| 词条 | Action of 28 January 1945 |
| 释义 |
|conflict = Action of 28 January 1945 |partof = the Second World War |image = HMS Diadem dock.jpg |image_size = 300px |alt=Black and white photo of a World War II-era warship. The ship is painted in camouflage and is armed with several gun turrets. |caption = HMS Diadem in 1944 |date = 27/28 January 1945 |place = Waters off Bergen, Norway |coordinates = |map_type = |latitude = |longitude = |map_size = |map_caption = |map_label = |territory = |result = Inconclusive |status = |combatant1 = {{flag|United Kingdom}} |combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} |commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton |commander2 = {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} H.F. von Wangenheim {{flagicon|Nazi Germany|naval}} Karl Hetz |units1 = |units2 = |strength1 = 2 light cruisers |strength2 = 3 destroyers Shore batteries |casualties1 = 1 killed, 3 wounded 2 light cruisers lightly damaged |casualties2 = 55 killed, 24 wounded 1 destroyer heavily damaged 1 destroyer lightly damaged |notes = }}{{Campaignbox Norwegian Campaigns (1941 - 1945)}} The Action of 28 January 1945 was an inconclusive naval battle of the Second World War fought between two British Royal Navy light cruisers and three Kriegsmarine (German navy) destroyers near Bergen, Norway. The battle was the last of many actions between British and German warships off Norway during the war and the second-to-last surface engagement to be fought by the Kriegsmarine. It resulted in heavy damage to one of the German destroyers and light damage to another destroyer and both British cruisers. Shortly after midnight on the night of 27/28 January, as the three destroyers of the German 4th Destroyer Flotilla were sailing from northern Norway to the Baltic Sea, they were intercepted by the British cruisers {{HMS|Diadem|84|6}} and {{HMS|Mauritius|80|2}}. The destroyers Z31 and Z34 were damaged by gunfire but the German flotilla outran the slower British ships and escaped. The German warships eventually reached the Baltic, though Z31 was delayed until repairs were completed in Norway. BackgroundThe Kriegsmarine{{'}}s 4th Destroyer Flotilla comprised the Narvik-class destroyers Z31, Z34, and Z38. By January 1945, these ships had been stationed in northern Norwegian waters for three and a half years, but had only occasionally put to sea during 1944. Due to Germany's deteriorating position, the flotilla was directed in January to leave Norwegian waters and return to the Baltic. The three destroyers departed Tromsø on the 25th of the month.[1][2] The Royal Navy's Home Fleet conducted a number of attacks on German shipping travelling off the coast of Norway during January 1945. These included successful attacks by motor torpedo boats on three escorted ships between 6 and 8 January and the interception of a convoy by the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Norfolk|78|6}} and light cruiser {{HMS|Bellona|63|6}} near Egersund on the night of 11/12 January.[3] On 27 January, the escort carriers {{HMS|Campania|D48|6}}, {{HMS|Nairana|D05|2}} and {{HMS|Premier|D23|2}} departed the Home Fleet's main base at Scapa Flow to conduct a raid against shipping near Vaago which was designated Operation Winded. The carriers were escorted by the heavy cruiser {{HMS|Berwick|65|6}} and six destroyers.[3][4] The British were alerted to the 4th Destroyer Flotilla's movement by Ultra signals intelligence.[1] The commander of the Home Fleet, Admiral Henry Moore, was informed that the destroyers had sailed on 27 January, shortly after the three carriers and their escort had put to sea. He believed that the German ships were likely to use a route between the coastal islands and the shore, as was common for the Kriegsmarine. If this route was used, it would be preferable for strike aircraft of No. 18 Group RAF to attack the destroyers as Norway's inshore waters were protected by naval mines and coastal batteries. Alternatively, the German ships could make a high-speed night passage outside of the coastal islands.[5] In case an offshore route was used, Moore ordered Vice Admiral Frederick Dalrymple-Hamilton, the commander of the 10th Cruiser Squadron, to sail with the cruisers Diadem and Mauritius and patrol off Bergen. The Home Fleet did not have any destroyers available to accompany Dalrymple-Hamilton's force, though Moore considered but decided against cancelling the carrier operation in order to make some of these ships available.[6] BattleContrary to British expectations, the commander of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla, Captain H.F. von Wangenheim, chose to take the faster route outside of the coastal islands.[1] On the evening of 27 January, the destroyers were spotted and attacked by British aircraft whilst west of Sognefjord, but continued their voyage.[8] Contact was made between the two naval forces at 00:48 am on 28 January. At this time, the 4th Destroyer Flotilla was proceeding south and was located about {{convert|15|mi|nmi km}} southwest of the Utvær lighthouse and {{convert|35|mi|nmi km}} northwest of Bergen. The sea was calm and visibility was excellent due to a full moon.[1] The British and German forces spotted each another simultaneously; at the time the cruisers were about {{convert|11|mi|nmi km}} west of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla.[9] Upon sighting the destroyers, the British ships fired star shells to illuminate the area and turned to the south on a course parallel to that of the German ships.