| 释义 |
- Description
- Distribution
- References
- External links
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}{{Taxobox
| image = Afrolittorina knysnaensis 01.JPG
| image_caption = A shell of Afrolittorina knisnaensis
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Mollusca
| classis = Gastropoda
| unranked_superfamilia= clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Littorinimorpha
| superfamilia = Littorinoidea
| familia = Littorinidae
| subfamilia =
| genus = Afrolittorina
| subgenus =
| species = A. knysnaensis
| binomial = Afrolittorina knysnaensis
| binomial_authority = (Philippi, 1847)
| synonyms_ref = [1]
| synonyms =- Afrolittorina africana tryphena Bartsch, 1915
- Litorina africana tryphena Bartsch, 1915
- Litorina knysnaensis Krauss in Philippi, 1847
- Littorina africana pica Turton, 1932
- Littorina indistincta Turton, 1932
- Littorina knysnaensis Philippi, 1847
- Littorina kowiensis Turton, 1932
- Littorina picea Reeve, 1857
- Littorina rietensis Turton, 1932
- Nodilittorina indistincta Turton, 1932
- Nodilittorina knysnaensis (Krauss in Philippi, 1847)
- Nodilittorina kowiensis Turton, 1932
- Nodilittorina picea Reeve, 1857
- Nodilittorina rietensis Turton, 1932
}}Afrolittorina knysnaensis, common name the southern periwinkle, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Littorinidae, the winkles or periwinkles.[1] Description The size of the shell varies between 9 mm and 15 mm. Its color varies from brown with a pattern of dots with a dark ring around its every whorl, to pure black. The smooth shell has a conical shape with a short spire. The aperture is subcircular and has a transparent, horny operculum. Distribution This marine species occurs off Namibia to Southern KwaZuluNatal; in the Indian Ocean off Réunion References 1. ^1 {{WRMS species|446837|Afrolittorina knysnaensis (Philippi, 1847) || |Reid, David G. (2010). Afrolittorina knysnaensis (Philippi, 1847). In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=446837 on 6 June 2010}}
- Paul Bartsch (1915), Report on the Turton Collection of South African Marine Mollusks, with Additional Notes on other South African Shells Contained in the United States National Museum; Smithsonian Institution, United States National Museum, bulletin 91.
- Kilburn, R.N. & Rippey, E. (1982) Sea Shells of Southern Africa. Macmillan South Africa, Johannesburg, xi + 249 pp. page(s): 50
- Steyn, D.G. & Lussi, M. (1998) Marine Shells of South Africa. An Illustrated Collector’s Guide to Beached Shells. Ekogilde Publishers, Hartebeespoort, South Africa, ii + 264 pp. page(s): 32
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=W_2QB8ftLgcC&pg=PA148 George M. Branch,C. l. Griffiths,M. L. Branch,L. E. Beckley, Two Oceans: A Guide to the Marine Life of Southern Africa]
- Reid, D.G. & Williams, S.T. (2004) The subfamily Littorininae (Gastropoda: Littorinidae) in the temperate Southern Hemisphere: the genera Nodilittorina, Austrolittorina and Afrolittorina. Records of the Australian Museum 56: 75122
External links - {{Gastropods.com|key=0|id=16650|title=Afrolittorina knysnaensis|access-date=15 January 2019}}
- Animal Base : Afrolittorina knysnaensis
- Ispot.org: Afrolittorina knysnaensis
- Worldwide Molluscan Species Data Base: Afrolittorina knysnaensis
{{Taxonbar|from=Q4690292}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Afrolittorina Knysnaensis}} 2 : Afrolittorina|Gastropods described in 1847 |