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词条 Abortion in the United States by state
释义

  1. Current legal status nationwide

  2. State regulatory initiatives regarding abortion

      Colorado   Kansas   Louisiana    Mississippi    North Dakota    Oklahoma    South Dakota    Texas  

  3. State table

      Bans of abortion    Limits on abortion    Protections of abortion  

  4. See also

  5. References

  6. External links

Abortion in the United States is legal, via the landmark case of Roe v. Wade. Specifically, abortion is legal in all US states, and every state has at least one abortion clinic.[1][2] However, individual states can regulate/limit the use of abortion or create "trigger laws", which would make abortion illegal within the first and second trimesters if Roe were overturned by the Supreme Court of the United States. Currently, six states have trigger laws and three other states have laws intending to criminalize abortion.[3]

In accordance with the US Supreme Court case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey (2009), states cannot place legal restrictions posing an undue burden for "the purpose or effect of placing a substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion of a nonviable fetus."[4]

Current legal status nationwide

The current judicial interpretation of the US Constitution regarding abortion in the United States, following the Supreme Court of the United States 1973 landmark decision in Roe v. Wade, and subsequent companion decisions, is that abortion is legal but may be restricted by the states to varying degrees. States have passed laws to restrict late term abortions, require parental notification for minors, and mandate the disclosure of abortion risk information to patients prior to the procedure.[5]

The key, deliberated article of the US Constitution is the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that

{{quote|All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.[6]}}

The official report of the US Senate Judiciary Committee, issued in 1983 after extensive hearings on the Human Life Amendment (proposed by Senators Orrin Hatch and Thomas Eagleton), stated:

{{quote|Thus, the [Judiciary] Committee observes that no significant legal barriers of any kind whatsoever exist today in the United States for a woman to obtain an abortion for any reason during any stage of her pregnancy.[7]}}

One aspect of the legal abortion regime now in place has been determining when the fetus is "viable" outside the womb as a measure of when the "life" of the fetus is its own (and therefore subject to being protected by the state). In the majority opinion delivered by the court in Roe v. Wade, viability was defined as "potentially able to live outside the woman's womb, albeit with artificial aid. Viability is usually placed at about seven months (28 weeks, approx. 196 days) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks." When the court ruled in 1973, the then-current medical technology suggested that viability could occur as early as 24 weeks. Advances over the past three decades have allowed fetuses that are a few weeks less than 24 weeks old to survive outside the woman's womb. These scientific achievements, while life-saving for premature babies, have made the determination of being "viable" somewhat more complicated. The youngest child thought to have survived a premature birth in the United States was Amillia Taylor (born on 24 October 2006 in Miami, Florida, at 21 weeks and 6 days gestational age, approx. 153 days vs. possibly expected gestational period of 40 weeks, approx. 280 days).[8]

In comparison to other developed countries, the procedure is more available in the United States in terms of how late the abortion can legally be performed. However, in terms of other aspects such as government funding, privacy for non-adults, or geographical access, some US states are far more restrictive. In most European countries abortion on-demand is allowed only during the first trimester, with abortions during later stages of pregnancy being allowed only for specific reasons (e.g. physical or mental health reasons, risk of birth defects, if the woman was raped etc.). The reasons that can be invoked by a woman seeking an abortion after the first trimester vary by country, for instance, some countries, such as Denmark, provide a wide range of reasons, including social and economic ones.[9]

There are no laws or restrictions regulating abortion in Canada, while the law on abortion in Australia varies by state/territory. In many countries the right to abortion has been legalized by respective parliaments, while in the US the right to abortion has been deemed a part of a constitutional right to privacy by the Supreme Court.

Because of the split between federal and state law, legal access to abortion continues to vary somewhat by state. Geographic availability, however, varies dramatically, with 87 percent of US counties having no abortion provider.[10] Moreover, due to the Hyde Amendment, many state health programs which poor women rely on for their health care do not cover abortions; currently only 17 states (including California, Illinois and New York) offer or require such coverage.[11]

The 1992 case of Planned Parenthood v. Casey overturned Roe's strict trimester formula, but reemphasized the right to abortion as grounded in the general sense of liberty and privacy protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution: "If the right of privacy means anything, it is the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child." Advancements in medical technology meant that a fetus might be considered viable, and thus have some basis of a right to life, at 22 or 23 weeks rather than at the 28 that was more common at the time Roe was decided. For this reason, the old trimester formula was ruled obsolete, with a new focus on viability of the fetus.

