| 词条 | Glossary of rail transport terms |
| 释义 |
Rail terminology is a form of technical terminology. The difference between the American term railroad and the international term railway (used by the International Union of Railways and English-speaking countries outside the United States) is the most significant difference in rail terminology. There are also others, due to the parallel development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world. Various global terms are presented here; where a term has multiple names, this is indicated. The abbreviation "UIC" refers to standard terms adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus.[1] {{Compact ToC|side=yes|num=yes|q=|x=}}0–9{{For|4-4-0, 2-6-4T, 0-4-4-0, etc.|Whyte notation}}A
The most common type of railway, where power is applied by driving some or all of the wheels of the locomotive[2]
The weight on the driving wheels of a locomotive, which determines the frictional grip between wheels and rail, and hence the drawbar pull a locomotive can exert[3]
A power braking system with compressed air as the operating medium[4]
Similar to the dead man's switch other than it does not require the operator's constant interaction. Instead, an alarm is sounded at a preset interval in which the operator must respond by pressing a button to reset the alarm and timer if no other controls are operated. If the operator does not respond within a preset time, the prime mover is automatically throttled back to idle and the brakes are automatically applied.[5]
The adhesion available during traction mode with 99% reliability in all weather conditions[6]
An electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current[7]
The second largest builder of steam locomotives in the United States[8][9]
A steam locomotive with a 4-4-0 wheel arrangement[10]
A valve affixed to each end of a piece of rolling stock that, when opened, admits compressed air to the brake pipe (or vents it to the atmosphere if air hose is detached)[11]
A steam locomotive with one or more engine units that can move relative to the main frame[8][12]
The sharing of one truck by adjacent ends of two rail vehicles
An alternating current electric motor whose speed varies with load and has no fixed relation to the frequency of the supply
A steam locomotive with a 4-4-2 wheel arrangement[13][14][15]
A system that consists of a series of signals that divide a railway line into a series of blocks and then functions to control the movement of trains between them through automatic signals
A system that applies an emergency brake if the driver does not react to certain signals or speed restrictions[16]
An operational safety enhancement device used to help automate operations of trains
A system that enforces obedience to signals and speed restrictions by speed supervision, including automatic stop at signals[17]
A branch-line train consisting of a steam locomotive and passenger carriages that can be driven from either end by means of rodding to the regulator and an additional vacuum brake valve. The fireman remains with the locomotive and, when the driver is at the other end, the fireman controls the cut off and vacuum ejectors in addition to his usual duties. See also: Push-pull train.
The housing that holds the axle bearings on a rail vehicle[18] The housing that attaches to the end of the axle to the bogie and contains the bearing on which the axle rotates[19] See also journal box below. B
The cab-side rear panel of a steam locomotive boiler through which the firebox is accessed.[20]
A tag or note applied to a defective piece of equipment. Generally, equipment tagged as bad order must not be used until repaired, inspected, and approved for use.[21][22]
To release the locomotive brakes while the train brakes are applied, to permit smoother handling and prevent excessive slack, wheel slide and flat wheels[23]
The reciprocation and revolving masses of any steam, diesel or electric locomotive need balancing, if it is to work smoothly. Revolving masses can easily be balanced by counterweights, but the balancing of reciprocating parts is a matter of compromise and judgement.
A transponder that is used as a intermittent data point in an automatic train protection (ATP) system or as reference point for train location in radio-based train control[17]
Aggregate stone, gravel, or cinders forming the track bed on which sleepers (ties) and track are laid to ensure stability and proper drainage[21][24]
See Tamping machine.
A looped length of track, usually at the end of a spur or branch, which trains use to turn around for the return trip without reversing or shunting. Can be used as part of a freight installation to allow the loading or unloading of bulk materials without the need to stop the train (see merry-go-round train (MGR)).{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}
A platform and track arrangement where the train pulls into a siding, or dead-end, when serving the platform
A one-of-a-kind switcher locomotive (also referred to as the SWBLW) built by the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway in 1970
A widening of an underground rail tunnel, in preparation for future connection or expansion of service. Used particularly in subway nomenclature.[25][26]
A steam locomotive with a 2-8-4 wheel arrangement[27][28][29]
A part of a steam locomotive that discharges exhaust steam from the cylinders into the smokebox beneath the chimney to increase draught through the fire
A section of track in a fixed block system that a train may only enter when it is not occupied by other vehicles[30]
A locomotive with a four-wheel per truck configuration, each individually powered, as opposed to a six-wheel "Co-Co" configuration{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}}
A cylindrical container adjacent to the firebox in which steam is produced to drive a steam locomotive[31]
A transverse floating beam member of a truck suspension system supporting the weight of a vehicle body[32]
A pivoted road barrier at a level crossing
An extra set of cylinders that can be engaged on a steam locomotive to drive a trailing truck or tender truck to give additional tractive effort at starting and low speeds[21][33]
A small hut at one end of a railway wagon to protect the brakeman from the elements
The main air pipe of a train's air brake system[34]
A secondary railway line that splits off from a main line[21]
A brick or concrete baffle provided at the front of a locomotive firebox below the tubes to extend the flame path. Early locomotives burned coke; provision of a brick arch was necessary before coal could be used without producing excessive smoke.
A type of platform trolley found on stations all over the UK rail network from the late 1960s to the early 1980s
Track where the rails are spaced farther apart than standard gauge, or {{Track gauge|sg}}[21]
A nickname for a British Rail Class 121 railcar[35]
A side-operated version of the top- or bottom-operated Janney coupler[36]
A device that cushions the ends of rail vehicles against each other
The barrier installed at the end of a dead-end track to prevent rail vehicles from proceeding further
The nameplate fitted by their manufacturer to locomotives and items of rolling stock
An open-top flatcar with a wall at each end
The housing for signals and communications computers that control switches, crossings, and other such controls, relaying information to and from the rail traffic control (RTC)[37]
A portmanteau of the words "bus" and "substitution", the practice of replacing a train service with one provided by buses, whether as a temporary or a permanent measure C
The control room of a locomotive housing the engine crew and their control consoles[38][39]
A steam locomotive with its cab at the leading end of the boiler, rather than the usual trailing end adjacent to the tender. The best known example is the Southern Pacific Railroad's AC type, built to handle drag freights through the SP's many tunnels and snow sheds without the danger of the exhaust asphyxiating the engine crew.
A locomotive without a cab. Commonly referred to as a B unit or a Slug, although not all Slugs are cabless.
A railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions. Largely obsolete, having been replaced by the electronic end-of-train device (ETD), or flashing rear-end device (FRED).[40]
The angle of an individual rail relative to vertical (e.g., around curves)
A locomotive that derives structural strength from a bridge-truss design framework in the sides and roof, which cover the full width of the locomotive
The overhead wire system used to send electricity to an electric locomotive or multiple unit, tram or light rail vehicle[40]
A bulkhead flatcar with a braced beam bisecting its length, used to transport lumber products
A steam locomotive with a 4-6-6-4 wheel arrangement[41][42][43][44]
A heavier duty locomotive with six wheels per bogie (all axles being separately driven) configuration as opposed to a four-wheel "Bo-Bo" configuration. The correct classification is Co'Co', but Co-Co is used more often.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}}
A steam-operated device in the tender intended to push coal forward to a point where it can be shovelled directly into the fire[45]
A signal in which the colour of the light determines the signal meaning
A signal that uses both colour and light position to indicate meaning
A handle or lever that controls both the throttle and dynamic braking on the locomotive: on a desktop-type control stand, forward (away from operator) past center operates the dynamic brake, backward (toward operator) past center, is throttle up[46][47][48]
A steam locomotive passing steam through two sets of cylinders. One set uses high pressure steam, then passes the low pressure exhausted steam to the second.[49]
Capability of the system to allow users to select, from pre-programmed functions (modular software units), those functions necessary to accomplish a control strategy or other complex function, without the use of computer language[50]
Single vehicle or a group of vehicles that are not separated during normal operation[51]
A steam locomotive with a 2-8-0 wheel arrangement[52][53]
The loading of a shipping container onto a simple flat car[40]
A form of track made from rails welded together by with a thermite reaction or flash butt welding to form one continuous rail that may be several kilometres long[40]
A passenger coach with a full set of train controls at one end, allowing for the use of push-pull train operation[54]
The microprocessor based control and fault diagnostic system has been developed for conventional electric locomotives including locos provided with static converter. It performs logical control of the locomotive by continuously monitoring various digital/ analog inputs and checks for any abnormality in the operation.[55]
Effective length of piece of rolling stock
Rods between crank pins on the wheels, transferring power from a driving axle to a driven axle of a locomotive[56]
A type of rolling stock with a flat bottom enclosed on all sides and top, which is loaded and unloaded from sliding doors on each side[21][57]
A diesel locomotive with a crew cab permanently coupled to and acting as a controller for a similar slave diesel locomotive without a crew cab, primarily used for switching or shunting duties for large groups of rolling stock. Also known as master and slave.
A pin protruding from a wheel into a main or coupling rod
In a steam locomotive, the moving member of a sliding guide that absorbs upward and downward forces from the connecting (main) rod, which otherwise would tend to bend the piston rod[58]
To uncouple one or more cars from a train (i.e. to "make a cut")[59] Same as "cutting"[59]
A manual lever that releases the pin of an automatic coupler when pulled to separate cars or locomotives[60][61]
A variable device on steam locomotives that closes the steam valve to the steam cylinder before the end of the piston stroke, thus conserving steam while letting steam in the cylinder expand under its own energy. See also: Reverser handle.
A channel dug through a hillside to enable rail track to maintain a shallow gradient. See also embankment.
Making repeated service brake reductions in short succession to maintain a constant speed on short but steep grades. Each reduction must be at least 5 PSI lower than the previous one to keep the brakes applying regularly, but excessive cycle braking can deplete the air supply and require an emergency application.[62]
A cavity in a reciprocating engine in which a piston travels
On steam locomotives, crews use this appurtenance to drain water from the steam cylinders when the throttle is open, thus preventing damage to the pistons, running gear, and cylinder heads[63] D
A block signal that is displaying no discernible aspect, often due to burned out lamps or local power failure. Most railroads require that a dark signal be treated as displaying its most restrictive aspect (e.g. stop and stay for an absolute signal).[64]
A section of track without block signals[65]
A safety mechanism on a train controller that automatically applies the brake if the driver releases the handle. It is intended to stop a train if the driver is incapacitated. In some forms, this device may be pedal-actuated. See also Dead-man's vigilance device.
A steam locomotive with a 2-10-0 wheel arrangement[66][67][68]
A track side device used to detect various defects such as hotboxes (overheated axle bearings), dragging equipment, leaning cars, overloaded cars, overheight cars, seized (locked) wheels, etc.[80]
Operation resulting from an unplanned event that prevents the normal delivery of train services[69]
A monetary charge levied by a railroad to a customer for excessive delay in loading or unloading cars
A safety device that derails vehicles that pass it, typically to prevent rolling stock from accidentally entering the mainline from a siding[70]
A small explosive charge placed on the running rail, which detonates loudly when run over to warn drivers in following trains of an incident ahead. Known as a torpedo in the United States.
Track that lets a rail line cross another at grade[70]
A set of diesel-powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets. Such units, especially those consisting of a single vehicle, are sometimes termed railcars.
A system in which train dispatchers communicate directly with train crews via radio to authorize track occupancy in predefined blocks[70]
A practice employed to move large trains through the mountains. Consists of the locomotives on the head end, a "swing" (mid-train) helper or two, and pusher locomotive(s) on the rear; today, all units are remotely controlled by the engineer in the lead unit. The power distribution alleviates stress on the couplers and relieves the lead units of the full weight of the train, making it easier to move on grades.
A pair of lights, usually found on modern locomotives, located some distance below and outboard of the main headlight. They may also flash alternately when a locomotive sounds its horn[71]
The trackage area under the jurisdiction of a railway superintendent[72]
A spike with a slightly altered head shape for easier extraction when the spike has become too loose in the sleeper[73][74]
A self-powered gasoline-electric passenger car used for small capacity rural commuter service.[70] Also a British Rail Class 153 DMU.
If a train has insufficient power to climb a grade and no helpers are available, the crew splits the train into two sections and runs them separately to the top.[75]
A configuration in which two locomotives are coupled head-to-tail so they can haul a heavy train up a long or steep hill. Currently, double heading (and occasionally triple heading) are used primarily by large passenger trains or as a show for railfans.
A long, heavy freight train moving at low speed
See Defect detector.[70]
The part of a coupler that attaches to the frame of the car or locomotive; may be equipped with a pneumatic cushion depending on a freight car's design cargo (e.g. an autorack). Alternately, the pinned double bars coupling a steam locomotive to its tender.
The operator of a locomotive[76]
Operation of a train by the engineer or driver only.[77] Also known as one person train operation (OPTO)
A wheel in contact with the rail that also propels a locomotive
A signal light that is considerably smaller and closer to the ground than a high-mast signal; often absolute, and placed within interlocking limits, its aspects tend to differ from those conveyed by a taller signal for certain indications. Also called 'pot' or 'jack'.
