| 词条 | Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday |
| 释义 |
The 50th birthday of Adolf Hitler on 20 April 1939 was celebrated as a national holiday throughout Nazi Germany and some other parts of the world. CelebrationsOn 18 April 1939, the government of Germany declared that their Führer Adolf Hitler's birthday (20 April) was to be a national holiday.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} Festivities took place in all municipalities throughout the country, as well as in the Free City of Danzig. The British historian Ian Kershaw comments that the events organised in Berlin by the Nazi minister of propaganda Joseph Goebbels were "an astonishing extravaganza of the Führer cult. The lavish outpourings of adulation and sycophancy surpassed those of any previous Führer Birthdays."{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} Festivities began in the afternoon on the day before his birthday, when Hitler rode in the lead car of a motorcade of fifty white limousines along architect Albert Speer's newly completed East-West Axis, the planned central boulevard for Welthauptstadt Germania, which was to be the new capital after the planned victory in World War II.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} Hitler, anticipating that Speer would give a speech, was amused when he evaded this by briefly announcing that the work should speak for itself.{{sfn|Speer|1970|p=148}} The next event was a torchlit procession of appointments from all over Germany, which Hitler reviewed from a balcony in the Reich Chancellery.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} Then, at midnight, Hitler's courtiers congratulated him and presented him with gifts, including, "Statues, bronze casts, Meissen porcelain, oil-paintings, tapestries, rare coins, antique weapons, and a mass of other presents, many of them kitsch. Hitler admired some, made fun of others, and ignored most."{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} Speer presented Hitler with a scale model of the gigantic triumphal arch planned for the rebuilding of Berlin,{{sfn|Speer|1970|p=286}} and Hitler's pilot, Hans Baur, gave him a model of the "Führer Machine", a four-engined Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor which was to go into service later that year as Hitler's official airplane.{{sfn|Sterling|2008|p=182}} Military paradeA key part of the birthday celebrations was the large demonstration of Nazi Germany's military capabilities. The display was intended in part as a warning to the Western powers.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} The parade, which lasted about five hours, included 12 companies of the Luftwaffe, 12 companies of the army, and 12 companies of the navy, as well as units of the Schutzstaffel (SS). In total, 40,000 to 50,000 German troops took part.{{sfn|Pittsburgh Press 1939}}{{sfn|Miami Daily News 1939}} 162 warplanes flew over Berlin.{{sfn|Miami Daily News 1939}} The grandstand comprised 20,000 official guests,{{sfn|Age 1939}} and the parade was watched by several hundred thousand spectators.{{sfn|Pittsburgh Press 1939}} Features of the parade were large long-range air-defence artillery guns, emphasis on motorized artillery, and development of air-defence units.{{sfn|San Jose Evening News 1941}} Joseph Goebbels, the event's organizer,{{sfn|Daily Mail 2009}} declared in a broadcast address to the German people: {{quote|The Reich stands in the shadow of the German sword. Trade and industry, and cultural and national life flourish under the guarantee of the military forces. The name of Herr Hitler is our political programme. Imagination and realism are harmoniously combined in the Führer.{{sfn|Age 1939}}}}Military leaders throughout the country gave addresses to their troops to celebrate the occasion. Some, such as Major General (later Generalfeldmarschall) Erich von Manstein, were especially effusive in their praise for their supreme commander.{{sfn|Stein|2007|p=58}} Official guests representing 23 countries took part in the celebrations. Papal envoy Cesare Orsenigo, the President of the Slovak State Jozef Tiso, the heads of the branches of Nazi Germany's armed forces, and mayors of German cities offered birthday congratulations at the chancellery.{{sfn|Pittsburgh Press 1939}}{{sfn|Miami Daily News 1939}} Hitler and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini exchanged telegrams assuring each other that the friendship between Germany and the Kingdom of Italy (both ruled by fascist regimes at the time) could not be disturbed by their enemies.{{sfn|Prescott Evening Courier 1939}} The ambassadors of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States were not present at the parade, having been withdrawn after Hitler's march into Czechoslovakia in 1938.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} The U.S. was represented at the troop review by chargé d'affaires Raymond H. Geist.{{sfn|Miami Daily News 1939}} U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt did not congratulate Hitler on his birthday, in accordance with his practice of not sending birthday greetings to anyone but ruling monarchs.{{sfn|Norwalk Hour 1939}} King George VI of the United Kingdom dispatched a message of congratulation to Hitler; but due to the strained relations between the two countries, his advisors had considered whether the King should ignore the birthday altogether.{{sfn|Pittsburgh Press 1939a}} There was no Polish representation at the parade.{{sfn|Kershaw|2000|pp=183–185}} CommemorationA luxury edition of Hitler's political manifesto and autobiography Mein Kampf published in 1939 in honor of his 50th birthday was known as the Jubiläumsausgabe ("Anniversary Issue"). It came in both dark blue and sharp red boards with a gold sword on the cover.{{sfn|Evening Independent 1939}} The German author and photographer Heinrich Hoffmann wrote a book about Hitler's 50th birthday, entitled Ein Volk ehrt seinen Führer ("A Nation Honors its Leader"). Composer {{ill|Hans Rehberg|de}} wrote a hymn for the occasion.{{sfn|Jerusalem Post 2003}} A film of the birthday celebration, Hitlers 50. Geburtstag ("Hitler's 50th Birthday"), is regarded as an important example of Nazi propaganda; it was subsequently shown to packed audiences at Youth Film Hours, which were held on Sundays.