| 词条 | Gippsland Lakes |
| 释义 |
| name = Gippsland Lakes | other_name = Lake Wellington, Lake Victoria, Lake King, Lake Reeve, Lake Tyers, Lake Coleman | image = Lakes entrance - the entrance.jpg | alt = | caption = The Entrance to Gippsland Lakes | image_bathymetry = Gippsland Lakes.png | caption_bathymetry = Landsat 7 imagery of the Gippsland Lakes. Lakes Entrance is visible in the top right of the image. | location = Gippsland, Victoria | coords = {{coord|38|00|S|147|39|E|region:AU_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}} | type = | inflow = Avon, Thomson, Latrobe, Mitchell, Nicholson and Tambo rivers | outflow = Bass Strait | catchment = | basin_countries = Australia | agency = | length = | width = | area = {{convert|354|km2|abbr=on}} | depth = | max-depth = | volume = | residence_time = | shore = | elevation = {{convert|0|m|abbr=on}} | frozen = | islands = | cities = {{VICcity|Lakes Entrance}}, {{VICcity|Bairnsdale}} | reference = | embedded = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 15 December 1982 | designation1_number = 269[1]}} }} The Gippsland Lakes are a network of lakes, marshes and lagoons in east Gippsland, Victoria, Australia covering an area of about {{convert|354|km2}}.[2] The largest of the lakes are Lake Wellington (Gunai language: Murla[3]), Lake King and Lake Victoria. The lakes are collectively fed by the Avon, Thomson, Latrobe, Mitchell, Nicholson and Tambo rivers. HistoryThe Gippsland Lakes were formed by two principal processes. The first is river delta alluvial deposition of sediment brought in by the rivers which flow into the lakes. {{cn|date=October 2017}} Silt deposited by this process forms into long jetties which can run many kilometres into a lake, as exemplified by the Mitchell River silt jetties that run into Lake King. The second process is the action of sea current in Bass Strait which created the Ninety Mile Beach and cut off the river deltas from the sea. Once the lakes were closed off a new cycle started, whereby the water level of the lakes would gradually rise until the waters broke through the barrier beach and the level would drop down until it equalised with sea-level. {{cn|date=October 2017}} Eventually the beach would close-off the lakes and the cycle would begin anew. Sometimes it would take many years before a new channel to the sea was formed and not necessarily in the same place as the last one. In 1889, a wall was built to fix the position of a naturally occurring channel between the lakes and the ocean at Lakes Entrance, to stabilise the water level, create a harbour for fishing boats and open up the lakes to shipping. This entrance needs to be dredged regularly, or the same process that created the Gippsland Lakes would render the entrance too shallow for seagoing vessels to pass through. Due to flooding in 2011, Gippsland Lakes experienced blooms of bioluminescent Noctiluca scintillans.[4] TourismThe Gippsland Lakes provide a major hub for tourism, particularly for recreational boating and fishing enthusiasts.[5] The lakes network can be explored by cruise, water taxi, or boat and kayak hire. On the fringes of the lakes are several tourist towns that swell to support the tourist trade, particularly in the summer months. Lakes Entrance is the largest of the towns on the lakes with a population of 4,500.[6] The town is well serviced with resorts, hotels and facilities. It is located with easy access to both the lakes network and the surf beach on Ninety Mile Beach, which is patrolled each summer. Metung is a small village located on the tip of a peninsula sitting in the Gippsland Lakes, surrounded almost completely by water. It is an upmarket {{cn|date=October 2017}} tourist destination with many dining options and artisan galleries. Much of Paynesville’s accommodation and infrastructure are located on the network of canals. One of the key attractions is Raymond Island, known for its koala population. The diversity of the brine waters of the lakes, surf beaches along Ninety Mile Beach and fresh water streams that feed the lakes, make the Gippsland Lakes a popular fishing destination. Local fish varieties include bream, mullet, flathead, luderick and trevally.[7] Paynesville, Lakes Entrance and Metung all offer a number of jetties, boat ramps and berthing facilities.