The time a train spends at a scheduled stop without moving. Typically, this time is spent boarding or deboarding passengers, but it may also be spent waiting for traffic ahead to clear, or idling time in order to get back on schedule.[78]
The use of a traction motors' output, working as generators, to retard train speed without relying solely on the air brakes E
A component of vacuum brake system usually fitted in pairs. Steam passing through a cone sucks air from the train pipe to create the vacuum. A small ejector running continuously to overcome leaks and to restore the vacuum after light braking and a large ejector operated when needed to release the brakes quickly after a heavy application or to create the initial vacuum after coupling
A set of electrically powered self-propelling passenger rail vehicles able to operate in multiple with other such sets
The world's second largest builder of railroad locomotives. EMD was previously Electro-Motive Division of General Motors before being sold.
A railway built on supports over city streets
A bank, usually of earth but sometimes of stone, constructed to form a level or minimally graded trackbed for a line of railway needing to pass over a depression in the terrain or other pre-existing surface feature. See also cutting.
A train used to bring carriages into (or out of) service. They usually run between sidings and main stations, with the carriages then forming a service train to another destination. They are often worked under freight train rules (e.g. without needing a guard in the UK).[79]
A device accessible under certain conditions that permits the operation of an apparatus in case of failure[80]
A switching locomotive with no short hood, thus having its cab forming one end of its car body
A small air reservoir in a locomotive control stand. When the automatic brake valve is operated, this reservoir responds by reducing or increasing the air pressure in the brake pipe.[81]
A device that continuously captures analog and digital train systems information and stores that data for a minimum of 48 hours. This data is used to evaluate incidents and accidents. Typical stored data includes speed, brake pressure, dynamic brake, horn activation, track signal, etc. In the U.S., event recorders are mandated by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) for freight, passenger and commuter rail. Regulations for railroad outside the U.S. vary by country. Transit operations are not generally required to have event recorders, but have begun to add them voluntarily.
A train that passes selected stations without stopping{{Citation needed|date=September 2017}}
A train not included in the normal schedule of a railroad.[82][83][84] They often run during busy holiday travel periods in order to handle larger crowds and reduce the number of passengers waiting or stranded at a station. In train order territory, extras are required to clear the main line for scheduled trains to pass.[85] F
A turnout that can select which way to diverge a train—the opposite of trailing
A type of articulated locomotive, typically (but not exclusively) with two boilers and connected fireboxes in a central cab
A heavy, hinged steel plate attached in a horizontal position to the rear of the locomotive footplate or front of a locomotive tender. When the tender is attached to its locomotive the plate is allowed to fall to cover the gap in the "floor" between the two units. The sliding edge is not fixed and has a smooth chamfer so as to avoid a trip hazard.[86]
A defunct railroad.
A device to preheat the water for a steam locomotive to improve efficiency
A valve that controls the amount of air pressure channelled from the locomotive's main reservoir to the brake pipe, in accordance with the set pressure in the equalizing reservoir[87]
In railway modelling, a concealed group of sidings used to provide more realistic operation in a limited space
In steam locomotives, a chamber in which a fire produces sufficient heat to create steam once the hot gases created there are carried into the adjacent boiler via tubes or flues[88]
A worker whose primary job is to shovel coal into the firebox and ensure that the boiler maintains sufficient steam pressure
A wheel defect where the tread of a wheel has a flat spot and is no longer round; flats can be heard as regular clicking or banging noises when the wheel passes by. This is caused either by a locked bearing, or a brake that was not fully released before the car was moved, dragging the wheel without turning.[89]
A railway junction that has a track configuration in which merging or crossing railroad lines provide track connections with each other without requiring trains to cross in front of opposing traffic on the same level[89]
A point of a switch turnout where a car or locomotive on one track obstructs movements on the adjacent track[90]
A type of boom barrier
A type of modular layout in model railroading
A rail vehicle designed for the carriage of freight
The maximum air pressure that can be exerted against brake pistons in a normal brake application. To increase pressure beyond this point, the brakes must be placed in emergency.[91]
A pyrotechnic device similar to an automotive flare that is used in signalling[89]
A threaded plug, with a soft metal core, that is screwed into the crown plate of a firebox. If the water level gets too low the core melts and the noise of the escaping steam warns the enginemen. G
A type of steam locomotive that is articulated into three parts[92]
The width between the inner faces of the rails
Any of the GP ("general-purpose") series of Electro-Motive four-axle diesel locomotives; originally applied only to EMD GP7, GP9, and GP18 models[93]
The control switch of a diesel-electric locomotive that opens or closes the circuit between the main generator and the traction motors[94]
To break a train in two, usually by shearing the knuckle pin in a coupler, often caused by the application of excessive head end power at startup[95][96]
A nickname for General Electric's Evolution series of modern diesel locomotives[97][98]
A quick coupling and uncoupling connector at the end of a trainline air hose that resembles a pair of shaking hands when hoses are connected
A hand-powered railroad car (see Handcar and Draisine), or a small gasoline powered railroad car[99][100]
A handle on the side of a car to allow switching personnel to hold on[101] H
The condition of locomotives and cars swaying in opposite directions when traversing depressions on the roadbed. A potentially dangerous condition that can cause coupler damage, lading damage, or derailments at slower speeds.[102][103] A scheme whereby the locomotive engine or a separate generator provides hotel power to carriages[104]
A sign attached to a locomotive to identify a named train or charter, or for other special occasions[105]
A transverse structural member located at the extreme end of a rail vehicle's underframe. The headstock supports the coupling at that end of the vehicle, and may also support buffers, in which case it may also be known as a "buffer beam".[106]
Heavy freight operations[107][108][109]
The upper rail in a curve or superelevation, which typically experiences higher lateral loads and greater wear
A passing siding. Inferior trains "lay over in the hole" to let superior ones pass.[110]
See absolute signal.