{{sfn|Hoffmann|1997|p=104}} Birthday giftsThe Free City of Danzig made Hitler an honorary citizen of the city as a birthday gift. Hitler received the citizenship papers from the hands of Albert Forster, the city's Nazi leader.{{sfn|Daily Mail 2009}} Political and military tension between Germany and Poland was heightened at the time, and Time Magazine reported the possibility of Danzig being returned to Germany.{{sfn|Time Magazine 1939}} Martin Bormann, Hitler's private secretary, had the Eagle's Nest constructed as the Nazi Party's birthday gift. Hitler, however, did not like the location, as he had a fear of heights.{{sfn|Tagesspiegel 1939}} Because of his indigestion, Hitler did not drink alcohol, so a Munich brewery created a special batch of low alcohol beer for his birthday. The brew became a regular order.{{sfn|Life Magazine 1939}} On the occasion of his birthday, families with small incomes received a birthday gift of 15 German Reichsmarks ({{Inflation|DE|15|1939|fmt=eq|cursign=€}}), plus 5 Reichsmarks for every dependent ({{Inflation|DE|5|1939|fmt=eq|cursign=€}}), an expenditure totalling 13 million Reichsmarks (equivalent to {{Inflation|DE|13|1939}} million {{Inflation-year|DE}} €).{{sfn|Daily Mail 2011}} See also{{Commons category|Hitler birthday commemorations}}
ReferencesSourcesPrinted
Online
| title = 1,500,000 Watch Parade As Nazis Celebrate | publisher = Pittsburgh Press | date = 20 April 1939 | url = https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cHEbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3692,1666210 | accessdate = 12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Pittsburgh Press 1939}}
| title = Adolf Hitler | publisher=Life | date=25 September 1939 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUEEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Life Magazine 1939}}
| title = Foreign News: Birthday Present? | publisher=Time | date=24 April 1939 | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,883169,00.html | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Time Magazine 1939}}
| title = George VI Sends Hitler Congratulatory Message | publisher=Pittsburgh Press | date=20 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1144&dat=19390420&id=cHEbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=NEwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3334,1667158 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Pittsburgh Press 1939a}}
| title = Hitler's Commemorative Timepiece: Rare Limited Edition Watch Created For Dictator's 47th Birthday Is Discovered By Polish Customs Officials | publisher=Daily Mail | date=7 March 2011 | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1363841/Hitlers-commemorative-timepiece-Rare-limited-edition-watch-created-dictators-47th-birthday-discovered-Polish-customs-officials.html | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Daily Mail 2011}}
| title = Hitler, Duce Repledge Aid | publisher=The Prescott Evening Courier | date=21 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vPIKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yU8DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5232,4933322 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Prescott Evening Courier 1939}}
| title = Hitler Holds Great Display of Militarism | publisher=San Jose Evening News | date=20 April 1941 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=TKExAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HqsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=694,1839003 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|San Jose Evening News 1941}}
| title = Hitler Proudly Parades Big Guns At Celebration | publisher=The Miami Daily News | date=20 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tQotAAAAIBAJ&sjid=99cFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5048,2737287 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Miami Daily News 1939}}
| title = How Hitler's 50th Birthday Party Sparked World War II | publisher=Daily Mail | date=17 April 2009 | url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1171630/How-Hitlers-50th-birthday-party-sparked-World-War-II.html | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Daily Mail 2009}}
| title = Luxury Edition of Mein Kampf Honors Hitler | publisher=Evening Independent | date=21 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=vpoLAAAAIBAJ&sjid=klQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3621,4606072 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Evening Independent 1939}}
| title = Nazi Play Revived | publisher = The Jerusalem Post | date = 18 November 2003 | url =https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/452484231.html?dids=452484231:452484231&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Nov+18,+2003 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jerusalem Post 2003}}
| title = Roosevelt Will Not Congratulate Hitler | publisher= The Norwalk Hour | date= 20 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Lp00AAAAIBAJ&sjid=ZW0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=3332,6625788 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Norwalk Hour 1939}}
| title = Wo Hitler Schwindlig Wurde [Where Hitler Was Dizzy] | publisher = Der Tagesspiegel | date = 21 October 1939 | language = German | url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/weltspiegel/kehlsteinhaus-wo-hitler-schwindelig-wurde/1584422.html | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Tagesspiegel 1939}}
| title = Worship of Hitler | publisher=The Age | date=21 April 1939 | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=py8TAAAAIBAJ&sjid=H5cDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5516,5854364 | accessdate =12 March 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Age 1939}} External links
9 : 1939 in Germany|1930s in Berlin|Adolf Hitler|Birthdays|Military parades in Germany|National holidays|Parades in Germany|April 1939 events|Regional anniversaries |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。