[8] EnvironmentThe lakes support numerous species of wildlife and there exist two protected areas within: The Lakes National Park and Gippsland Lakes Coastal Park. The Gippsland Lakes wetlands are protected by the international Ramsar Convention on wetlands. There are also approximately 400 indigenous flora species and 300 native fauna species. Three plants, two of them being orchid species, are listed as endangered. The numbers of southern right whales and humpback whales using the Lake Entrance area show increases in recent years, as the populations have started to recover from illegal hunts by the Soviet Union with help from Japan in 1960s-1970s. Burrunan dolphinsThe lakes are home to about 50 of the recently described species of bottlenose dolphin, the Burrunan dolphin (Tursiops australis). The other 150 or so of this rare species are to be found in Port Phillip.[9] BirdsThe wetlands provide habitat for about 20,000 waterbirds – including birds from as far afield as Siberia and Alaska. The lakes have been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA) because they regularly support over 1% of the global populations of black swans, chestnut teals and musk ducks, as well as many fairy terns.[10] PanoramaGeographyThe Gippsland Lakes are, in order of size:
See also{{portal|Victoria}}
References1. ^{{Cite web|title=Gippsland Lakes|website=Ramsar Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/269|accessdate=25 April 2018}} 2. ^{{Cite web|title = Gippsland Lakes - Australian Ramsar site no. 21|url = http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/wetlands/ramsardetails.pl?refcode=21#|website = www.environment.gov.au|accessdate = 2015-06-20}} 3. ^Wurruk: by Vaughan Nikitin, ChaosFilter.com Online Publishing, A Story Written in an Aboriginal Ganai - Kurnai - Language - Mountain Cattlemen - Victoria - Gippsland - Aboriginal History, Myth, Legend 4. ^http://philhart.com/content/bioluminescence-gippsland-lakes 5. ^{{Cite web|title = The economic value of boating and marine industries associated with the use of Gippsland Lakes|url = http://www.gippslandports.vic.gov.au/pdfs/reports/gippslandport_34.pdf|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150309063319/http://www.gippslandports.vic.gov.au/pdfs/reports/gippslandport_34.pdf|dead-url = yes|archive-date = 9 March 2015|website = www.gippslandports.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 15 December 2017}} 6. ^{{Cite web|title = Lakes Entrance Population (VIC)|url = http://lakes-entrance.localstats.com.au/population/vic/south-eastern-victoria/lakes-wilderness/lakes-entrance|website = lakes-entrance.localstats.com.au|accessdate = 2015-06-21}} 7. ^{{Cite web|title = Lake fishing, Gippsland, Victoria, Australia|url = http://www.visitvictoria.com/Regions/Gippsland/Things-to-do/Outdoor-activities/Fishing/Lake-fishing|website = Tourism Victoria home|accessdate = 2015-06-21}} 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Corner Inlet, Anderson Inlet, Slipways, Boatyards, Port Authority|url = http://www.gippslandports.vic.gov.au/gippsland_lakes_boating.php|website = www.gippslandports.vic.gov.au|accessdate = 2015-06-21}} 9. ^Researcher discovers new dolphin species in Victoria, Monash University, 15 September 2011. 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm |title=IBA: Gippsland Lakes |accessdate=2011-06-24 |work=Birdata |first= |last= |publisher=Birds Australia |date= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706102341/http://www.birdata.com.au/iba.vm |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=161991&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake Wellington, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=164692&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake Victoria, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} 13. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=166009&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake Reeve, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=163339&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake King, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=165775&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake Coleman, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://maps.bonzle.com/c/a?a=p&p=164456&cmd=sp|title=Map of Lake Tyres, VIC|work=Bonzle Digital Atlas of Australia|accessdate=27 October 2014 }} External links
6 : Lakes of Victoria (Australia)|Ramsar sites in Australia|Regions of Victoria (Australia)|Important Bird Areas of Victoria (Australia)|East Gippsland|Places with bioluminescence |
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