| 词条 | Action off Lerwick |
| 释义 |
|conflict =Action off Lerwick |partof = World War I |image=File:Brummer-class cruiser.jpg |image size=300px |caption=One of the Brummer-class cruisers, probably on the way to Scapa Flow |date =17 October 1917 |place =off Lerwick (Shetland Islands), Scotland, North Sea, Atlantic Ocean |coordinates = {{Coord|60|09|18|N|01|08|42|E|display=INLINE,title}} |map_type = North Sea |map_size = 200 |map_marksize = 8 |map_caption = Location of the battle |map_label = Action off Lerwick |territory = |result =German victory |combatant1 ={{flag|United Kingdom|23px}} |combatant2 ={{flag|German Empire|23px}} |commander1 ={{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} Charles Fox {{KIA}} {{flagicon|United Kingdom|naval}} Edward Brooke |commander2 ={{flagicon|German Empire|naval}} Max Leonardi |units1 = |units2 = |units3 = |strength1 =2 destroyers 2 naval trawlers |strength2 =2 light cruisers |casualties1 =~300 killed or wounded 2 destroyers sunk |casualties2 =None |casualties3 = |notes =The British were escorting twelve merchant ships during the battle, nine were sunk. |campaignbox ={{Campaignbox North Sea 1914-1918}} }} The Action off Lerwick was a small naval battle of 1917 fought in the North Sea during the First World War. Two German light cruisers attacked a convoy of coal-carrying ships and their escort. In the course of the battle, the two escorting destroyers and nine neutral Scandinavian ships were sunk off Shetland, Scotland. BackgroundThe British regularly shipped coal across the North Sea from Norway in 1917; these convoys were lightly defended so the Kaiserliche Marine took advantage of the situation. At first, submarines were deployed to sink the merchantmen, but after these attacks failed the German Admiral Reinhard Scheer ordered an attack with surface combatants. U-boats informed Admiral Scheer that a fleet of nine Scandinavian, one Belgian and two British steamers laden with coal were headed west from Lerwick. The two light cruisers {{SMS|Brummer||2}} and {{SMS|Bremse||2}}—each armed with four {{convert|5.9|in|mm|abbr=on}} naval guns and two {{convert|3.5|in|mm|abbr=on}} anti-aircraft guns—were designated to ambush to convoy which was found on 17 October, {{convert|65|mi|nmi km|lk=on|abbr=on}} off Lerwick. They were adapted to appear as British vessels.[1] Over 600 officers and men made up the crews of the two warships.[2][3] Escorting the convoy was two British destroyers, {{HMS|Mary Rose|1915|2}} and {{HMS|Strongbow|1916|2}} with two naval trawlers, {{HMS|Elise||6}} and {{HMS|P. Fannon||2}}. The destroyers had complements of about 80 men and armament of three {{convert|4|in|mm|abbr=on}} guns, three 2-pounders and two {{convert|21|in|mm|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes. British Lieutenant Commander Charles Fox led the Allies convoy in his flagship Mary Rose, Lieutenant Commander Edward Brooke skippered Strongbow.[2][3] ActionAt about 06:00, lookouts on Strongbow spotted the two German light cruisers approaching their ship at a distance of over {{convert|4000|yd|m|abbr=on}} away. They were mistaken for British cruisers and signaled to identify themselves but no response was received. The Germans mistook the destroyers for cruisers themselves, and they began signaling the British to come out and fight. Eventually the range closed to within {{convert|3000|yd|m|abbr=on}} so the German ships opened fire with their 5.9-inch guns. Immediately after, the two destroyers turned for an attack and opened up with their 4-inch guns, followed by Elise while P. Fannon was ordered to continue west with the convoy. HMS Strongbow was struck first, shells damaged her main steam pipe and others knocked out her radio communications just as the radioman was attempting to raise the alarm.[2][3] After a few more minutes of firing, Strongbow was heavily damaged so the Germans turned their attention to Mary Rose and quickly sank her. The Germans then opened fire on Strongbow again and damaged her further while Elise was maneuvering to rescue Strongbow′s crew. Elise opened fire and her shots missed but she drew German fire which was now being concentrated on the merchant ships. Both of the light cruisers fired on Elise and forced her to flee out of range. The convoy was then attacked again and all nine of the Scandinavian vessels were sunk. All together, about 250 Allies and Scandinavians were killed, at least 50 others were wounded. Lieutenant Commander Fox was killed along with about 70 others from Mary Rose, only two officers and eight enlisted men survived. Strongbow lost half of her complement, four officers and 44 men were rescued, she sank hours later at around 09:30. German forces were accused of shelling survivors in the water but they later denied the accusation.[4][2][3] AftermathWhen the action was over the German ships returned to base without damage or loss of life.[1] Other British naval forces in the area did not receive news of the engagement until almost 16:00, so Brummer and Bremse could not be intercepted. The event was regarded as an outrage by the Allies who protested that the attack on neutral ships was illegal and that the Germans gave the crews of the merchant vessels no time to evacuate, thus resulting in a large loss of civilian lives. Both of the British destroyer commanders received credit for bravery though some members of the Admiralty felt that by leaving the convoy to engage a superior enemy force, they left the merchant steamers open to attack.[2][3] Order of battleRoyal Navy{{HMS|Mary Rose|1915|6}}, destroyer, flagship{{HMS|Strongbow|1916|6}}, destroyer {{HMS|Elise||6}}, naval trawler {{HMS|P. Fannon||6}}, naval trawler Kaiserliche Marine{{SMS|Bremse||6}}, light cruiser, flagship{{SMS|Brummer||6}}, light cruiser References1. ^1 Clemmessen, Michael H; Faulkner, Marcus S; (2013) [https://books.google.com/books?id=AdMCWWa_BlkC&dq=&source=gbs_navlinks_s Northern European Overture to War, 1939-1941: From Memel to Barbarossa] pp. 314 {{World War I}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Lerwick, Action Off}}2. ^1 2 3 4 http://www.gwpda.org/naval/maryrose.htm 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://www.hmsstrongbow.org.uk/sinking.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-12-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228051018/http://www.hmsstrongbow.org.uk/sinking.htm |archivedate=2011-02-28 |df= }} 4. ^http://www.navweaps.com/index_oob/OOB_WWI/OOB_WWI_Norwegian-Raid.htm 10 : North Sea operations of World War I|Naval battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom|Naval battles of World War I involving Germany|Conflicts in 1917|1917 in Scotland|Lerwick|History of Shetland|20th century in Shetland|Maritime incidents in Scotland|October 1917 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。