleans Railroad used {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge, ("Texas gauge") until 1876. The Grand Trunk Railway predecessor St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad which operated in Quebec, Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine also used {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge ("Canadian gauge", "Provincial gauge" or "Portland gauge") but was converted in 1873. Several Maine railroads connected to the Grand Trunk Railway shared its "Portland Gauge". The Androscoggin and Kennebec Railroad and the Buckfield Branch Railroad were later consolidated as the Maine Central Railroad which converted to standard gauge in 1871. The only electric streetcar system in the U.S. to use this gauge was that of Fairfield, Maine.[4] [5] John A. Poor's chief engineer Alvin C. Morton compiled the following advantages of "Portland Gauge" for Maine railways in 1847:[6]
South AmericaArgentina{{Main|Rail transport in Argentina}}The national railway network is predominantly on {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge. Chile{{Main|Track gauge in Chile}}Most installations of {{RailGauge|1676mm}} broad gauge railways are in the south of the country. Similar gauges and compatibility{{Main|Rail transport in Spain|Rail transport in Portugal}}The Iberian gauge ({{RailGauge|1668mm|disp=or}}) is closely similar, with only {{convert|8|mm|frac=16|abbr=on|lk=in}} difference, and allows compatibility with the rolling stock. For example, in recent years Chile and Argentina have bought second hand Spanish/Portuguese Iberian-gauge rolling stock. 1668 mm trains can run on 1676 mm gauge without adaptation, but for better stability in high-speed running a wheelset replacement may be required (for example - Russian-Finnish train Allegro has gauge 1522 mm, intermediate between Russian 1520 mm and Finnish 1524 mm). Backward compatibility - 1676 mm trains on 1668 mm gauge is possible, but no examples and data exist. Due to the narrower gauge, a strong wear of wheelsets may occur without replacement. Operational Installations
Discontinued Installations
See also{{Portal|Trains}}
References{{Commons category|5 ft 6 in gauge railways}}1. ^Indian Railways: Some Fascinating Facts, [https://moralvolcano.wordpress.com/2003/11/01/150-years-of-indian-railways/ "Train Atlas"], Train Atlas, Indian Railways, 2003 {{Navbox track gauge}}{{DEFAULTSORT:5 ft 6 in gauge railway}}2. ^1 Omer Lavallee, "The Rise and Fall of the Provincial Gauge", Canadian Rail, February 1963, pp. 22-37 3. ^{{cite news |title=Has BART's cutting-edge 1972 technology design come back to haunt it? |last=Gafni |first=Matthias |work=San Jose Mercury News |date=March 25, 2016 |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/ci_29687067/has-barts-cutting-edge-1972-technology-design-come.html |accessdate=March 28, 2016}} 4. ^ 5. ^[https://www.google.com/search?q=Streetcars+in+Fairfield,+Maine&tbm=isch&source=univ&client=firefox-b-d&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5mevd2PXgAhUSi6wKHYFGAfkQsAR6BAgEEAE&biw=1304&bih=671] 6. ^{{cite book| title=The Grand Trunk in New England |author=Holt, Jeff |publisher=Railfare |year=1985 |isbn=0-919130-43-7 |page=78}} 2 : Track gauges by name|5 ft 6 in gauge railways |
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