Plates lining the axlebox cut-outs in a locomotive frame to allow smooth vertical movement under control of the springs[111][112]
The action of shuttling a locomotive from the yard to the engine house or vice versa[113]
An axle bearing that has become excessively hot due to friction[104][114][115]
A device attached to the track that monitors passing trains for hot axles, and reports results via radio transmission (typical in the US) or a circuit to the signal box (typical in the UK). See defect detector.[104]
A steam locomotive with a 4-6-4 wheel arrangement[29][116]
A raised section in a rail sorting yard that allows operators to use gravity to move freight railcars into the proper position within the yard when making up trains of cars. This is faster and requires less effort than moving cars with a switching engine.[104]
Swaying motion of a railway vehicle or bogie caused by the coning action on which the directional stability of an adhesion railway depends. The truck or bogie wanders from side to side between the rails, "hunting" for the optimum location based on the forces at play.[104] I
The braking system that applies or releases the brakes of a locomotive independently from its train[117][118]
A train station built on an existing passenger line to address demand in a location between existing stations
A device to force water into a steam locomotive's boiler by steam pressure[119]
Rail joints incorporating insulation to isolate individual track circuits[120][121]
Any track or yard where rail cars are transferred from one carrier to another[122][123]
An arrangement of switches and signals interconnected in a way that each movement follows the other in a proper and safe sequence[124]
Moving goods by more than one type of vehicle, often achieved using shipping containers that are transferred among railroad flatcars, ships, airplanes, and tractor-trailer trucks[119]
Moving people by more than one type of vehicle[119]
Ability of a transport network to operate trains and infrastructures to provide, accept and use services so exchanged without any substantial change in functionality or performance[125]
A railway platform that has tracks along the full lengths of both sides J
A metal plate that joins the ends of rails in jointed track[126]
Track in which the rails are laid in lengths of around 20 m and bolted to each other end-to-end by means of fishplates or joint bars[127]
A bearing without rolling elements; a plain bearing[128]
The housing of a journal bearing.[128][129] See also Axlebox above.
A steam locomotive with a 4-4-4 wheel arrangement[130]
A point at which two lines or separate routes diverge from each other[127] K
A padlock or hook securing the lever of a hand-operated switch, thereby preventing the switch points from moving as rolling stock passes over them[131][132]
To shove a car a short distance and uncouple it in motion, allowing it to roll free under gravity and/or its own inertia onto a track. Commonly practiced in bowl or hump yards to make up or break down trains or classify large numbers of cars in an expedient fashion. Differs from a flying switch in that the locomotive is pushing the car rather than pulling it when the cut is made.[133]
A freight car with a defect in its brake valve that causes the entire train's brake system to go into emergency when any application is made[134]
The outline of the space beside and above the track that must be kept clear of obstructions for the train to pass. This can be larger than the static clearance around an unmoving engine or car.[135] See also: loading gauge and structure gauge
The articulating part of a coupler that locks automatically in its closed position to join rail cars; so named because its movement resembles that of the human finger[136] L
A non-main track from which several others branch within a short distance, such as within a rail yard or engine terminal[137]
A crossing on one level ("at-grade intersection")—without recourse to a bridge or tunnel—generally of a railway line by a road or path
A locomotive travelling on its own, or perhaps with just a caboose (brake van) attached[138]
A city-based rail system based on tram design standards that operates mostly in private rights-of-way separated from other traffic but sometimes, if necessary, mixed with other traffic in city streets.[139] Light rail vehicles (LRVs) generally have a top speed of around {{convert|55|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} though mostly operating at much lower speeds, more akin to road vehicles. Light rail vehicles usually run on trackage that weighs less per foot (due to a smaller track profile) than the tracks used for main-line freight trains; thus they are "light rail" due to the smaller rails usually used.[138]
An obsolete method of coupling rail cars, consisting of manually dropping the coupling pin into the drawbar as the cars joined. Extremely hazardous to the brakemen of its day, it was outlawed in the United States by the Railroad Safety Appliance Act of 1893.
A train that stops at most, if not all, stations along its route[140]
An off-white color of railway signal light, like the Moon, achieved by the use of a clear lens of very light blue, to make it distinct from a light that has a broken lens.[141][142] M
The electric generator in a diesel-electric locomotive that is coupled directly to the prime mover and feeds electrical energy to the traction motors[143]
The compressed-air tank of a locomotive containing source air for the brakes and other pneumatic appliances[144]
A type of articulated locomotive designed by the Swiss mechanical engineer Anatole Mallet (pronounced "mallay").[145][146] See Compound engine.
An express freight train carrying a variety of general merchandise[147][148]
A signal in which the aspect is conveyed by moving an arm[149][150]
A steam locomotive with a 2-8-2 wheel arrangement[151]
In the U.S., a milk trains ran from the countryside to cities making numerous stops at minor depots to picked up cans of fresh milk, making them a colloquial expression for a very slow train. In the U. K., an aggregator for transporting milk from farms to dairies, such as British Railways Milk Trains[152][153][154]
An inter-modal car
A steam locomotive with a 2-6-0 wheel arrangement[155]
A track that is still serviceable but no trains are running on them.[156][157]
A steam locomotive with a 4-8-2 wheel arrangement[158]
The bottom of the water space surrounding a steam locomotive's firebox that collects solid deposits distilled from the water supply during the boiling process[159]
A system of colour-light signalling in which signals may show three or four aspects[160]
A self-propelled rail vehicle that can be joined with compatible others and controlled from a single driving station. The sub-classes of this type of vehicle; Diesel Multiple Unit (DMU), Diesel-Electric Multiple Unit (DEMU) and Electric Multiple Unit (EMU) are more common terms. These may also be termed railcars. N
Railroad track where the rails are spaced less than {{Track gauge|sg}} apart,[161]
A steam locomotive with a 4-8-4 wheel arrangement, also known in North America as "Pocono", "Niagara", "Confederation", "Greenbrier", and "Potomac"[162][163]
The eighth notch of a locomotive throttle control, indicating full power[164][165] O
A form of freight hauling car for bulk goods[166]
When equipment is placed ahead of the fouling point of a switch turnout P
A steam locomotive with a 4-6-2 wheel arrangement[167]
A tank locomotive where the water tanks are mounted on the boiler in pannier-like fashion
An apparatus mounted on the roof of a rail vehicle to allow the collection of electric current from overhead lines[168][169]
As a reason for delays, written instructions conveyed to a train's engineer in which the train must proceed slower than its normal speed. These instructions are either handed to the crew or recited and read back over radio.[170]
Abbreviation for the former Pennsylvania Railroad[171]
A fee paid by a rail company to the owner of a car (or wagon) for the time it spends on the company's property[168][172] An authorized living expense payment for some workers forced away from their home terminal[168][173]
A block signal whose most restrictive indication is stop and proceed. A permissive signal is identified by the presence of a number plate affixed to the mast or supporting structure. Proceeding beyond a permissive signal at stop is allowed at restricted speed if operating conditions enable a train operator to stop before reaching any train or obstruction.[174][175][176]
A deflective shield affixed to the front of a locomotive to protect its wheels from on-track debris; archaically called a "cowcatcher"[177] See also: Pilot (locomotive) An employee qualified on the operating rules and physical characteristics of a certain section of the railroad, assisting a crew member who is not so qualified[178][179] See also: Railroad engineer
The leading locomotive during a double-heading operation[180] An unattached locomotive driven a specified distance in front of a special train[180][181][182]
Where it is necessary to temporarily work a section of line as single track (for instance if the other track of a double-track line is out of use), a person (the pilot man) acts as the single track token.
