| 词条 | Acintya |
| 释义 |
| type = Hindu | image = Acintya_Bali.jpg | caption = Depiction of Acintya as radiating sun god, on the back of an empty throne, Jimbaran, Bali | name = Acintya, Tunggal Sanghyang Widhi Wasa | affiliation = Supreme God | symbol = empty throne }}Acintya, also Atintya (Sanskrit: "the inconceivable", "the unimaginable"),[1][2] also Tunggal (Balinese: "Unity", "Divine Oneness")[1][3][4] is the Supreme God of Indonesian Hinduism (formally known as Agama Hindu Dharma), especially on the island of Bali. Acintya is equivalent to the metaphysical concept of Brahman of Indian Hinduism, and is the Supreme God in traditional wayang (shadow puppet) theatre.[4] Acintya is also known as Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa, also Sanghyang Widi Wasa (the "Divine Order").[1] All gods, goddesses and existence are believed to be the manifestation of the Acintya in Balinese Hinduism.[1] RoleAcintya corresponds to a rather recent trend towards monism in Bali, according to which there is one supreme deity, and that all other gods are only manifestations of him.[5][6] Acintya is emptiness, and considered as the origin of the Universe, all other divinities emanating from him.[7] He is often associated to the sun god,[5] and depicted in human form with flames around him.[5] His nakedness expresses that "his consciousness is no longer carried away by his sense-faculties".[3] Prayers and offerings are not made directly to Acintya, but also to the other manifestations of the deity.[5] He is often not even represented, in which case he is only evoked by an empty throne on top of a pillar (the Padmasana, lit. "Lotus Throne"), inside Balinese temples.[8] The introduction of the Padmasana as an altar to the Supreme God, was the result of a 16th-century Hindu reformation movement, led by Dang Hyang Nirartha, the priest of the Gelgel King Batu Renggong (also Waturenggong), at the time when Islam was spreading from the west through Java.[9] Dang Hyang Nirartha built temples in Bali, and added the Padmasana shrines to the temples he visited.[10] Political aspectsSince the end of World War II and the Indonesian War of Independence, the Republic of Indonesia has adopted the political philosophy of Pancasila (literally, "The five principles"), which allows for freedom of religion. The statute, however, requires that the religion in question be monotheistic, i.e., based upon the belief in a single, omnipotent deity. Under this system, six religions are recognised: Islam, Buddhism, Catholicism, Protestantism, Hinduism and later on Confucianism.[11] To comply with regulations, Balinese Hindus have felt the need to reinforce the monotheistic component of the faith, thus the more emphasised role of Acintya.[12] To refer to him, they selected the term Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa (glossed as "God Almighty"), which although coined in the 1930s by Protestant missionaries to describe the Christian God, was thought to be well-adapted to describe the Hindu supreme deity.[11] This is thus the name which is now more commonly used by modern Balinese.[5] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Margaret J. Wiener|title=Visible and Invisible Realms: Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Kpbq-5J1ioC |year=1995|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-88580-3|pages=51–55 }} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Helen M. Creese|title=Bali in the Early Nineteenth Century: The Ethnographic Accounts of Pierre Dubois|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tQpRDAAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=978-90-04-31583-9|pages=226–227}} 3. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Hobart |first1=Angela |title=Healing Performances of Bali: Between Darkness and Light |date=2003 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781571814814 |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iheRgW_T0_MC&pg=PA151}} 4. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Hobart |first1=Angela |title=Dancing Shadows of Bali: Theatre and Myth |date=1987 |publisher=KPI |isbn=9780710301086 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WksOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Toh |first1=Irene |last2=Morillot |first2=Juliette |last3=Guthrie-Haer |first3=Debbie |title=Bali: A Traveller's Companion |date=2010 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=9789814260268 |pages=45-46 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Bali.html?id=Y4WGcgAACAAJ}} 6. ^{{cite book |last1=Reader |first1=Lesley |last2=Ridout |first2=Lucy |title=The Rough Guide to Bali and Lombok |date=2002 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=9781858289021 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA97}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Wiener |first1=Margaret J. |title=Visible and Invisible Realms: Power, Magic, and Colonial Conquest in Bali |date=1995 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226885827 |page=51 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GE1uc1UNXNYC&pg=PA51}} 8. ^{{cite book |title=Bali & Lombok |date=1 May 2015 |isbn=978-1743213896 |page=26 |edition=15}} 9. ^{{cite book |title=Bali & Lombok |date=1 May 2015 |isbn=978-1743213896 |pages=46-47 |edition=15}} 10. ^{{cite book |title=Bali, sekala and niskala|author=Eiseman Jr, Fred B.|date=1990 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn=0-945971-03-6 |page=266}} 11. ^1 {{cite book |title=Bali, sekala and niskala|author=Eiseman Jr, Fred B.|date=1990 |publisher=Periplus Editions |isbn=0-945971-03-6 |pages=38-39}} 12. ^McDaniel, June (2013), A Modern Hindu Monotheism: Indonesian Hindus as ‘People of the Book’. The Journal of Hindu Studies, Oxford University Press, {{doi|10.1093/jhs/hit030}} 3 : Hindu gods|Hinduism in Bali|Indonesian gods |
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