[10] Z31 suffered extensive damage early in the battle. She was struck by seven {{convert|6|in|mm|abbr=on|0}} shells, which caused her to catch fire, damaged the hydrophone compartment and torpedo transmitting stations and destroyed her forward gun turret.[10] Z31{{'}}s speed was not affected, but casualties were heavy, with 55 sailors killed and another 24 wounded.[11] After Z31 was damaged, Commander Karl Hetz on board Z34 assumed command of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla. Z34 made two torpedo attacks on the British cruisers in an attempt to force them to change course, but this was not successful.[6][10] Z38 also tried to launch torpedoes, but had to break off this attack when her funnel caught fire and a boiler tube burst. Z34 suffered a hit on her waterline during this period.[10]After Z34 was damaged, Hetz decided to turn to the north and attempt to outrun the British cruisers. Z34 fired a third salvo of torpedoes as the flotilla made this turn, again without result, and the three ships laid smoke screens in an attempt to conceal their position. The two cruisers also turned north to chase the German ships.[10] This led to a running battle in which Mauritius sustained a hit on her mess deck that did not cause any casualties and Diadem was struck on her boat deck by a shell six minutes later that killed one man and wounded three.[8] The German destroyers were capable of making {{convert|38|kn}} while Diadem had a maximum speed of {{convert|32|kn}} and Mauritius {{convert|31|kn}}. As a result, the German vessels gradually pulled ahead and came under the protection of shore batteries at about 2:00 am.[10] The British ships broke off the pursuit and returned to Scapa Flow after these batteries fired on them.[6] AftermathEarly in the morning of 28 January, the 4th Destroyer Flotilla resumed its journey south and put into Bergen. Z31 entered one of the town's docks to be repaired while Z34 and Z38 departed on the evening of 28 January. The two ships were attacked from the air the next day, but did not suffer any damage and sheltered in a fjord south of Stavanger during daylight hours. They put to sea again on the evening of 29 January and eventually reached Kiel in Germany on 1 February.[6][12] At Bergen, Z31 received initial repairs, which included removing the wreckage of her forward turret.[2] She departed the town on 8 February bound for Horten. After arriving safely in this port she received further repairs and had her anti-aircraft armament upgraded. Her forward turret was not replaced, but a {{convert|4.1|in|mm|abbr=on}} gun was mounted instead; this was intended to be a temporary measure but remained in place for the remainder of her career.[10][13] After these repairs were completed, Z31 eventually reached Gotenhafen on 15 March.[2] The last German destroyer remaining in northern Norwegian waters, Z33, sailed for Germany on 5 February 1945 but ran aground while en route and suffered further damage in the Allied "Black Friday" air raid on the ninth of the month. Following repairs, she arrived at Swinemünde on 2 April.[14] Both the British and German navies were dissatisfied with the results of the battle on 28 January. The British were disappointed with the action's inconclusive result, and Admiral Moore regretted his decision to not cancel the escort carrier operation so that destroyers could be attached to the cruiser force.[6] However, historians have judged that the combination of excellent visibility on the night of 27/28 January and the superior speed of the German destroyers meant that the British had no ability to force a result.[6][11] In a post-war assessment, First Sea Lord Admiral Andrew Cunningham endorsed the tactics Dalrymple-Hamilton used during the engagement, but stated that the size of the British force was "inadequate".[15] The Kriegsmarine was also unsatisfied with the conduct of the battle, with German naval authorities believing that the destroyers should have taken shelter in coastal waters after they were sighted by Allied aircraft on the evening of 27 January.[6] The action of 28 January was the final battle between British and German warships in Norwegian waters during World War II.[16] It was also the second last surface action fought by the Kriegsmarine, with its final engagement taking place on 18 March 1945 when a force of two torpedo boats and a destroyer was defeated by two British destroyers in the Battle of the Ligurian Sea.[17] By this time, most of the Kriegsmarine{{'}}s remaining warships were stationed in the Baltic Sea where they supported German military operations and the evacuation of civilians until the end of the war in May.[18] References1. ^1 2 3 O'Hara (2004), p. 254 2. ^1 2 Koop (1995), p. 112 3. ^1 Roskill (1961), p. 253 4. ^Brown (2009), p. 31 5. ^Roskill (1961), pp. 253–254 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Roskill (1961), p. 254 7. ^O'Hara (2004), p. 249 8. ^1 Whitley (1991), p. 172 9. ^O'Hara (2004), pp. 254–255 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 O'Hara (2004), p. 255 11. ^1 O'Hara (2004), pp. 255–256 12. ^Rohwer (2005), p. 391 13. ^Koop (1995), pp. 112–113 14. ^Koop and Schmolke (1995), p. 114 15. ^Cunningham (2006), p. 260 16. ^Smith (1981), p. 233 17. ^O'Hara (2004), pp. 245–247, 275 18. ^O'Hara (2004), pp. 257–258 Bibliography
6 : Conflicts in 1945|1945 in Norway|Naval battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Naval battles of World War II involving Germany|January 1945 events|Germany–United Kingdom military relations |
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