The moving component in the cylinder of a steam engine or internal combustion engine that translates into motion the force exerted by pressurised steam or quickly-burning fuel[183]
A specified distance that a brake piston may move from its cylinder to the brake rigging. If the travel exceeds or falls short of this distance, the equipment must be set out for repair.[184]
A two-wheel truck or bogie at the front of a locomotive[185]
The extended walkway at either end of a U.S. locomotive[186]
An employee who performs or performed (the role has now largely become obsolete) various physical duties, chiefly but not exclusively involving lifting. Various types of porter include:
The practice of coupling two or more passenger trains together over common sections of their respective routes, but otherwise operating the trains separately[187][188]
A block signal in which the relative position of the lights determines the meaning
A system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements with the aim of increasing operational safety
A period of time when one or more tracks are closed for maintenance. For the duration of the work, a person in charge of possession (PICOP) has control of the line. When work is complete the possession is relinquished and control of the line handed back to the signaller.[189]
The weight (and thus the cross section) of a length of rail. A heavier rail can carry heavier loads with less distortion and less damage to the rails themselves and the roadbed.
A locomotive or group of connected (MU'd) locomotives serving as the motive power for a train[168]
Pulling against the train brakes at the higher end of the locomotive's power output (e.g. notches five through eight on a conventional throttle). This is considered wasteful of fuel and brake shoes, and is therefore discouraged by most operating departments.[190][191]
A steam locomotive with a 2-6-2 wheel arrangement[192]
The internal combustion engine of a diesel locomotive
A rail broken from cold-related contraction[193][194]
A pole about {{convert|12|ft|cm|0}} long and having a diameter of {{convert|5|in|mm|0}} and used in the United States between 1870 and the mid-1960s to push a freight car onto or off a siding or onto another track by being placed between a locomotive (on an adjacent track) and the freight car. The two ends of the poles were placed in receptacles called push pole pockets.[195]
A configuration for locomotive-hauled trains, allowing them to be driven from either end of the train, whether having a locomotive at each end or not. See also: Auto train. See Top and tail for train with locomotives at both front and back.[168] R
A steep-grade railway with a toothed rack rail (usually between the running rails), used when adhesion is insufficient
A passenger rail vehicle (typically non-articulated or rigid frame) that derived from bus propulsion and construction technology, but may evolve into larger dimensions, performance, and characteristics similar in appearance to a light DMU railcar
A powered single unit or articulated passenger car, usually “railroad-derived” light DMU or EMU, with a driver's cab at one or both ends
A hobbyist or enthusiast of trains
A machine used to remove irregularities in the surface of the rails that may be self-powered or part of a consist
The cross section shape of rail. There are many rail profiles, often specific to individual railroads. Rails must be periodically scanned electronically, the data inspected and analysed, then re-profiled with rail grinding machines to maintain the safe and proper rail profile. Rails that cannot be brought back to the proper rail profile are condemned and replaced.
A screeching train-track friction sound, most commonly occurring on sharp curves or heavy braking[196]
A small petrol (gas) or diesel shunting (switcher) locomotive
Any railroad vehicle other than a locomotive
Artifacts of railways around the world
A railway route connecting two or more places or other railway routes[197] A railway route constructed by an organization, usually one formed for that purpose[197][198][199] A railway route that has an official name (notably bestowed by engineers line references in the UK)[200] A set of railway routes that are bundled for publicity purposes (e.g., a UK train operating company)[201][202]
A train station, a stopping point for trains, usually with passenger access
A building for passengers at the end of a railway line
A colour generally associated with stop, when shown by signals or flags
The area between, under, or within a few feet of cars and locomotives. To enter the zone, a ground employee must obtain protection from the locomotive engineer (if a locomotive is coupled) or a blue signal (if no locomotive is coupled).[203][204][205]
A refrigerated railcar, used to transport perishable goods[206]
A siding used as a passing place on a main line, where slow trains may be held whilst an express passes—a simpler, but less convenient, form of the passing loop
A two- to four-letter code, assigned by the Association of American Railroads, that is applied to equipment operating on North American railroads to identify the owner[207][208][209]
A metal casting slotted over the rail near the wheel of a derailed train car. The engine then pushes or pulls the car so that the derailed wheel runs up the rerailer and back onto the track.[210]
A device installed in a classification yard used to reduce the speed of freight cars as they are sorted into consists[211]
The handle that controls the directional control on a locomotive. See also Cut off.
Continuously welded rail[207]
A failure in a signalling or other safety critical system that leaves the system in a safe condition[212]
A highway trailer, or semi-trailer, that is specially equipped for direct use on a railroad
In UK parlance, any railway vehicle that is not capable of moving under its own power[213] In US parlance, any railroad car or locomotive[207][214][215]
See Trainee.
Short for rotary snowplow, an extreme-duty railroad snowplow used mainly in the mountain ranges of the American West[216]
A circular or semi-circular structure used for storage and running maintenance of locomotives
A box or panel adjacent to a rail line at an interlocking, with several buttons for train operators to select a desired route, which is then either communicated to a signal tower where an operator fulfills the request, or switched automatically[217][218]
The longest or steepest grade on a division, thus setting the standard for track speeds, locomotive tonnage ratings, and train handling instructions[219]
The action verb for the train's movement. The train runs across the track.
A heavy train that has lost speed control while descending a steep grade, due to either brake failure or poor preparation by the crew[220]
An other-than-main track, typically providing access to a yard or industry and governed by the requirements of restricted speed[221]
The practice of detaching a locomotive from its train, driving it to the other end of the train and re-attaching it, to allow the train to proceed in the direction it has just come from (e.g. when it reaches its destination and forms a service in the other direction).[207][222]
Locomotives that remain attached to a manifest or unit train from their home rails over the tracks of a receiving railroad until the train reaches its final destination[223] S
A tank locomotive with the water tank mounted on top of the boiler like a saddle[224]
An area within the network of an operator where evacuation of passengers can be performed, depending on current operational conditions, with a minimum of risk to the passengers (e.g. stations, refuges on the line)[225]{{Page needed|date=March 2018}}
The system of rules and equipment designed to ensure the safe operation of trains[226]
A container on locomotives and self-propelled multiple units, or trams, that run on tramways and adhesion railways. The container holds sand, which a crew can drop onto the rail to improve rail adhesion under wet, steep, or slippery rail conditions. The sandbox and operating mechanism are collectively known as sanding gear.
