“75th Guards Rifle Division”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 75th Guards Rifle Division ({{Lang-ru|75-я гвардейская стрелковая дивизия|translit=75-ya gvardeyskaya strelkovaya diviziya}}) was a Red Army infantry division during World War II and afterwards, which later became the 75th Guards Tank Division and was finally disbanded in the 1990s.

The 75th Guards Rifle Division was redesignated at the beginning of March 1943 from the second formation of the 95th Rifle Division in recognition of the latter's courage and heroism during the Battle of Stalingrad. It fought in the Battle of Kursk, defending positions around Ponyri on the northern face of the Kursk Bulge, and was awarded the Order of the Red Banner for its actions. The division fought in Operation Kutuzov and the Battle of the Dnieper in the summer and early fall. It was awarded the honorific "Bakhmach" for helping to capture that city. The division then fought in the Battle of Kiev and advanced into eastern Belarus towards the end of the year. In January 1944 it fought in the Kalinkovichi–Mozyr Offensive and received the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class for its actions. From late June the 75th Guards fought in Operation Bagration, advancing westwards into Belarus. For its actions the division was awarded its second Order of the Red Banner. In September the division was transferred to the Baltic and fought in the Riga Offensive. It was relocated to eastern Poland in December and fought in the Vistula–Oder Offensive, East Pomeranian Offensive, and Battle of Berlin in the final months of the war.

Postwar, the division was withdrawn to Tula and downsized into the 17th Separate Guards Rifle Brigade. The brigade was relocated to Chuguyev, and became the 64th Guards Mechanized Division in 1953. In 1954 it became the 14th Guards Heavy Tank Division, and in 1965 it was redesignated the 75th Guards Tank Division. The division was downsized into a storage base in 1989, and finally disbanded in 1990.

World War II

The division was formed on 1 March 1943 by the redesignation of the 95th Rifle Division (Second formation), which was made a Guards unit for its courage and heroism in the defense of Stalingrad. Its structure included the 90th, 161st, and 241st Rifle Regiments, and the 57th Artillery Regiment, which became the 212th, 231st, and 241st Guards Rifle Regiments, and the 159th Guards Artillery Regiment, respectively, on 4 April, and other smaller units.{{Sfn|Grylev|1970|p=}} The division was commanded by Major General Vasily Gorishny, who led the division for the rest of the war.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}} Initially part of the Central Front reserve, it joined the 13th Army in May. In reserve, the 75th Guards were brought up to full strength and replenished from their losses at Stalingrad.{{Sfn|Dunn|1997|p=67}}

Battle of Kursk

During July 1943, as part of the army's 17th Guards Rifle Corps alongside the 70th Guards Rifle Division, the division fought in the Battle of Kursk. Facing one of the main German thrusts in the area of the Ponyri 2 sovkhoz, the 75th Guards helped repulse the attack, positioned in the second defensive belt. {{Sfn|Glantz|House|2004|p=93}} On 6 July, the second day of the battle, the 70th and 75th Guards, supported by the 9th and 16th Tank Corps, attacked the 2nd Panzer Division, positioned between Bobrik and Saborovka, {{Convert|10|km|mi}} from its start line. In fierce fighting, the 2nd Panzer managed to slightly expand its bridgehead over the Svapa River. At Ponyri, the 75th Guards' 84th Separate Guards Anti-Tank Battalion was attacked by Tiger tanks, but managed to claim five Panzer IVs with its 45 mm anti-tank guns.{{Sfn|Dunn|1997|p=174}} At 19:30, German tanks and infantry attacked into the division's flank and rear west of Snova after pushing the 6th Guards Rifle Division back. The 75th Guards speedily regrouped and repulsed the German attack, destroying up to 30 tanks according to Soviet reports.{{Sfn|Glantz|Orenstein|1999|p=117}} On 7 July the German attacks at Ponyri 2 continued, with an attack by thirty tanks and infantry from the 9th Panzer Division achieving a limited advance against the 75th Guards by 17:00.{{Sfn|Dunn|1997|p=176}} During the day the infantry from the division supported tanks and anti-tank guns in inflicting heavy losses on the attacking German tanks.{{Sfn|Glantz|House|2004|p=117}} On the afternoon of 10 July, after the German troops retreated to their original positions, the 75th Guards participated in a general counterattack in the sector.{{Sfn|Dunn|1997|p=180}} Regrouping and exploiting the breakthrough, the division went on the offensive during Operation Kutuzov on 15 July.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} For its exemplary fighting performance, the division was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 21 July 1943.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}} By 25 July, the 75th Guards reached the line of Glazunovka and Nizhny Tagino, overcoming stiff German resistance.^[1] 5 soldiers of the division were made Heroes of the Soviet Union (all posthumously), and 173 officers and men recognized with awards and medals.^[2]