Since 1995, led by Congressional Republicans, the US House of Representatives and US Senate have moved several times to pass measures banning the procedure of intact dilation and extraction, also commonly known as partial birth abortion. After several long and emotional debates on the issue, such measures passed twice by wide margins, but President Bill Clinton vetoed those bills in April 1996 and October 1997 on the grounds that they did not include health exceptions. Congressional supporters of the bill argue that a health exception would render the bill unenforceable, since the Doe v. Bolton decision defined "health" in vague terms, justifying any motive for obtaining an abortion. Subsequent Congressional attempts at overriding the veto were unsuccessful.

On October 2, 2003, with a vote of 281–142, the House again approved a measure banning the procedure, called the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act. Through this legislation, a doctor could face up to two years in prison and face civil lawsuits for performing such an abortion. A woman who undergoes the procedure cannot be prosecuted under the measure. The measure contains an exemption to allow the procedure if the woman's life is threatened.

On October 21, 2003, the United States Senate passed the same bill by a vote of 64–34, with a number of Democrats joining in support. The bill was signed by President George W. Bush on November 5, 2003, but a federal judge blocked its enforcement in several states just a few hours after it became public law. The Supreme Court upheld the nationwide ban on the procedure in the case Gonzales v. Carhart on April 18, 2007. The 5-4 ruling said the Partial Birth Abortion Ban Act does not conflict with previous Court decisions regarding abortion.

The decision marked the first time the court allowed a ban on any type of abortion since 1973. The swing vote, which came from moderate justice Anthony Kennedy, was joined by Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas, and the two recent appointees, Samuel Alito and Chief Justice John Roberts.

State regulatory initiatives regarding abortion

The following states have or had initiatives regarding abortion:

Colorado

{{Main article|Colorado Amendment 48 (2008)}}

The initiative was proposed jointly by Kristine Burton and Michael Burton[12] of Colorado for Equal Rights.[13] Colorado Amendment 48 was a proposed initiative to amend the definition of a person to "any human being from the moment of fertilization." On November 4, 2008, the initiative was turned down by 73.2 percent of the voters.[14]

Kansas

Kansas lawmakers approved sweeping anti-abortion legislation (HB 2253) on April 6, 2013 that says life begins at fertilization, forbids abortion based on gender and bans Planned Parenthood from providing sex education in schools.[15]

In 2015 Kansas became the first state to ban the dilation and evacuation procedure, a common second-trimester abortion procedure.[16] But the new law was later struck down by the Kansas Court of Appeals in January 2016 without ever having gone into effect.[17]

Louisiana

On June 19, 2006, Governor Kathleen Blanco signed into law a ban on most forms of abortion (unless the life of the mother was in danger or her health would be permanently damaged) once it is passed the state legislature. Although she felt exclusions for rape or incest would have "been reasonable," she felt she should not veto based on those reasons. The bill would only go into effect if the United States Supreme Court reversed Roe v. Wade. Louisiana's measure would allow the prosecution of any person who performed or aided in an abortion. The penalties include up to 10 years in prison and a maximum fine of $100,000.[18]

A second law, Act 620, passed in 2014, modeled after one passed earlier in Texas, required that any doctor performing abortions also have admittance privileges at a authorized hospital within a 30 mile radius of the abortion clinic, among other new requirements. At the time the law was passed, only one doctor had this privileges, effectively leaving only one legal abortion clinic in the state.[19] Ultimately, the model Texas law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt in 2016, as the additional admitting privileges required by Texas law interfered with a woman's right to an abortion per Roe v. Wade.[20] While the Texas law was being challenged, the Louisiana law was challenged by abortion clinics and doctors in the state in June Medical Services, LLC v. Gee; while the District Court ordered an injunction on the law, the Fifth Circuit Appeals Court reversed this decision, allowing the law to come in effect later in 2014. The plaintiffs petitioned the Supreme Court, who granted an emergency stay of the Fifth Circuit's order, pending the result of the pending Texas litigation in Whole Woman's Health. June Medical Services was remanded back to District Court, which found the law unconstitutional under Whole Woman's Health. The Fifth Circuit reversed the District's finding and prepared to allow the law to come back into effect by February 4, 2019, differentiating the case from the Texas one as they found the physician had not taken any steps to try to qualify for this allowance. The plaintiffs again petitioned the Supreme Court for an emergency stay of the Fifth Circuit's decision.[21] Justice Samuel Alito granted the stay of the law until February 7, 2019, stating that the Court needed more time to evaluate the request and had made no merits on the ruling of the case.[22] Subsequently, on February 7, 2019, the Supreme Court ruled 5–4, with Justice John Roberts joining the liberal Justices, in reversing the Firth Circuit's order, effectively preventing the law from going into effect.[23]

