| 词条 | Abu Shusha, Haifa |
| 释义 |
| name = Abu Shusha | native_name = أبو شوشة | native_name_lang = ar | settlement_type = Village | image_skyline = Abu-Shusha, children.jpg | image_caption = Children of Abu Shusha, before the Nakba | etymology = The father of the Tuft[1] | pushpin_map = Mandatory Palestine | pushpin_mapsize = 200 | coordinates = {{coord|32|36|51|N|35|08|17|E|type:city_region:IL|display=inline,title}} | grid_name = Palestine grid | grid_position = 163/224 | subdivision_type = Geopolitical entity | subdivision_name = Mandatory Palestine | subdivision_type1 = Subdistrict | subdivision_name1 = Haifa | established_title1 = Date of depopulation | established_date1 = 9–10 April 1948[2] | established_title2 = Repopulated dates | unit_pref = dunam | area_total_km2 = 9 | area_total_dunam = 8,960 | population_as_of = 1948 | population_total = 835 | blank_name_sec1 = Cause(s) of depopulation | blank_info_sec1 = Military assault by Yishuv forces | blank3_name_sec1 = Current Localities | blank3_info_sec1 = Mishmar HaEmek }} Abu Shusha ({{lang-ar|أبو شوشة}}) was a Palestinian Arab village in the Haifa Subdistrict. It was depopulated during the 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine on 9 April 1948 during the Battle of Mishmar HaEmek. HistoryThe village was located just west of Tall Abu Shusha, which recent examination shows may date from the Early Bronze Age.[3] It has also been suggested as the location of the Roman town of Gaba Hippeon, founded in the year 61 BCE, by the Roman governor of Syria, L. Marcius Philippus.[4][5][6] It was an episcopal see in the fifth-sixth centuries,[6] and ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[7] Ottoman eraIn 1870 Victor Guérin described it as a small village. The slopes of the hill were covered with many piles of overturned materials from buildings, and on the highest point was the remains of an old tower.[8] In 1882, the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described "a little hamlet on the edge of the plain, with a spring to the east."[9] British Mandate eraIn the British Mandate of Palestine period, in the 1922 census of Palestine Abu Shusheh had a population of 12; all Muslims,[10] increasing sharply in the 1931 census when it was counted with Esh Shuqeirat and Arab el Saayda, to 831; still all Muslim, in a total of 155 houses.[11] In 1926 a small group of Jews from the Hashomer Hatzair movement settled in a caravanserai located on Tell Abu Shusha, before they moved to a location a few hundred yards south[12] and establish Mishmar HaEmek.[13] In the 1945 statistics Abu Shusha had a population of 720, all Muslims,[14] with a total of 8,960 dunams of land.[15] Of this, 931 dunums were plantations or irrigable land, 4,939 were for cereals,[16] while 3,090 dunams were classified as uncultivable land.[17] In 1940s a resident called Salim Ibn Hussein moved to Syria and returned in 1947, infused with Arab nationalism and led the armed guard of Abu Shusha during the 1947–1948 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine.[18] 1948, aftermathOn 5 April 1948, the Haganah General Staff (HGS) instructed the Golani Brigade: "You must tell the following villages ... that we cannot assure their safety and security, and that they must evacuate forthwith." Among the four villages were Abu Shusha, Daliyat al-Rawha' and Al-Rihaniyya.[19][20] According to Ben-Gurion, a delegation of Mishmar HaEmek leaders came to him on the 8th or 9 April, and told him that "it was imperative to expel the Arabs [in the area] and to burn the villages."[19][21] By the 11 April, the village was empty, and 1 Battalion in the Palmach blew up 30 houses in Al-Kafrayn and Abu Shusha in order to block the return of the villagers.[22][23] Following the 1948 war, the area was incorporated into the State of Israel. In 1992, Walid Khalidi described the area: "The only remaining sign of the village is the debris of houses, overgrown with cactuses. The grain mill is gone. On the hilly lands around the site, olive trees grow in a fenced-in area that serves as a pasture. The adjacent lands in Marj ibn Amir are planted in various crops, especially cotton."[24] Two village histories have been written about Abu Shusha and the Arab Turkoman; one in 1987 by Alya Khatib,[25] and one in 1999 by Faisal al-Shuqayrat.[26] References1. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/142/mode/1up 142] 2. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PR18 xviii], village #152. Also gives cause of depopulation. 3. ^Khalidi, 1992, p. 142 4. ^Siegelman, 1984, cited in Khalidi, 1992, p. 142 5. ^Shatzman, 1991, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XniFgiw15zQC&pg=PA258 258] 6. ^1 Tsafrir, di Segni and Green, 1994, p. 126 7. ^Dauphin, 1998, pp. 700–701 8. ^Guérin, 1875, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr04gugoog#page/n264/mode/1up 239]-240 9. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp02conduoft#page/41/mode/1up 41] 10. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Haifa, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n35/mode/1up 33] 11. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 87] 12. ^Morris, 1987, pp.116, 117 13. ^{{cite web|title=משמר העמק – אירועים מרכזיים בהיסטוריית משמר העמק [Mishmar HaEmek – Key events in the history of Mishmar HaEmek]|url=http://mh.kibbutz.org.il/cgi-webaxy/item?147|website=Mishmar HaEmek website|accessdate=8 July 2016|language=Hebrew}} 14. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 13 15. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 47 16. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 89 17. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 139 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Ozev|first1=Amriam|title=Mishmar HaEmek Will Stand|date=2013|publisher=Kinneret, Zmora-Bitan, Dvir|isbn=978-965-552-557-1|url=https://www.e-vrit.co.il/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%9C%D7%90_%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C-details.aspx#firstchapter|accessdate=29 July 2016|language=Hebrew|chapter=chapter i}} 19. ^1 Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA241 241] 20. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA296 296]: Note #594 21. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA296 296]: Note #593 22. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA346 346] 23. ^Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA397 397], note 30 24. ^Khalidi, 1992, p. 143 25. ^Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA283 283] 26. ^Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA285 285] Bibliography{{refbegin}}
External links
2 : Arab villages depopulated prior to the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|District of Haifa |
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