| 词条 | Admiralty scaffolding |
| 释义 |
Admiralty scaffolding, also known as Obstacle Z.1 or sometimes simply given as beach scaffolding[1] or anti-tank scaffolding,[2] was a British design of anti-tank and anti-boat obstacle made of tubular steel. It was widely deployed on beaches of southern England, eastern England and the south western peninsula during the invasion crisis of 1940-1941.[3][4] Scaffolding was also used, though more sparingly, inland.{{sfn|Foot|2006|p=11}} Of a number of similar designs, by far the most common was designated obstacle Z.1. This design comprised upright tubes {{convert|9|ft|m}} high and {{convert|4|ft|10|in|m|1}} apart, these were connected by up to four horizontal tubes. Each upright was braced by a pair of diagonal tubes, at about 45°, to the rear.[5] {{convert|20|ft|m|0|adj=on}} wide sections were preassembled and then carried to the sea to be placed in position at the half tide mark as an obstacle to boats.[5] However, trials found that a 250-ton barge at {{convert|5+1/2|kn|mph km/h}} or an 80-ton trawler at {{convert|7+1/2|kn|mph km/h}} would pass through the obstacle as if it were not there and a trawler easily pulled out one bay with an attached wire rope.[6] Tests in October 1940, confirmed that tanks could only break through with difficulty, as a result Z.1 was adopted as an anti-tank barrier for beaches thought suitable for landing tanks. As an anti-tank barrier it was placed at or just above the high water point[5] where it would be difficult for tanks to get enough momentum to break through the barrier. In some places, two sets of scaffolding were set up, one in the water against boats and one at high water against tanks.{{sfn|foot|2006|pp=130-137}} The problem of securing the barriers on sand was overcome by the development of the sword picket by Stewarts & Lloyds – this device was later known at the Admiralty as the Wallace Sword.[6]{{sfn|Wills|1985|p=42}} Barriers varying in length from a couple of hundred feet to three miles were constructed consuming 50% of Britain's production of scaffolding steel[5] at an estimated cost of £6,600 per mile[5] (equivalent to £{{Formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|6600|1940|r=-4}}}} today{{Inflation-fn|UK|df=y}}). Despite this, many miles of Admiralty scaffolding were erected using more than {{convert|15,000|mi|km|abbr=out}} of scaffolding tube.{{sfn|Wills|1985|p=42}} After the war, the scaffolding got in the way of swimmers.[7][8] Very soon, the scaffolding was removed for scrap and any remaining traces are now very rare, but are occasionally revealed by storms.[9][10][11][12]{{sfn|Ruddy|2004|p=25}} {{clear}}See also
ReferencesNotes1. ^{{cite web |url=http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=365&term_no=123408 |title=Beach Scaffolding |work=Online Thesaurus |publisher=English Heritage |accessdate=16 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172602/http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=365&term_no=123408 |archivedate=18 July 2011 }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=365&term_no=123388 |title=Anti-tank Scaffolding |work=Online Thesaurus |publisher=English Heritage |accessdate=16 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718172618/http://thesaurus.english-heritage.org.uk/thesaurus_term.asp?thes_no=365&term_no=123388 |archivedate=18 July 2011 }} 3. ^{{cite web | url = http://timescapes.spaces.live.com/?_c11_BlogPart_BlogPart=blogview&_c=BlogPart&partqs=cat%3DWW2%2520fortifications%2520in%2520the%2520landcape | title = The threat of invasion - June-September 1940 | accessdate = 2 August 2010}} 4. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.historic-cornwall.org.uk/flyingpast/fear.html#beach | format = | title = Fear of Invasion - Beach Defences | author = | work = Historic Cornwall | publisher = Cornwall Council - Historic Environment Service | accessdate = 4 August 2010}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 Beach Scaffolding Defence; Trial - WO 199/1618. The Catalogue, The National Archives 6. ^1 {{cite web |url = http://www.pillboxes-suffolk.co.uk/#/scaffolding/4537170173 |format = |title = Scaffolding |author = |work = Anti Invasion Defences of Suffolk |accessdate = 30 August 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120311004415/http://www.pillboxes-suffolk.co.uk/#/scaffolding/4537170173 |archive-date = 11 March 2012 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all}} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.walberswickww2.co.uk/beach-scaffolding/ | title = Beach Scaffolding Makes for Difficult Swimming on the Sussex Coast | author = Ann Broad | work = Walberswick Coastal Defences of World War II | accessdate = 4 August 2010}} 8. ^{{cite video | people = | year = 1944 | title = Removal Of Bathing Ban At Bournemouth | url = http://www.britishpathe.com/search/query/1885.02/search-field/film_id | minutes = | medium = | language = | trans_title = | publisher = British Pathe | location = | accessdate = 16 October 2016 | id = | isbn = | oclc = | quote = | ref =}} 9. ^{{cite web| url= http://s134542708.websitehome.co.uk/pillboxes/html/beach_scaffolding_0.html| title= Beach scaffolding - Lunan bay, Angus| work= pillboxesuk.co.uk| accessdate= 4 August 2010| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100717132135/http://s134542708.websitehome.co.uk/pillboxes/html/beach_scaffolding_0.html| archivedate= 17 July 2010| deadurl= yes| df= dmy-all}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://unlockingessex.essexcc.gov.uk/custom_pages/monument_detail.asp?kids=1&monument_id=1032674 |title=Beach Scaffolding, Pig's Bay to Wakering Stairs, Shoeburyness/Gt Wakering |work=Unlocking Essex's Past |publisher=Essex County Council |accessdate=5 August 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.btinternet.com/~palmiped/pillboxes/pillboxes.htm |title=WW2 Coastal Defences Salthouse, Kelling & Weybourne North Norfolk |author= |accessdate=24 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100815040101/http://www.btinternet.com/~palmiped/pillboxes/pillboxes.htm |archivedate=15 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 12. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.cyber-heritage.co.uk/treg2.jpg | title = Wartime Beach Defences are Revealed at Tregantle Beach, South East Cornwall in 1987/88 | author = | work = Cyber Heritage | accessdate = 23 March 2012 }} General references
| last = Foot | year = 2006 | first = William | title = Beaches, fields, streets, and hills ... the anti-invasion landscapes of England, 1940 | publisher = Council for British Archaeology | isbn = 1-902771-53-2 | ref = harv
| last = Ruddy | first = Austin | title = British Anti-Invasion Defences 1940–1945 | series = Official Handbook of the Pillbox Study Group | publisher = Historic Military Press | year = 2003 | isbn = 1-901313-20-4 | ref = harv }}
| last = Wills | year = 1985 | first = Henry | authorlink = Henry Wills (writer) | title = Pillboxes: A Study of UK Defences | publisher = Leo Cooper | isbn = 0-436-57360-1 | ref = harv Collections
| url = http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk | title = The National Archives | accessdate = 19 February 2007 | work = Repository of UK government records | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070217172920/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/| archivedate= 17 February 2007 | deadurl= no}} Further reading
|url = http://www.coastalkent.net/data/news/downloads/4%20Mark%20Harrison.pdf |title = Forgotten Frontline |author = Mark Harrison |format = pdf |accessdate = 27 September 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110723044024/http://www.coastalkent.net/data/news/downloads/4%20Mark%20Harrison.pdf |archive-date = 23 July 2011 |dead-url = yes |df = dmy-all }}{{Fortifications}} 3 : Anti-tank obstacles|Area denial weapons|United Kingdom home front during World War II |
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