Mississippi

On February 27, 2006, Mississippi's House Public Health Committee voted to approve a ban on abortion, but that bill died after the House and Senate failed to agree on compromise legislation.[24]

On November 8, 2011, the Personhood amendment, to define personhood as beginning "at the moment of fertilization, cloning, or the functional equivalent thereof," was rejected by 55 percent of voters.[25]

On March 20, 2018, a federal district court in Mississippi enacted a temporary, 10-day ban of the enforcement of a new state law that prohibits the performance of an abortion once the gestational age of the fetus is greater than 15 weeks.[26][27]

North Dakota

{{Main article|North Dakota HB 1572}}North Dakota's HB 1572, otherwise known as the Personhood of Children Act, was a bill in the North Dakota Legislature which aims to "provide equality and rights to all human beings at every stage of biological development". This step could eventually eliminate all types of abortion for nearly any reason in the state of North Dakota.[28] It would allocate rights of "the pre-born, partially born." If it had passed, it would have likely been used to challenge Roe v. Wade.[29]

This legislation, sponsored by State Representative Dan Ruby, passed the North Dakota House of Representatives on February 17, 2009 by a vote of 51–41. On April 3, 2009 the North Dakota Senate rejected HB 1572 in a 29 to 16 vote.

Oklahoma

{{Main article|Abortion in Oklahoma}}

In 2016, Oklahoma state legislators passed a bill to criminalize abortion for providers, potentially charging them with up to three years in prison.[30] On May 20, 2016, Governor Mary Fallin vetoed the bill before it could become law, citing its wording as too vague to withstand a legal challenge.[31]

South Dakota

{{Main article|Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act}}

In 2004, a bill outlawing abortion passed both houses of the legislature, but was vetoed by the Governor due to a technicality. The state's legislature subsequently passed five laws curtailing the legality of abortion in 2005.[32] The majority of a legislative "task force"[33] then issued a report recommending that the Legislature illegalize all abortions, which would lead to a challenge of the constitutionality of Roe v. Wade in the United States Supreme Court. A separate minority report criticizing the process and reaching different conclusions was also released.[34]

In February 2006, the Legislature passed the Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act, which was signed into law by Governor Mike Rounds on March 6, 2006. This law would have forbidden abortion under virtually every circumstance, including in cases of rape and incest. The law allowed "a medical procedure designed or intended to prevent the death of a pregnant mother." Physicians performing such procedures would have been required to "...make reasonable medical efforts under the circumstances to preserve both the life of the mother and the life of her unborn child."

The act had specifically defined pregnancy as beginning at the point of conception rather than at implantation into the uterine wall (see beginning of pregnancy controversy), which might have meant that WHHLPA applied to emergency contraception and possibly all forms of hormonal contraception.

Several members of the South Dakota legislative majority, as well as Governor Rounds, acknowledged that the overt goal of WHHLPA was to get the Supreme Court to overturn Roe[35] per the recommendation of the task force (the Supreme Court at that time was shifting in a conservative direction, one that might have been more amenable to overturning Roe).

A referendum to repeal the Women's Health and Human Life Protection Act was placed on ballot for the November 2006 statewide election due to a successful petition drive by the organization South Dakota Healthy Families. On May 30, over 38,000 petition signatures were filed, more than twice the 17,000 required to place a measure on the ballot. On November 7, WHHLPA was repealed by the South Dakota electorate; the vote was 56%-44% favoring repeal.[36]

Texas

The Roe v. Wade case, tried in Texas, stands at the center of years of national debate about the issue of abortion.[37] Henry Wade was serving as District Attorney of Dallas County at the time.