Consists of a mixture of sand, aluminium, and a unique type of adhesive, used instead of plain sand for extreme slippery rail conditions
A steam locomotive with a 2-10-2 wheel arrangement, named for the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway—the first railroad to use such a configuration[227][228]
A steam locomotive not equipped with a superheater; the steam thus remains at the same temperature as the water in the boiler[229]
Solid debris distilled from boiling water in a steam locomotive. To prevent corrosion damage from scale build-up, the locomotive must undergo a boiler wash once each operating month.[230]
A specialized type of freight car for extra heavy and over sized loads where the car is loaded in such a way that the load forms part of the car superstructure[231]
A signal with a single light source usually capable of displaying three different colors. An internal mechanism governs the color displayed.[224]
A portion of a train that may be operated independently or combined with other sections to operate as a single unit[232][233] A portion of railway line designated for signalling or maintenance[234][235] An interior portion of a sleeping car made up of two double seats during daytime that convert to two double berths during nighttime[236]
A type of signal that has a moving arm to change the indication
A type of geared steam locomotive built to the patents of Ephraim Shay[224]
In UK and Australian parlance, to make up and divide trains in sidings, to move trains to or from sidings, or to move trains between platforms in a station[237]
A train, usually a passenger service, that runs back and forth, usually over a relatively short distance, such as between a junction station and a branch-line terminus.
A tank locomotive with water tanks mounted each side of the boiler
A section of track off the main line. Sidings are often used for storing rolling stock or freight. A siding is also used as a form of rail access for warehouses and other businesses, where the siding often meets up with loading docks at rail car height. In the U.S. the term also covers the British term loop. Also, a passing track in the U.S.
A device that indicates the condition of the line ahead to the driver of a train
A building or room that houses signal levers (usually in a frame), a control panel or a VDU-based control system
An event in which a train passes a signal to stop without authorization to do so[238]
A person in charge of the signalling at a station or junction, often in a signal box
The condition of fallen leaves or other debris lying on and clinging to a railroad track that could cause train wheel slippage, resulting in premature wheel wear and train delays
A local speed restriction below the track's normal speed limit often designated by yellow and green flags. Slow orders can be imposed on a temporary basis to protect, for example, maintenance of way employees while sections of track are under repair. Widely used in areas where track is substandard and in need of repair.
A locomotive that contains traction motors yet lacks the diesel engine to create its own power, which is instead supplied by a connected mother locomotive[224]
An enclosed (normally cylindrical) space attached to the end of the boiler opposite the firebox on a steam locomotive (normally the front). Supports the stack; steam pipes to and from the cylinders pass through here; contains the blastpipe where the exhaust steam is used to provide draft for the fire. In superheated locomotives, also contains the superheater header and (optionally) a front-end throttle.
A rail service vehicle used for snow removal from train tracks[239]
A long shelter erected over a railroad track on the side of a mountain to protect the line from avalanches and drifting[240]
The beam between two bogies
A bolt, pin, or nail used to hold rails, or plates connected to the rails (known as tie plates), to sleepers (ties)
See Track transition curve. Also known as tangent lead-in.[224]
Maintenance of way equipment designed to spread or shape ballast profiles, remove snow, clean and dig ditches as well as trim embankments
A self-propelled rail-defect detector car[241]
A method of safeworking involving a token{{Definition|date=October 2014}}[224]
A gauge where the rails are spaced {{Track gauge|sg}} apart—by far the most common gauge worldwide[224]
The person in charge of a station
A device generally used in passenger trains to create steam for heating. The steam generator is usually in the locomotive but may also be located in other cars.[224]
A reversing gear worked by a steam cylinder controlled from the cab
The trackage area within a division covered by a single timetable[242]
A mechanical device that boosts the pressure of engine intake air to above atmospheric level, causing an increase in power. Not to be confused with the blower used to scavenge the cylinders of a naturally aspirated two-stroke Diesel engine.
A device in a steam locomotive that raises the temperature of saturated steam substantially beyond the boiling point of water, increasing power and efficiency[224]
To determine the position of constructed objects, including rail infrastructure, in relation to the earth's surface. This is accomplished by measuring angles and distances based on the principles of triangulation.
A person assigned to perform survey work
A railroad worker responsible for assembling trains and switching railroad cars in a yard T
Generally, a locomotive used in track maintenance and equipped with track lifting facilities, and paddles that push ballast beneath a rail track to assure its level and cant
A type of rolling stock designed to transport liquid and gaseous commodities
A spur or siding for loading freight, often used by firms not having their own direct rail access[243]
A specialized rail car attached to a steam locomotive to carry its fuel and water supplies, along with tools and flagging equipment
A company in the United States that owns no cars of its own and transports only the railroad cars of other companies around a specific terminal station[244]
A steam locomotive with a 2-10-4 wheel arrangement{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
An electrified rail that runs along the tracks, giving power to trains. Used mostly in subways and rapid transit systems.[243]
A passenger coach that is disconnected from one train and attached to another before continuing on with its journey, thus avoiding the need for passengers themselves to switch trains[245]
The standard platform and track arrangement at a station. The train pulls alongside the platform, arriving from one end of the station, and may pass out the other end of the station by continuing along the same track[246]
A plate bolted to sleepers to the rails in place
Intermodal freight transport[243]
A physical object given to a locomotive driver to authorize use of a particular stretch of single track
The foundation of rail tracks
A form used by railroad employees that shows the locations of slow orders, maintenance of way work locations, and other conditions affecting the track and movement of trains{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
An electrical circuit that detects the presence of locomotives or cars (as their wheelsets electrically bond the rails) in a block of track, and provides real-time input to signaling logic
The gradual application of superelevation and tighter curve radius, calculated with reference to the anticipated line speed and the final curve radius, on the approach to a bend. Also known as the transition spiral and spiral easement.
See Wayobjects.
