| 词条 | Acanthomorpha |
| 释义 |
This article is about a group of ray-finned fish called Acanthomorpha or acanthomorphs. Acanthomorph is also a descriptive name for a spiny-walled subgroup of the microscopic fossils called acritarchs.{{automatic taxobox | taxon = Acanthomorpha | fossil_range = {{fossil_range|100|0|earliest=Cretaceous|latest=Recent}} | image=Blochius longirostris.jpg | image_caption=Blochius longirostris | authority=Rosen, 1973[1] }}Acanthomorpha (meaning "thorn-shaped" in Greek) is an extraordinarily diverse taxon of teleost fishes with spiny-rays. The clade contains about one third of the world's modern species of vertebrates: over 14,000 species.[2] A key anatomical innovation in acanthomorphs is hollow and unsegmented spines at the anterior edge of the dorsal and anal fins. A fish can extend these sharp bony spines to protect itself from predators, but can also retract them to decrease drag when swimming.[4] Another shared feature is a particular rostral cartilage, associated with ligaments attached to the rostrum and premaxilla, that enables the fish to protrude its jaws considerably to catch food.[5] Rosen coined the name in 1973 to describe a clade comprising Acanthopterygii, Paracanthopterygii, and also ctenothrissiform fossils from the Cretaceous Period, such as Aulolepis and Ctenothrissa. Those fossils share several details of the skeleton, and especially of the skull, with modern acanthomorphs.[1] Originally based on anatomy, Acanthomorpha has been borne out by more recent molecular analyses.[7]PhylogenyThe phylogeny of living bony fishes[1][2][3][4] {{clade| style=font-size:90%;line-height:80%|label1=Acanthomorpha |1={{clade |1={{clade |label1=Lampripterygii |1=Lampridiformes (oarfish, opah, ribbonfish) |label2=Paracanthopterygii |2={{clade |label1=Percopsaria |1=Percopsiformes (troutperches) |label2=Zeiogadaria |2={{clade |label1=Zeiariae |1= Zeiformes (dories) |label2=Gadariae |2={{clade |1= Stylephoriformes (tube-eyes, thread-fins) |2= Gadiformes (cods) }} }} }} }} |2={{clade |label1=Polymixiipterygii |1= Polymixiiformes (beardfish) |label2=Acanthopterygii |2={{clade |label1=Berycimorphaceae |1={{clade |1=Beryciformes (alfonsinos; whalefishes) |2=Trachichthyiformes (pinecone fishes; slimeheads) |2={{clade |label1=Holocentrimorphaceae |1= Holocentriformes (squirrelfish; soldier fishes) |2=Percomorpha }} }} }} }} }} Fossil record and evolutionary historySome otoliths, calcium carbonate structures in the ears of fishes, have been found from the Jurassic Period that may belong to acanthomorphs, but body fossils from this taxon are only known from the middle of the Cretaceous Period, about 100 million years ago. Acanthomorphs from the early Late Cretaceous were small, typically about 4 centimeters long, and fairly rare.[12] Toward the beginning of the Cenozoic era, they exploded in an adaptive radiation, so by the time we see a thorough fossil record in the Eocene epoch, they had reached their modern diversity of 300 families.[4] New findings grom Poland reveals that's the podest acantomorphs occurred on Late Triassic.[5] Some examples of extinct acanthomorph genera include:
Timeline of generaImageSize = width:1500px height:auto barincrement:15px PlotArea = left:10px bottom:50px top:10px right:10px Period = from:-145.5 till:0 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:-145.5 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:-145.5 TimeAxis = orientation:hor AlignBars = justify Colors = #legends id:CAR value:claret id:ANK value:rgb(0.4,0.3,0.196) id:HER value:teal id:HAD value:green id:OMN value:blue id:black value:black id:white value:white id:cretaceous value:rgb(0.5,0.78,0.31) id:earlycretaceous value:rgb(0.63,0.78,0.65) id:latecretaceous value:rgb(0.74,0.82,0.37) id:cenozoic value:rgb(0.54,0.54,0.258) id:paleogene value:rgb(0.99,0.6,0.32) id:paleocene value:rgb(0.99,0.65,0.37) id:eocene value:rgb(0.99,0.71,0.42) id:oligocene value:rgb(0.99,0.75,0.48) id:neogene value:rgb(0.999999,0.9,0.1) id:miocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.999999,0) id:pliocene value:rgb(0.97,0.98,0.68) id:quaternary value:rgb(0.98,0.98,0.5) id:pleistocene value:rgb(0.999999,0.95,0.68) id:holocene value:rgb(0.999,0.95,0.88) BarData= bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:space bar:period bar:space bar:era PlotData= align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -66 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H. bar:eratop from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q. PlotData= color:latecretaceous bar:NAM1 from:-99.6 till:-93.5 text:Omosomopsis color:latecretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-95.5 till:-93.5 text:Pharmacichthys color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-95.5 till:-33.9 text:Cylindracanthus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-70.6 till:-48.6 text:Congorhynchus color:eocene bar:NAM5 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:Enniskillenus color:eocene bar:NAM6 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Blochius color:eocene bar:NAM7 from:-55.8 till:-33.9 text:Asineops color:eocene bar:NAM8 from:-48.6 till:-28.4 text:Homorhynchus color:eocene bar:NAM9 from:-48.6 till:-15.97 text:Palaeorhynchus color:oligocene bar:NAM10 from:-33.9 till:-23.03 text:Pseudotetrapterus PlotData= bar:period from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -66 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -66 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H. bar:era from: -145.5 till: -66 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -66 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q. ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R |year=2013 |title=The Tree of Life and a New Classification of Bony Fishes. |journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life |issue=Edition 1 |doi=10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288 |url=http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/article/the-tree-of-life-and-a-new-classification-of-bony-fishes/pdf |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013102547/http://currents.plos.org//treeoflife/article/the-tree-of-life-and-a-new-classification-of-bony-fishes/pdf |archivedate=2013-10-13 }} [6][7][8][9][10][11]{{Citation2. ^{{cite journal|last1=Betancur-R |year=2013 |title=Complete tree classification (supplemental figure) |journal=PLOS Currents Tree of Life |issue=Edition 1 |url=http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf |display-authors=etal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021004157/http://www.deepfin.org/images/Fig_S1_Complete_tree_classification.pdf |archivedate=2013-10-21 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Betancur-R | year = 2013 | title = Appendix 2 – Revised Classification for Bony Fishes | journal = PLOS Currents Tree of Life | issue= Edition 1 | url = http://currents.plos.org/treeoflife/files/2013/04/Appendix_2_Classification1.pdf|display-authors=etal}} 4. ^{{cite web| website=Deepfin|author = Betancur-Rodriguez |display-authors=et al| title = Phylogenetic Classification of Bony Fishes Version 4 | url = https://sites.google.com/site/guilleorti/classification-v-4 |year=2016|accessdate= 30 December 2016}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Antczak|first=Mateusz|last2=Bodzioch|first2=Adam|date=January 2018|title=Diversity of Fish Scales in Late Triassic Deposits of Krasiejów (SW Poland)|url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.2517/2017PR012|journal=Paleontological Research|language=en-US|volume=22|issue=1|pages=91–100|doi=10.2517/2017pr012|issn=1342-8144}} 6. ^1 {{cite journal| last1 = Chen | first1 = Wei-Jen| last2 = Bonillo | first2 = Céline| last3 = Lecointre | first3 =Guillaume| year = 2003| title = Repeatability of clades as a criterion of reliability: a case study for molecular phylogeny of Acanthomorpha (Teleostei) with larger number of taxa| journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume = 26 | pages = 262–288 | doi=10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00371-8}} 7. ^1 {{Citation| last1 = Johnson | first1 = G. David| last2 = Wiley | first2 = E.O.| year = 2007| title = Acanthomorpha| work = Tree of Life Web Project| url = http://tolweb.org/Acanthomorpha/15088| accessdate = October 24, 2012}} 8. ^1 2 {{Citation| last = Maisey | first = John G.| year = 1996| title = Discovering fossil fishes| publisher = Henry Holt & Company}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal| last1 = Near| first1 = Thomas J.| last2 = Eytan | first2 = Ron I.| last3 = Dornburg | first3 = Alex| last4 = Kuhn | first4 = Kristen L.| last5 = Moore | first5 = Jon A.| last6 = Davis | first6 = Matthew P.| last7 = Wainwright | first7 =Peter C.| last8 = Friedman | first8 =Matt| last9 = Smith | first9 =W. Leo | year = 2012| title = Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification| journal = PNAS| volume = 109 | issue = 34 | pages = 13698–13703| url = http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1206625109| doi = 10.1073/pnas.1206625109| pmc = 3427055}} 10. ^1 2 {{Citation| last = Rosen | first = Donn Eric| year = 1973| chapter = Interrelationships of higher euteleostean fishes| editor-last1 = Greenwood | editor-first1 = P.H.| editor-last2 = Miles | editor-first2 = R.S.| editor-last3 = Patterson | editor-first3 = Colin| title = Interrelationships of Fishes| pages = 397–513| publisher = Academic Press | publication-date = 1973| isbn = 0-12-300850-6}} 11. ^1 {{Citation| last = Stewart | first = J.D.| year = 1996| chapter = Cretaceous acanthomorphs of North America| editor-last1 = Arratia | editor-first1 = Gloria| editor-last2 = Viohl | editor-first2 = Günter| title = Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology| pages = 383–394| publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil| publication-date = 1996| isbn = 3-923871-90-2}} | last1 = Wilson| first1 = Mark V.H. | last2 = Murray | first2 = Alison M. | year = 1996 | chapter = Early Cenomanian acanthomorph teleost in the Cretaceous Fish Scale Zone, Albian/Cenomanian boundary, Alberta, Canada | editor-last1 = Arratia | editor-first1 = Gloria | editor-last2 = Viohl | editor-first2 = Günter | title = Mesozoic Fishes – Systematics and Paleoecology | pages = 369–382 | publisher = Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil | publication-date = 1996 | isbn = 3-923871-90-2 }} }}Sources{{refbegin}}
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