Chernigov-Pripyat Offensive (1943)

The division's soldiers then helped clear left-bank Ukraine during the Chernigov-Pripyat Offensive of the Central Front, part of the 70th Army and then the 60th Army's 30th Rifle Corps. For helping to clear Bakhmach, the division was given the honorific "Bakhmach" on 9 September. On 25 September parts of the division crossed the Dnieper River in the area of Tarasovichi and Yasnogorodka and seized a bridgehead.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} During the subsequent weeks, the 75th Guards fought in fierce fighting to expand the bridgehead. For courage shown in battle, 63 officers and men of the division were made Heroes of the Soviet Union, and 829 recognized with awards and medals.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}}

Kiev Offensive Operations

In October and November 1943, the division, part of the 60th Army of the 1st Ukrainian Front, fought in the Kiev offensive operation.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} From January to July 1944 the division fought as part of the 65th Army of the Belarusian (from 17 February 1st Belarusian) Front. On 6 January, the division numbered 7,516 personnel, including 821 officers and 2,214 non-commissioned officers.{{Sfn|Slutsky|Dotsenko|1944a|p=4}} Between 8 and 14 January, the 75th Guards fought in the Kalinkovichi–Mozyr Offensive, which aimed to capture Kalinkovichi and Mozyr in eastern Belarus. The division was part of the 105th Rifle Corps along with the 132nd and 253rd Rifle Divisions at the time. In the first echelon, the 75th Guards and the 132nd were tasked with taking Davydovichi, Kholodniki, and Domanovichi. After the corps' breakthrough, the 1st Guards Tank Corps was to exploit it and encircle Kalinkovichi from the northwest.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=423}} The assault began at 09:40 hours on 8 January, just before the end of an artillery bombardment. The division and the rest of its corps ran into strong German opposition, and only a limited advance was achieved.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=427}} The 75th Guards were unable to advance and retreated back to their jumping-off positions at the end of the first day.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=430}} After several days of indecisive fighting, the 1st Guards Tank Corps was committed to achieve the breakthrough on 11 January. The division covered the corps' realignment on a new direction of advance.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=432}}

The infantry-supported tank attack broke through the German line, and the division cooperated with the 1st Guards Tank Corps' 17th Guards Tank Brigade in the attack on 5th Panzer Division positions along and east of the Shatsilki–Kalinkovichi road, but ran into fierce resistance. Assisted by airstrikes and an artillery bombardment, the tank brigade was able to capture the village of Anisovichi. The 69th and 75th Guards Rifle Divisions cleared 65th Army lines of communications and supply of German troops, enabling the 1st Guards Tank Corps to continue advancing south. In the afternoon of 12 January, the two rifle divisions provided support to the 15th and 17th Guards Tank Brigades in their successful assaults on the fortified villages of Turovichi and Zapolye, only {{Convert|15|km|mi}} from Kalinkovichi.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=|pp=434–436}}

The final assault on Kalinkovichi began on 13 January, by which time the German troops had begun withdrawing to new defensive positions along the Ipa River, northwest of the town. Facing strong resistance from rear guards, the 1st Guards Tank Corps briefly halted its advance {{Convert|5|km|mi}} from Kalinkovichi at midday in order to call in airstrikes and allow the 105th Rifle Corps to catch up. The last village strongpoint on the road to Kalinkovichi, Antonovka, was captured by an assault of the 105th Rifle Corps and the 1st Guards Tank Corps. The division supported the tanks until the latter reached the outskirts of the town, then shifted west towards the Ipa.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=|pp=444–446}}