On August 29, 2014 US District Judge Lee Yeakel struck down as unconstitutional two provisions of Texas' omnibus anti-abortion bill, House Bill 2 that was to come into effect on September 1. The regulation would have closed about a dozen abortion clinics, leaving only eight places in Texas to get a legal abortion, all located in major cities. Judge Lee Yeakel ruled that the state's regulation was unconstitutional and would have placed an undue burden on women, particularly on poor and rural women living in west Texas and the Rio Grande Valley.[38] The legal challenge to the law eventually reached the Supreme Court in Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt (2016) which ruled that the law was unconstitutional, its burden of requiring abortion doctors to have admission privileges at a local hospital within 30 miles of the center to interfere with a woman's right to an abortion from Roe v. Wade.

State table

Bans of abortion

StateStatus before "Roe"Current status[39]
Completely illegal Illegal with limits Trigger law on any abortion Trigger law on late term abortion
Alabama}} No yes Yes No Yes
Alaska}} No No No Yes
Arizona}} yes Yes Yes Yes
Arkansas}} No Yes No Yes
California}} No Yes No No
Colorado}} No Yes Yes No
Connecticut}} Yes No No No
Delaware}} No Yes No No
Florida}} No Yes No Yes
Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} No Yes No No
Hawaii}} No No No No
Idaho}} Yes No No Yes
Illinois}} Yes No No[40] No[40]
Indiana}} Yes No No Yes
Iowa}} Yes No No Yes
Kansas}} Yes No No Yes
Kentucky}} Yes No No Yes
Louisiana}} Yes No Yes Yes
Maine}} No No No No
Maryland}} No Yes No No
Massachusetts}} No Yes No No
Michigan}} Yes No No Yes
Minnesota}} Yes No No No
Mississippi}} No Yes No Yes
Missouri}} Yes No Yes Yes
Montana}} Yes No No No
Nebraska}} Yes No No Yes
Nevada}} Yes No No
New Hampshire}} Yes No No No
New Jersey}} Yes No No Yes
New Mexico}} No Yes No No
New York}} No No No No
North Carolina}} No Yes No No
North Dakota}} Yes No No Yes
Ohio}} Yes No Yes Yes
Oklahoma}} Yes No Yes Yes
Oregon}} No Yes No No
Pennsylvania}} Yes No No No
Rhode Island}} Yes No No Yes
South Carolina}} No Yes No Yes
South Dakota}} Yes No No Yes
Tennessee}} Yes No No Yes
Texas}} Yes No No No
Utah}} Yes No Yes Yes
Vermont}} Yes No No No
Virginia}} No Yes Yes Yes
Washington}} No No No No
West Virginia}} Yes No No Yes
Wisconsin}} Yes No No Yes
Wyoming}} Yes No No No

