“Abu Sufyan ibn Harb”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Sakhr ibn Harb ({{lang-ar|صخر بن حرب}}), more commonly known as Abu Sufyan (580–640),^[1] was the leader of the Quraysh of Mecca, the most powerful tribe of pre-Islamic Arabia. He was a staunch opponent of Muhammad, the prophet of Islam, until later accepting Islam and becoming a warrior later in his life during the early Muslim conquests.

Sakhr's mother, Safya, was the paternal aunt of Maymunah bint al-Harith, who married Muhammad.

Biography

Life and family

Abu Sufyan was the son of Harb ibn Umayyah. He was the chief of the Banu Abd-Shams clan of the Quraysh, which made him one of the most powerful in Mecca. Abu Sufyan's brother Musab was among several Muslims who migrated to Abyssinia to escape persecution in Mecca.

Military conflict with Muhammad

After Muhammed and other Muslims had migrated to Medina in 622, the Quraysh confiscated the belongings they had left behind.

In 624, Abu Sufyan was the appointed leader of a large merchant caravan carrying a fortune of the Quraysh's goods to Syria for trade. The caravan was escorted by a force of around 40 or 50 soldiers. Muhammad had learned that the caravan was passing close to Medina en route to Syria and organized a Muslim force of 300 men to intercept it.

The Muslim contingent failed to intercept the caravan. They arrived after the caravan had already passed by Medina. Abu Sufyan had learned of the Muslims' plan from scouts he had deployed, and in response, sent a crier to Mecca to rally the Quraysh to arms against the Muslims. The Muslims ended up engaging this Meccan army, a force of around 1000 men, at the plains of Badr several days after they had failed to intercept the caravan. This conflict, the Battle of Badr, ultimately resulted in a Muslim victory. The death of most Quraysh leaders in the battle not only left Abu Sufyan the leader of Mecca, but also marked the fulfillment of the Quranic prophecy in surah Ar-Rum 2-4.^[2]

Abu Sufyan served as the military leader in the later Meccan campaigns against Medina, including the Battle of Uhud in 625 and the Battle of the Trench in 627, but he could not attain final victory.

Eventually the two parties agreed to an armistice, the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah in 628, which allowed Muslims to make the pilgrimage to the Kaaba.

Muslim conquest of Mecca

When the armistice was violated in 630 by allies of the Quraish, Muhammad moved towards conquering Mecca from non-Muslim authority. Abu Sufyan, seeing that the balance had tilted in Muhammad's favour and that the Quraish were not strong enough to hinder the Muslims from conquering the city, travelled to Medina, trying to restore the treaty. No agreement was reached between the two parties and Abu Sufyan returned to Mecca empty handed. These efforts ultimately ensured that the conquest occurred without battle or bloodshed.

Abu Sufyan travelled back and forth between Mecca and Madina, still trying to reach a settlement. According to the sources, he found assistance in Muhammad's uncle, Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib, though some scholars consider that historians writing under the rule of al-‘Abbas' descendants, the Abbasid Caliphate, had exaggerated al-‘Abbas' role and downplayed the role of Abu Sufyan, who was the ancestor of the enemies of the Abbasids.^[3]

Later life

After the conquest of Mecca, Abu Sufyan fought as one of Muhammad's commanders in the subsequent wars. During the Siege of Ta'if, he lost an eye.

Abu Sufyan also fought in the Battle of Yarmouk in 636, in which he lost his second eye. He played a very important role in the war as the chief of staff ({{lang|ar|نقيب}}) of the Muslim army. He fought under the command of his son, Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan.^[5]^[6]

Family

Wives and children

Family tree

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|ref=harv |last=One-Evil |url=http://www.one-evil.org/content/people_07c_abu_sufyan.html |title=Influential People - Abi Sufyan ibn Harb |accessdate=25 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626111847/http://one-evil.org/content/people_07c_abu_sufyan.html |archivedate=26 June 2015 }}
2. ^Mirza Bashir-ud Din Mahmud Ahmad, Life of Muhammad, Islam International Publications 2003, p. 46-47.
3. ^{{cite book |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |last=Glubb |first=John |year=2001 |publisher= Cooper Square Press |isbn=0815411766 |pages= 304–310}}
4. ^Abu Al-Abbas Ahmad Bin Jaber Al-Baladhuri, The people of the Islamic State (translated by Philip Khuri Hitti), p. 107.
5. ^Ali ibn al-Athir, [[The Complete Hist]
6. ^{{cite web|title=Abu Sufyan Ibn Harb: An Eye Now or an Eye in Heaven? |url=http://www.sahaba.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=62 |publisher=Francisco Burzi |accessdate=6 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204104932/http://www.sahaba.net/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=62 |archivedate=February 4, 2012 }}
7. ^Ibn Saad, Tabaqat vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). The Women of Madina, p. 169. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
8. ^Ibn Hajar. Al-Isaba vol. 6 p. 658 #9271.
9. ^Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume, pp. 313, 337, 385.
10. ^¹²³⁴Ibn Saad/Bewley vol. 8 p. 169.
11. ^Tabari/Morony p. 220.
12. ^Ibn Hajar. Al-Isaba vol. 5 p. 60 #6248.
13. ^Ibn Ishaq, Sirat Rasulallah. Translated by Guillaume, A. (1955). The Life of Muhammad, p. 313. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14. ^Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 589.
15. ^Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 189.
16. ^Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari. Tarikh al-Rusul wa'l-Muluk. Translated by Morony, M. G. (1987). Volume 18: Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Mu'awiyah, p. 220. Albany: State University of New York Press.
17. ^Tabari/Morony p. 220.
18. ^Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., & Tayob, A. (2011). The Life of Muhammad. Oxford: Routledge.
19. ^Nasa'i vol. 2 #1814.
20. ^Ibn Ishaq/Guillaume p. 214.
21. ^Muslim 8:3413.