For exemplary fighting performance in the offensive, the 75th Guards Rifle Division was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 2nd class, on 15 January. During the subsequent Ozarichi–Ptich Offensive from 16 to 30 January, the division was held in general reserve.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=461|pp=}} Along with the rest of the 105th Rifle Corps, the 75th Guards were positioned in the second echelon of a reinforced shock group that also included the 69th, 82nd, and 162nd Rifle Divisions in the first echelon after the advance on the northern sector of the penetration bogged down. The first echelon was able to break through and on 31 January the second echelon was committed to expand the penetration west and east to capture ground north of Savichi and the town of Syshchichi to the east.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=|pp=472, 474–475}} In mid-February the division supported a local offensive of the 48th Army as part of the 95th Rifle Corps, which achieved a gain of {{Convert|2|km|mi}}.{{Sfn|Glantz|2016|p=502|pp=}}

Operation Bagration

During Operation Bagration, the Red Army's westward offensive through Belarus, which began on 23 June, the division was part of the 105th Rifle Corps{{Sfn|Glantz|Orenstein|2005|p=213}} in the first echelon of the 65th Army.{{Sfn|Dunn|2000|p=183}} On 24 June, it led the attack on the German trenches held by the 36th Infantry Division. Following the breakthrough of the German defenses, the 75th Guards supported the exploitation by the 1st Guards Tank Corps.{{Sfn|Dunn|2000|p=190}} In stubborn fighting, the division helped take Parichi. The division then participated in the destruction of the German pocket in the Bobruisk area during the Bobruisk Offensive and fought in the Minsk Offensive.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} It captured the city of Baranovichi in early July, and was given the Order of the Red Banner for a second time on 5 July 1944.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}}

Baltic Operations

From August 1944 to the end of the war, the division was part of the 61st Army. In September, the 75th Guards were transferred with the army from Białystok to the Pskov area.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} As part of the 3rd and 1st Baltic Fronts, the division participated in clearing the Baltic region, fighting in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia.{{Sfn|Bonn|2005|p=|pp=371–372}} The division fought in the Riga Offensive from September, and for helping to capture the city the 212th Guards Rifle Regiment and 159th Guards Artillery Regiment received the honorific Riga, the 241st Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, and the 231st Guards Rifle Regiment was awarded the Order of Suvorov, 3rd class.{{Sfn|Pakin|Kochnev|1996|p=5}}

In December, along with the army, it was transferred back to the 1st Belorussian Front. During the Vistula–Oder Offensive, the division advanced west across Poland.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}}{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} For courage shown in battle on the Vistula, 3 officers and men of the division were made Heroes of the Soviet Union, and hundreds recognized with awards and medals.^[3]

East Pomeranian Offensive

The division fought in the East Pomeranian Offensive. For courage shown in battle on the Oder, 8 officers and men of the division were made Heroes of the Soviet Union, and 1317 recognized with awards and medals. The last operation of the division in World War II was the Battle of Berlin. The division ended its fighting on 3 May 1945, when it linked up with troops from the Ninth United States Army's 102nd Infantry Division{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}} on the Elbe near Wittenberg. During the war, 13,824 of the division's officers and men were awarded awards and medals, including 74 who were made Heroes of the Soviet Union.{{Sfn|Grechko|1976|p=|pp=410–411}} The 75th Guards Division ranked third among the rifle divisions of the Red Army by the number of Heroes of the Soviet Union – the 167th Rifle Division had 108 Heroes and the 25th Guards Rifle Division had 77 Heroes.{{Sfn|Ogarkov|1979a|p=595}}{{Sfn|Ogarkov|1979b|p=349}}

