| 词条 | 616th Bombardment Squadron |
| 释义 |
|unit_name= 616th Bombardment Squadron | image=Freeman Field Mutiny.jpg | image_size = 280 |caption=Officers of the 477th Bombardment Group at Freeman Field, Indiana, about to board air transports to take them to Godman Field, Kentucky. The officers were under arrest for refusing to sign a document acknowledging that they had read a regulation denying them access to an all-white officers' club. |dates=1943; 1944-1945 |country={{flag|United States|23px}} |allegiance= |branch=United States Army Air Forces |type= |role=Bombardment |size= |command_structure= |current_commander= |garrison= |ceremonial_chief= |colonel_of_the_regiment= |nickname= |patron= |motto= |colors= |march= |mascot= |battles= |anniversaries= |decorations= |identification_symbol= |identification_symbol_label=616th Bombardment Squadron emblem (approved 14 August 1944)[1] }} The 616th Bombardment Squadron was activated in 1943 as one of the four squadrons of the 477th Bombardment Group, the first (and only) bombardment group in the United States Army Air Forces to include black pilots. Members of the squadron participated in the Freeman Field Mutiny, protesting racial segregation in the military. The squadron was inactivated in 1945 after the 477th became a composite group that included bombardment and fighter squadrons. HistoryThe 616th Bombardment Squadron was activated in June 1943 at MacDill Field, Florida.[1] as one of the four original squadrons of the 477th Bombardment Group,[2] but was inactivated in August. The 477th group was reactivated in January 1944 at Selfridge Field, Michigan as the "first colored bombardment group in the Army Air Forces" with personnel drawn from Selfridge and from Tuskegee Army Air Field, Alabama.[3] The group moved to Godman Field, Kentucky in May.[1] The unit encountered problems attributed to the lack of experienced personnel, which required even basic training in military occupational specialties to be conducted within the unit, rather than at technical training schools.[4] Although designated a "colored" squadron, some officers, including the squadron leadership were white. The initial commander of the 477th group enforced racial segregation on the posts where the squadron was stationed. The squadron's members were involved in the civil rights action referred to as the Freeman Field Mutiny; the "mutiny" came about when African-American aviators became outraged enough by racial segregation in the military that they resorted to mass insistence that military regulations prohibiting discrimination be enforced. The Freeman Field Mutiny was a crucial event in the African-American struggle for equal civil rights.[5] The 616th was inactivated in June 1945 just before the 477th became a composite group formed of the 99th Fighter Squadron, 617th Bombardment Squadron and 618th Bombardment Squadron.[6] and Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., a black officer, assumed command of the group.[2] Lineage
Activated on 1 June 1943 Inactivated on 25 August 1943 Activated on 15 January 1944 Inactivated on 22 June 1945[7] Assignments
Stations
Aircraft
See also{{Portal|United States Air Force|Military of the United States}}
ReferencesNotes1. ^1 2 {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II|origyear=1969|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Dec/02/2001329899/-1/-1/0/AFD-101202-002.pdf |edition= reprint|year=1982|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-405-12194-6|oclc=72556|lccn=70605402|page=688}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|editor=Maurer, Maurer|title=Air Force Combat Units of World War II|origyear= 1961|url= http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330256/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-044.pdf |edition=reprint|year=1983|publisher=Office of Air Force History|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-912799-02-1|lccn=61060979|pages=349–350}} 3. ^Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Jan-Jul 1944 (retrieved October 5, 2013) 4. ^Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Oct 1944-Jan 1945 (retrieved October 5, 2013) 5. ^{{cite book|last=Moye|first=J. Todd|title=Freedom Flyers: The Tuskegee Airmen of World War II|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press (USA)|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-538655-4|page=133}} 6. ^Abstract, History 477 Bombardment Group Apr-Jul 1945 (retrieved October 5, 2013) 7. ^1 2 3 Lineage, including aircraft, stations and assignments from 1943-1945 in Maurer, Combat Squadrons, p. 688 Bibliography{{Air Force Historical Research Agency}}
2 : Military units and formations established in 1943|Bombardment squadrons of the United States Army Air Forces |
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