A large electric motor that powers the driving wheels of an electric or diesel-electric locomotive[243]
The pulling or pushing force exerted by a locomotive or other vehicle
A turnout where both legs merge in the direction of travel—the opposite of facing
The mechanical interface that links vehicles so a driver can operate them together. The coupler can be a purely mechanical device such as a screw coupler or bar coupler. Alternatively the coupler can also incorporate electrical or pneumatic connections.[247]
An employee assigned to train service, such as a conductor, brakeman, or switchman
The automated process of train bus configuration that includes detecting all bus nodes and their orientation, assigning the numbers to particular bus nodes and collecting their properties.[248]{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}
The procedures and related equipment enabling a coherent operation of the different structural subsystem, both during normal and degraded operation, including in particular train driving, traffic planning and management[249]{{Page needed|date=February 2018}}
An employee who supervises operations over a given territory[250]
The process whereby signallers or dispatchers can change the order or timing of trains to maximise overall train service performance in real time{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}}
A group of rolling stock that is permanently or semi-permanently coupled together to form a unified set of equipment. Trainsets are most often used in passenger train configurations.{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
A city-based rail system that typically shares its operational space with other vehicles and often runs on, across, or down the center of city streets
Trams that are designed to run both on the tracks of a city-based rail system and on the existing railway networks. Tram-trains' dual-voltage capability makes it possible to operate at lower speeds on city streets and at over {{Convert|60|mph|km/h}} on main line tracks allowing travel in an extended geographical area without changing the method of transport.
A mechanical or electrical device for detecting the presence of a rail vehicle with pin-point accuracy, unlike a track circuit, which provides detection over an arbitrary distances
A switch{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
A section of track that rotates to let locomotives and rolling stock turn around or access several engine maintenance sidings in a small area U
A train in which all cars (wagons) carry the same commodity and are shipped from the same origin to the same destination, without being split up or stored en route[251] V
A continuous train brake that is fail-safe in operation. It is powered by a vacuum from the locomotive but the application is actually by atmospheric pressure when the vacuum is released. Now largely superseded by the air brake.
The linkage mechanism that operates the valve for a driving cylinder, to alternately admit steam to the cylinder and then exhaust it when the piston's stroke is nearly complete[252] W
A device used for delivering a large volume of water into the tank or tender of a steam locomotive
A device showing the level of water in the boiler[253]
An alternate term for a caboose used by the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad, Chicago and North Western Railway, and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway[253]
Trackside objects or any structures at the wayside or beside the rail tracks usually within the right-of-way, such as railway signals, third rails, overhead lines and their supports, electrification systems, platforms, or boom barriers{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
A type of tank locomotive. The water tank is mounted between the frame plates, beneath the cab and boiler.
A flat wagon with a depressed centre used for carrying extra tall loads
The rolling component typically pressed onto an axle and mounted on a rail car or locomotive truck or bogie. Wheels are cast or forged (wrought) and are heat treated to have a specific hardness. New wheels are trued to a specific profile before being pressed onto an axle. All wheel profiles must be periodically monitored to insure proper wheel to rail interface. Improperly trued wheels increase rolling resistance, reduce energy efficiency and may create unsafe operation. A railroad wheel typically consists of two main parts: the wheel itself, and the tire around the outside. A railway tire is itself steel, and is typically heated and pressed onto the wheel, where it remains firmly as it shrinks and cools.
The process of a wheel climbing up and often off the inside or gauge side of the rail. It is a major source of derailments. Wheel climb is more likely to occur in curves with wheels whose flanges are worn or have improper angles.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} See also: Adhesion railway
The inner section of a wheel that rides between the two rails. The angle between the wheel tread and flange is often specific to the rail to prevent wheel climb and possible derailments. The wheel flange is part of the wheel tire.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} See also: Adhesion railway
The on-contact interaction between wheels and rails. The term is used in connection with the design and management of their interaction.
The loss of traction due to a slippery rail or wheel. Wheel slip was common with steam engines as they started to move due to the excessive torque often generated at low speed. Steam engines carried sand dispensing gear to increase traction at the start of motion.[253]
An historical railway occupation; people employed to tap train wheels with hammers and listen to the sound made to determine the integrity of the wheel; cracked wheels, like cracked bells, do not sound the same as their intact counterparts. The job was associated with the steam age, but they still operate in some eastern European countries. Modern planned maintenance procedures have mostly obviated the need for the wheel-tapper.
The slightly conical section (often with a 1 in 20 slope) of a railroad wheel that is the primary contact point with the rail.{{Citation needed|date=March 2018}} See also: Adhesion railway
Train whistles are used as a safety warning and also by the engineer to communicate to other railroad workers. See train whistle for a description of the whistle code used to communicate. Also a nickname for an air horn on a diesel locomotive. Steam engine whistles were historically known as chimes in the US during the 19th century.
An advance warning to the engineer of an upcoming grade crossing. It is the point at which the engineer should begin sounding the whistle or horn.
A system of describing steam locomotive wheel arrangements (e.g. 4-6-4, 2-10-2). The first number indicates the number of "pilot" wheels that help lead the engine into turns. The second is the number of coupled wheels ("drivers"). Third are the trailing idler wheels, usually to provide support to larger fireboxes. Articulated locomotives are similarly described. For example, a Union Pacific "Big Boy" would be described as a 4-8-8-4, wherein the pilot has four wheels, followed by two sets of drivers, eight wheels per set, and a four-wheel trailing bogie under the firebox. The numbers include the wheels on both sides of the engine, so a 2-8-2 engine would have one idler, four drivers, and a final idler on each side of the engine.
A largely superseded Level or grade crossing warning signal that consists of a swinging disc facing road traffic, with a red light in the centre. The disc normally hangs straight down, but an approaching train sets it swinging from side to side, the red light illuminates or flashes, and a bell rings.