Limits on abortion

State Waiting period Mandatory ultrasound[41] Counseling % of counties without provider At least one parent informed At least one parent consent
Alabama}} Yes Yes Yes 59%[42] No Yes
Alaska}} None No Yes 37%[43] No No
Arizona}} Yes 24 hours Yes 19%[44] No Yes
Arkansas}} Yes No Yes 77%[45] No Yes
California}} None No None 5%[46] No No
Colorado}} None No None 27%[47] Yes[48] No
Connecticut}} None No None 5%[49] No No
Delaware}} None No Yes 18%[50] Yes No
Florida}} None Yes None 20%[51] Yes No
Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} Yes No Yes 58%[52] Yes No
Hawaii}} None No None 5%[53] No No
Idaho}} Yes No Yes 68%[54] No Yes[55][54]
Illinois}} None No None 40%[56] Yes No
Indiana}} Yes No Yes 66%[57] No Yes
Iowa}} None No None 42%[58] Yes No
Kansas}} Yes Yes Yes 56%[59] No Yes
Kentucky}} Yes Yes Yes 74%[60] No Yes
Louisiana}} Yes 24 hours[61] Yes 63%[62] No Yes
Maine}} None No None 55%[63] No No
Maryland}} None No None 24%[64] Yes No
Massachusetts}} None No Yes 14%[65] No Yes
Michigan}} Yes No Yes 40%[66] No Yes
Minnesota}} Yes No Yes 59%[67] Yes No
Mississippi}} Yes Yes Yes 91%[68] No Yes
Missouri}} Yes No Yes 94%[69] No Yes
Montana}} None No None 55%[70] No No
Nebraska}} Yes No Yes 41%[71] No Yes
Nevada}} None No None 9%[72] No No
New Hampshire}} None No None 30%[73] Yes No
New Jersey}} None No None 23%[74] No No
New Mexico}} None No None 48%[75] No No
New York}} None No None 10%[76] No No
North Carolina}} None No None 53%[77] No Yes
North Dakota}} Yes No Yes 73%[78] Yes Yes
Ohio}} Yes No Yes 56%[79] No Yes
Oklahoma}} Yes No Yes 54%[80] Yes Yes
Oregon}} None No None 30%[81] No No
Pennsylvania}} Yes No Yes 48%[82] No Yes
Rhode Island}} None No Yes 36%[83] No Yes
South Carolina}} Yes No Yes 71%[84] No Yes
South Dakota}} None No None 77%[85] Yes No
Tennessee}} None No None 63%[86] No Yes
Texas}} Yes 24 hours Yes 43%[87] Yes Yes
Utah}} Yes No Yes 62%[88] Yes Yes
Vermont}} None No None 38%[89] No No
Virginia}} Yes 24 hours Yes 78%[90] Yes Yes
Washington}} None No None 15%[91] No No
West Virginia}} Yes No Yes 90%[92] Yes No
Wisconsin}} Yes 24 hours[93] Yes 67%[94] No Yes
Wyoming}} None No None 96%[95] Yes Yes

Protections of abortion

State Freedom Act[96] State constitutional protection[97]
Alabama}} No No
Alaska}} No Yes
Arizona}} No Yes
Arkansas}} No No
California}} Yes Yes
Colorado}} No No
Connecticut}} Yes Yes
Delaware}} Yes No
Florida}} No Yes
Georgia (U.S. state)|name=Georgia}} No No
Hawaii}} Yes No
Idaho}} No No
Illinois}} No Yes
Indiana}} No Yes
Iowa}} No No
Kansas}} No No
Kentucky}} No No
Louisiana}} No No
Maine}} Yes No
Maryland}} Yes No
Massachusetts}} No Yes
Michigan}} No No
Minnesota}} No Yes
Mississippi}} No No
Missouri}} No No
Montana}} No Yes
Nebraska}} No No
Nevada}} Yes No
New Hampshire}} No No
New Jersey}} No Yes
New Mexico}} No Yes
New York}} Yes[98][99] No
North Carolina}} No No
North Dakota}} No No
Ohio}} No No
Oklahoma}} No No
Oregon}} No Yes
Pennsylvania}} No No
Rhode Island}} No No
South Carolina}} No No
South Dakota}} No No
Tennessee}} No No[100]
Texas}} No No
Utah}} No No
Vermont}} No Yes
Virginia}} No No
Washington}} Yes No
West Virginia}} No No
Wisconsin}} No No
Wyoming}} No No

See also

  • Abortion statistics in the United States
  • Abortion by country
  • Abortion and religion
  • Abortion debate
  • Types of abortion restrictions in the United States

