| 词条 | Aerial bomb |
| 释义 |
An aerial bomb is a type of explosive or incendiary weapon intended to travel through the air on a predictable trajectory, usually designed to be dropped from an aircraft. Aerial bombs include a vast range and complexity of designs, from unguided gravity bombs to guided bombs, hand tossed from a vehicle, to needing a large specially built delivery vehicle; or perhaps be the vehicle itself such as a glide bomb, instant detonation or delay-action bomb. The act is termed aerial bombing. As with other types of explosive weapons, aerial bombs are designed to kill and injure people and destroy materiel through the projection of blast and fragmentation outwards from the point of detonation. Early bombsThe first bombs delivered to their targets by air were launched on unmanned hot air balloons, carrying a single bomb, by the Austrians against Venice in 1849.[1] The first bombs dropped from a heavier-than-air aircraft were grenades or grenade-like devices. Historically, the first use was by Giulio Gavotti on 1 November 1911, during the Italo-Turkish War.[2] In 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgarian Air Force pilot Christo Toprakchiev suggested the use of aircraft to drop "bombs" (called grenades in the Bulgarian army at this time) on Turkish positions.{{cn|date=January 2018}} Captain Simeon Petrov developed the idea and created several prototypes by adapting different types of grenades and increasing their payload.[3] On 16 October 1912, observer Prodan Tarakchiev dropped two of those bombs on the Turkish railway station of Karağaç (near the besieged Edirne) from an Albatros F.2 aircraft piloted by Radul Milkov, for the first time in this campaign.[3][4][5][6] Technical descriptionAerial bombs typically use a contact fuze to detonate the bomb upon impact, or a delayed-action fuze initiated by impact. ReliabilityNot all bombs dropped detonate; failures are common. It was estimated that during the Second World War about 10% of German bombs failed to detonate, and that Allied bombs had a failure rate of 15% or 20%, especially if they hit soft soil and used a pistol-type detonating mechanism rather than fuzes.[7] A great many bombs were dropped during the war; thousands of unexploded bombs which may be able to detonate are discovered every year, particularly in Germany, and have to be defused or detonated in a controlled explosion, in some cases requiring evacuation of thousands of people beforehand. Old bombs occasionally detonate when disturbed, or when a faulty time fuze eventually functions, showing that precautions are still essential when dealing with them. See also
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References1. ^{{cite book|last=Millbrooke|first=Anne|title=Aviation History|publisher=Jeppesen|year=2006|pages=1–20|isbn=0-88487-235-1}} 2. ^{{cite book |last=Grant |first=R.G. |title=Flight - 100 Years of Aviation |pages=59 |publisher=Dorling-Kindersley Limited |year=2004 |isbn=9780751337327}} 3. ^1 Who was the first to use an aircraft as a bomber?{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (in Bulgarian; photographs of 1912 Bulgarian air-dropped bombs) 4. ^[https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/histechintel.htm A Brief History of Air Force Scientific and Technical Intelligence] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230215249/https://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/PopTopics/histechintel.htm |date=December 30, 2008 }} 5. ^{{cite web|title=The Balkan Wars: Scenes from the Front Lines|url=http://world.time.com/2012/10/08/the-balkan-wars-scenes-from-the-frontlines/photo/bulgarian-bomber/|website=TIME|date=8 October 2012|accessdate=28 July 2015}} 6. ^I.Borislavov, R.Kirilov: The Bulgarian Aircraft, Vol.I: From Bleriot to Messerschmitt. Litera Prima, Sofia, 1996 (in Bulgarian) 7. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/apr/23/allied-bombs-still-threaten-hamburg-ww2 |title='They haven't lost their potency': Allied bombs still threaten Hamburg |newspaper=The Guardian |date=23 April 2018 |author=Brian Melican |accessdate= 23 April 2018}} External links{{Commons category|Air-dropped bombs}} 3 : Aerial bombs|Aerial bombing|Explosive weapons |
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