Composition

Awards and honorifics of the division units

Commanders

Division Commander

Deputy Division Commander for political affairs

Heads of the political department

Chiefs of Staff

Division Artillery Commander

Regimental commanders

212th Guards Rifle Regiment

231st Guards Rifle Regiment

241st Guards Rifle Regiment

159th Guards Artillery Regiment

Battalion commanders

84th Separate Guards Antitank Battalion

Postwar

The division remained in Germany with the 47th Army's 9th Guards Rifle Corps, part of the Group of Soviet Occupation Forces in Germany. In February 1946 the army was disbanded and the division withdrawn to Ivanovo in the Moscow Military District.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=381}} After arriving in the district, it replaced the disbanded 267th Rifle Division as part of the 1st Guards Rifle Corps at Tula. In May, it was redesignated as the 17th Separate Guards Rifle Brigade^[6] and was subsequently transferred to the 13th Guards Rifle Corps. Around the same time the brigade moved to Kaluga. The 17th Guards moved to Ryazan in April 1947 and to Kharkov in the Kiev Military District in the fall of 1948.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=499}} From Kharkov the brigade relocated to Chuguyev, part of the 20th Guards Rifle Corps.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=478}} Gorishny commanded the brigade until September 1949, when he took command of another division.{{Sfn|Tsapayev|Goremykin|2014|p=664}}

In October 1953, it was converted into the 64th Guards Mechanized Division,{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=149}} with the 159th, 205th, and 216th Guards Mechanized Regiments and the 380th Tank Regiment.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=208}} On 27 July 1954, the 64th Guards was converted into the 14th Guards Tank Division.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=205}} Simultaneously, the 205th Guards Mechanized Regiment was disbanded.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=214}} The 427th Guards Mechanized Regiment instead joined the division.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=200}} On 18 November, it became a heavy tank division. At the same time, the 159th and 216th Guards Mechanized Regiments became the 283rd and 389th Guards Heavy Tank Regiments, respectively.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=214}} In May 1957 it became part of the newly arrived 6th Guards Tank Army.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|pp=485–486}}

By the early 1960s the division included the 283rd and 389th Guards and the 380th Heavy Tank Regiments. On 11 January 1965 it was renumbered as the 75th Guards to restore its World War II numbering, and on 11 April it became a regular tank division.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|p=201}} By the late 1980s, the division included the 358th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment, the 42nd Guards, 283rd Guards, and 380th Tank Regiments, and the 577th Artillery Regiment, all at Chuguyev. On 1 July 1989, as part of Gorbachev-inspired reductions, it was downsized into the 5362nd Weapons and Equipment Storage Base. The storage base was disbanded in June 1990.{{Sfn|Feskov et al|2013|pp=485–486}}

Sources and references

Citations

1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://orel-region.ru/victory/memory/6_03.html|title=Перечень воинских частей, принимавших участие в боях за населенные пункты Орловской области: Глазуновский район|last=|first=|date=|website=Book of Memory of Oryol Oblast (online version)|language=Russian|trans-title=List of Military Units participating in battles for settlements of Oryol Oblast: Glazunovsky District|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=21 October 2017}}
2. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie12088170/|title=Наградной лист|last=|first=|date=7 August 1943|website=Pamyat-naroda.ru|language=Russian|trans-title=Commendation list (of Mikhail Cheprasov on his Hero of the Soviet Union award)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=22 October 2017}}
3. ^{{Cite web|url=https://pamyat-naroda.ru/heroes/podvig-chelovek_nagrazhdenie46678089/|title=Наградной лист|last=|first=|date=5 March 1945|website=Pamyat-naroda.ru|language=Russian|trans-title=Commendation list (of Dmitry Zhikin on his Hero of the Soviet Union award)|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=22 October 2017}}
4. ^{{Cite web|title = RKKA - 75-я Бахмачская дважды Краснознаменная гвардейская стрелковая дивизия|url =http://www.rkka.ru/handbook/guard/75gvsd.htm|website = |trans-title = 75th Guards Rifle Division}}
5. ^{{Cite web|title = Боевые действия Красной Армии в ВОВ|url =http://bdsa.ru/gvardejskie-divizii/4745-75-gvardejskaya-strelkovaya-diviziya|website = |trans-title = 75th Guards Rifle Division}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://encyclopedia.mil.ru/encyclopedia/dictionary/details.htm?id=3245@morfDictionary|title=БАХМАЧСКАЯ СТРЕЛКОВАЯ ДИВИЗИЯ|last=|first=|date=2007|website=Военный энциклопедический словарь [Military Encyclopedic Dictionary] (Online edition)|publisher=Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation|language=Russian|trans-title=Bakmach Rifle Division|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=20 October 2017}}