References

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9. ^Denmark
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14. ^Election result 2008
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23. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/07/politics/supreme-court-louisiana-abortion-kavanaugh-roberts/index.html |title = Supreme Court blocks Louisiana abortion law from taking effect | first = Ariana | last = de Vogue | date = February 7, 2019 | accessdate = February 7, 2019 | work = CNN }}
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28. ^North Dakota Personhood Bill Passes, First in US History - Standard Newswire
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33. ^HB 1233 establish a task force to study abortion and to
34. ^April 17, 2006 | The Nation
35. ^South Dakota has banned abortion - is your state next? : Indybay
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38. ^{{cite web|last1=Feibel|first1=Carrie|title=Federal Judge Blocks Texas Restriction On Abortion Clinics|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2014/08/29/344358792/federal-judge-blocks-texas-restriction-on-abortion-clinics|publisher=NPR|accessdate=13 September 2014}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/what-is-choice/maps-and-charts/map.jsp?mapID=27|title=Map :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
40. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://chicago.suntimes.com/chicago-politics/rauner-to-announce-decision-thursday-on-abortion-trigger-bill/|title=Rauner pulls trigger: Signs bill to ensure abortion remains legal|last=|first=|date=|work=Chicago Sun-Times|access-date=2018-10-07|language=en|subscription=yes}}
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43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/alaska.html|title=Alaska :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/arizona.html|title= Arizona :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
45. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/arkansas.html|title= Arkansas :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
46. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/california.html|title=California :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/colorado.html|title=Colorado :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/colorado.html?templateName=template-161602701&issueID=6&ssumID=2493|title=Colorado :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/connecticut.html|title=Connecticut :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
50. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/delaware.html|title=Delaware :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
51. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/florida.html|title=Florida :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
52. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/georgia.html|title=Georgia :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/hawaii.html|title=Hawaii :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
54. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/idaho.html|title=Idaho :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=Idaho Gov. Signs Parental Consent Notification Law for Minors Seeking Abortion |url=http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive//ldn/2007/mar/07032808 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221041159/http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/archive//ldn/2009/feb/09021809 |archivedate=2013-12-21 |df= }}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/illinois.html|title= Illinois :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
57. ^Indiana :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
58. ^Iowa :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
59. ^Kansas :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
60. ^Kentucky :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
61. ^{{cite web|title=Requirements for Ultrasound|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/statecenter/spibs/spib_RFU.pdf}}
62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/government-and-you/state-governments/state-profiles/louisiana.html|title=Louisiana :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
63. ^Maine :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
64. ^Maryland :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
65. ^Massachusetts :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
66. ^Michigan :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
67. ^Minnesota :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
68. ^Mississippi :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
69. ^Missouri :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
70. ^Montana :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
71. ^Nebraska :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
72. ^Nevada :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
73. ^New Hampshire :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
74. ^New Jersey :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
75. ^New Mexico :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
76. ^New York :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
77. ^North Carolina :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
78. ^North Dakota :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
79. ^Ohio :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
80. ^Oklahoma :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
81. ^Oregon :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
82. ^Pennsylvania :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
83. ^Rhode Island :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
84. ^South Carolina :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
85. ^South Dakota :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
86. ^Tennessee :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
87. ^Texas :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
88. ^Utah :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
89. ^Vermont :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
90. ^Virginia :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
91. ^Washington :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
92. ^West Virginia :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
93. ^{{cite news|title=Wisconsin Mandatory Ultrasound Bill Passes State Assembly, Heads To Scott Walker's Desk|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/06/14/wisconsin-mandatory-ultrasound-bill_n_3439307.html | work=Huffington Post | first=Mollie|last=Reilly|date=June 14, 2013}}
94. ^Wisconsin :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
95. ^Wyoming :: NARAL Pro-Choice America
96. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/what-is-choice/maps-and-charts/map.jsp?mapID=23|title=Map :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
97. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prochoiceamerica.org/what-is-choice/maps-and-charts/map.jsp?mapID=24|title=Map :: NARAL Pro-Choice America}}
98. ^http://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/01/new-york-has-finally-updated-its-archaic-abortion-law.html
99. ^https://newyork.cbslocal.com/2019/01/22/reproductive-health-act-new-york-legislature-gov-andrew-cuomo-roe-v-wade/
100. ^{{cite web |last1=Wadhwani |first1=Anita |title=Appeals court upholds vote count on Tennessee abortion measure Amendment 1 |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/2018/01/09/appeals-court-upholds-vote-count-tennessee-abortion-measure-amendment-1/1017274001/ |accessdate=9 Jan 2018}}

External links

Legal
  • Full Text of Roe v. Wade Decision
  • Abortion Law at AOL
  • Interactive maps comparing US abortion restrictions by state
  • State Policies on Later-Term Abortions Guttmacher Institute
{{USStateLists}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Abortion In The Us By State}}

5 : Abortion in the United States|History of women's rights in the United States|States of the United States-related lists|Reproductive rights in the United States|United States law
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