| 词条 | Action of 19 August 1916 |
| 释义 |
|conflict=Action of 19 August 1916 |partof=World War I |campaign= |image= File:North Sea map-en.png |image_size=300px |caption= North Sea |date=18–20 August 1916 |place= North Sea |coordinates = {{coord|56|N|03|E|scale:5000000_type:waterbody|name=North Sea|display=inline,title}} |result = inconclusive |combatant1 ={{navy|UKGBI}} |combatant2 ={{navy|German Empire}} |commander1 = Sir John Jellicoe Sir David Beatty |commander2 = Reinhard Scheer Franz von Hipper |strength1 = 29 battleships 6 battlecruisers armoured cruisers light cruisers destroyers minelayer seaplane carrier 1 submarine |strength2 = 18 battleships 2 battlecruisers light cruisers torpedo-boats 2 Zeppelins 3 U-Boats |casualties1 = 2 light cruisers sunk |casualties2 = 1 battleship damaged }}{{Campaignbox North Sea 1914–1918}} The Action of 19 August 1916 was one of two attempts in 1916 by the German High Seas Fleet to engage elements of the British Royal Navy, following the mixed results of the Battle of Jutland, in the First World War. The lesson of Jutland for Germany had been the vital need for reconnaissance, to avoid the unexpected arrival of the British Grand Fleet during a raid. On this occasion four Zeppelins were deployed to scout the North Sea between Scotland and Norway for signs of British ships and four more scouted immediately ahead of German ships. Twenty-four German submarines participated off the English coast, in the southern North Sea and off the Dogger Bank.{{sfn|Roskill|1980|pp=196–197}} BackgroundAlthough Jutland had been officially hailed as a success, the German commander Admiral Reinhard Scheer felt it important that another raid should be mounted as quickly as possible, to maintain morale in his severely battered fleet. It was decided that the raid should follow the pattern of previous ones, with the battlecruisers carrying out a dawn artillery bombardment of an English town, in this case Sunderland. Only two battlecruisers were still serviceable after Jutland, {{SMS|Moltke||2}} and {{SMS|Von der Tann||2}}, so the force was bolstered by three battleships, {{SMS|Bayern||2}}, {{SMS|Markgraf||2}} and {{SMS|Grosser Kurfürst|1913|2}}. The remainder of the High Seas Fleet, comprising 16 dreadnought battleships, was to carry out close support 20 miles behind. The fleet set sail at 9:00 p.m. on 18 August from the Jade river.{{sfn|Bennett|2005|p=226}} AttackIntelligenceInformation about the upcoming raid was obtained by British Intelligence in Room 40 through intercepted and decoded radio messages. Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, commander of the British fleet, was on leave so had to be recalled urgently and boarded the light cruiser {{HMS|Royalist|1915|2}} at Dundee to meet his fleet in the early hours of 19 August off the river Tay. In his absence, Admiral Cecil Burney took the fleet to sea on the afternoon of 18 August. Vice-Admiral David Beatty left the Firth of Forth with his squadron of six battlecruisers to meet the main fleet in the Long Forties. The Harwich Force of 20 destroyers and 5 light cruisers commanded by Commodore Tyrwhitt was ordered out, as were 25 British submarines which were stationed in likely areas to intercept German ships. The battlecruisers together with the 5th Battle Squadron of five fast battleships were stationed 30 miles ahead of the main fleet to scout for the enemy. The assembled fleet now moved south seeking the German fleet, but suffered the loss of one of the light cruisers screening the battlecruiser group, {{HMS|Nottingham|1913|6}}, which was hit by three torpedoes from submarine {{SMU|U-52||2}} at 6:00 a.m. and sank.{{sfn|Marder|1978|pp=287–291}} Finding the oppositionAt 6:15 a.m. Jellicoe received information from the Admiralty that one hour earlier the enemy had been 200 miles to his south east. However, the loss of the cruiser caused him to first head north for fear of endangering his other ships. No torpedo tracks or submarines had been seen, so it was unclear whether the cause had been a submarine or entering an unknown minefield. He did not resume a south-easterly course until 9:00 a.m. when William Goodenough, commanding the light cruisers, advised that the cause had been a submarine attack.{{sfn|Massie|2003|p=683}} Further information from the admiralty indicated that the battlecruisers would be within 40 miles of the main German fleet by 2:00 p.m. and Jellicoe increased to maximum speed. Weather conditions were good, and there was still plenty of time for a fleet engagement before dark.{{sfn|Roskill|1980|pp=197–198}} The German force had received reassurances about Jellicoe's position, when a zeppelin had spotted the Grand Fleet heading north away from Scheer, at the time it had been avoiding the possible minefield. Unfortunately for the British, the Zeppelin L 13 sighted the Harwich force approximately 75 miles east-north-east of Cromer, mistakenly identifying the cruisers as battleships. This was precisely the sort of target Scheer was seeking, so he changed course at 12:15 p.m. also to the south-east and away from the approaching British fleet. No further reports were received from zeppelins about the British fleet, but it was spotted by a U-boat just 65 miles north of Scheer. Scheer turned for home at 2:35 p.m. abandoning his potential target. By 4:00 p.m. Jellicoe had been advised that Scheer had abandoned the operation and so turned north himself.{{sfn|Massie|2003|p=683}} Other engagementsA second cruiser attached to the battlecruiser squadron, {{HMS|Falmouth|1910|6}}, was hit by two torpedoes from {{SMU|U-66||2}} at 4:52 p.m. and sank the following day while being towed to the Humber, on a bearing which took it along the Flamborough Head U-boat line.{{sfn|Corbett|2009|pp=31, 46}} The ship was hit by two torpedoes fired by {{SMU|U-63|Germany|2}} (commander: Otto Schultze) {{convert|7.5|nmi|mi km|abbr=on}} from Flamborough Head. By 5:45 p.m. the Harwich force had sighted German ships but was too far behind to attack before nightfall so abandoned the chase. The British submarine {{HMS|E23}} (Lieutenant-Commander R. R. Turner) managed to hit the German battleship {{SMS|Westfalen}} north of Terschelling at 5:05 a.m. on 19 August but the ship was able to return home.{{sfn|Marder|1978|pp=292, 295, 297}} AftermathOn 13 September, the British held a conference on Iron Duke to discuss recent events and to obtain a ruling from the Government about rules of engagement. It was decided that it was unsafe to conduct fleet operations south of latitude 55.5° North (approximately level with Horns reef and where the battle of Jutland had taken place). Jellicoe took the view that a destroyer shortage precluded operations further south but that it was feasible to operate west of Longitude 4° East should there be a good opportunity of engaging the German fleet in daylight. The fleet should not sail further south than the Dogger Bank until a complete destroyer screen was available except in exceptional circumstances such as the chance to engage the High Seas Fleet with a tactical advantage or to intercept a German invasion fleet.{{sfn|Marder|1978|p=303}} On 23 December, the Admiralty endorsed the conclusions of the meeting due to the effect of submarines and mines on surface ship operations.{{sfn|Roskill|1980|pp=198–199}}{{sfn|Marder|1978|pp=301–303}} Scheer was unimpressed by the efficiency of the Zeppelin reconnaissance. Only three Zeppelins had spotted anything and from seven reports four had been wrong.{{sfn|Massie|2003|pp=683–684}} This was the last occasion on which the German fleet travelled so far west into the North Sea. On 6 October, a decision was made in Germany to resume attacks against merchant vessels by submarine, which meant the submarine fleet was no longer available for combined attacks against surface vessels.{{sfn|Massie|2003|pp=683–684}} From 18–19 October, Scheer led a brief sortie into the North Sea and British intelligence gave warning; the Grand Fleet declined to prepare an ambush, staying in port with steam raised ready to sail. The German sortie was abandoned after a few hours when {{SMS|München||6}} was hit by a torpedo fired by {{HMS|E38||2}} (Lieutenant-Commander J. de B. Jessop) and it was feared other submarines might be in the area. Scheer suffered further difficulties when in November he sailed with Moltke and a division of dreadnoughts to rescue {{SMU|U-20|Germany|2}} and {{SMU|U-30|Germany|2}}, which had become stranded on the Danish coast. British submarine {{HMS|J1||2}} (Commander J. Laurence) managed to hit the battleships Grosser Kurfürst and {{SMS|Kronprinz||2}}. The failure of these operations reinforced the belief, created at Jutland, that the risks were too great to continue with such tactics because of the danger from submarines and mines.{{sfn|Bennett|2005|pp=227–228}} ReferencesCitationsBibliography{{refbegin}}
5 : Conflicts in 1916|Naval battles of World War I involving Germany|Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom|North Sea operations of World War I|August 1916 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。