The condition of a steam locomotive drawing water through its throttle valve, cylinders, and smokestack, often causing damage to the cylinders or running gear{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
A failure in a signalling system that leaves the system in a dangerous condition{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}} Y
An arrangement of tracks where rolling stock is switched to and from trains, freight is loaded or unloaded, and consists made up[254][255]
A colour associated with a warning or a need to slow down when used by flags or signals, but the exact meaning varies from railway to railway Z
A method of climbing and descending steep gradients, where shallow-gradient track reverses direction for a while, and then reverses again to continue in the original direction See also{{Portal|Trains|Trams}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article1593|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606032638/http://www.uic.org/spip.php?article1593|work=UIC.org|title=Transport Thesaurus|date=1995|archivedate=6 June 2015|accessdate=20 May 2009|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}} 2. ^{{cite journal| journal=The Railway News and Joint Stock Journal| title=Combined Adhesion ad Cog-Wheel Railways| date=19 January 1889| pages=100–101| location=London| volume=51| issue=1307}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=McClellan|first=George B.|title=Reports of Explorations and Surveys to Ascertain the Most Practicable and Economical Route for a Railroad from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean|date=21 November 1854|volume=1|page=116|chapter=Memoranda on Railways|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LshOAAAAcAAJ}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Wood|first=W. W.|title=Wood's Westinghouse E-T Air Brake Instruction Pocket Book|publisher=The Norman W. Henley Publishing Co.|location=New York|date=1920|edition=second| origyear=first published 1909}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America - 49: Transportation|publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington, DC|date=1 October 2006|page=691|chapter=§ 238.237: Automated monitoring|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp48AAAAIAAJ}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asa.transport.nsw.gov.au/sites/default/files/asa/railcorp-legacy/disciplines/rollingstock/epr-012.pdf|title=EPR 012: Testing of locomotive all weather adhesion|date=October 2011|publisher=RailCorp|accessdate=25 October 2014}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Aylmer-Small|first=Sidney|title=Electrical railroading; or, Electricity as applied to railroad transportation|publisher=Frederick J. Drake & Co.|location=Chicago|date=1908|pages=456–463|chapter=Lesson 28: Alternators|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdk7AAAAMAAJ}} 8. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=A| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831175630/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=A| title=Railroading Glossary: A| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=31 August 2014}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|title=Alco Locomotives|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|date=2009|page=8|isbn=9781616731366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4I4eOtkGwC}} 10. ^White (1968), p. 46. 11. ^{{Cite patent | country = US | number = 1031835 | title = Angle-Cock Hanger for Air-Brake Pipes of Railway Cars | pubdate = 9 July 1912 | fdate = 20 March 2011 | pridate = 20 March 2011 | inventor = Richard Webb Burnett | assign1 = Richard Webb Burnett}} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|editor1=Roy V. Wright |editor2=Charles N. Winter |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.|location=New York|date=1922|edition=sixth|page=102|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMY1AQAAMAAJ}} 13. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.steamlocomotive.com/atlantic/| title=4-4-2 "Atlantic" Type Locomotives| website=SteamLocomotive.com| accessdate=13 October 2014|}} 14. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4YMAwAAQBAJ| title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice| page=103| publisher=American Railway Master Mechanics' Association}} 15. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzJCeF3oUnUC| title=Perfecting the American Steam Locomotive| chapter=4: The Second Generation| page=47| first=J. Parker| last=Lamb| publisher=Indiana University Press| location=Bloomington, IN| date=2003| isbn=0-253-34219-8}} 16. ^{{Cite book|title=IEC 60050-821:1998 - International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 821: Signalling and security apparatus for railways|publisher=International Electrotechnical Commission|year=1998}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.era.europa.eu/document-register/documents/glossary%20of%20railway%20terminology-selection-%20en-fr-de.pdf.pdf|title=ERA Glossary|website=ERA.Europa.eu|accessdate=23 March 2017}} 18. ^{{Cite magazine|title=The Evolution of Railway Axlebox Technology|url=http://evolution.skf.com/the-evolution-of-railway-axlebox-technology/|magazine=Evolution|publisher=SKF|date=7 December 2010|accessdate=18 September 2014}} 19. ^{{Cite web|title=Glossary: A|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/newglos.shtml#A|website=Railway-Technical.com|publisher=Railway Technical Web Pages|date=2014|accessdate=19 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220720/http://www.railway-technical.com/newglos.shtml#A|archivedate=7 October 2014|df=dmy-all}} 20. ^{{cite book| title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMY1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA379&dq=locomotive+backhead&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwii_q7zxabZAhVB3WMKHUtFALQQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=backhead&f=false| via=Google Books| page=16| edition=sixth| year=1922| editor-first=Roy V.| editor-last=Wright| publisher=Simons-Boardman Publishing Company| location=New York, NY}} 21. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=B| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821181829/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=B| title=Railroading Glossary: B| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=21 August 2014}} 22. ^{{cite book|title=The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America - 49: Transportation|publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington, DC|date=1 October 2006|pages=177–178|chapter=§ 215.9 Movement of defective cars for repair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp48AAAAIAAJ}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Air Brake/Train Handling Rulebook - Procedure 3.2.2|url=http://www.midcontinent.org/1385/dload/brakes1.pdf|website=Mid Continent railway museum|accessdate=19 September 2014|format=PDF}} 24. ^{{cite book|last=Bianculli|first=Anthony J. |title=Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp.|date=2003|volume=3: Track and Structures|page=40|isbn=0-87413-802-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7T3qECx0CLUC}} 25. ^{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=http://web.mta.info/capital/sas_docs/sdeis/glossary.pdf|page=2|website=MTA.info|publisher=MTA|accessdate=12 October 2014}} 26. ^{{cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|title=Subway Planners' Lofty Ambitions Are Buried as Dead-End Curiosities|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/17/nyregion/subway-planners-lofty-ambitions-are-buried-as-dead-end-curiosities.html|newspaper=The New York Times|publisher=The New York Times Company|accessdate=27 June 2015|date=17 November 1996}} 27. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzJCeF3oUnUC| title=Perfecting the American Steam Locomotive| first=J. Parker| last=Lamb| publisher=Indiana University Press| location=Bloomington, IN| date=2003| isbn=0-253-34219-8| pages=85–88}} 28. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EE9Q8PQ_y8C| title=Northwestern Pennsylvania Railroads| first=Kenneth C.| last=Springirth| series=Images of Rail| publisher=Arcadia Publishing| date=2010| isbn=978-0-7385-7347-2| page=68}} 29. ^1 {{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4I4eOtkGwC| title=Alco Locomotives| first=Brian| last=Solomon| page=52| publisher=MBI Publishing Company| date=2009}} 30. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Pages/Glossary-of-railway-terms.aspx| title=ERA Glossary of Railway Terms| date=8 November 2010| accessdate=13 December 2017}} 31. ^White (1968). 32. ^{{Cite web|title=Railroad Dictionary: B|url=http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=B|publisher=CSX Transportation|website=CSX.com|date=2012|accessdate=15 November 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729222810/http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=B|archivedate=29 July 2014|df=dmy-all}} 33. ^{{cite book|title=Official Proceedings of the New York Railroad Club|date=1920|volume=30|pages=6072–6074|chapter=Trailer Booster| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tv9KAAAAYAAJ}} 34. ^{{cite web|title=Air Brakes - Basics|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/air-brakes.shtml#Basics|website=Railway Technical Web Pages|accessdate=19 September 2014}} 35. ^{{cite web|title=50 years of the Bubble car |url=http://www.chilternrailways.co.uk/news/50-years-bubble-car |website=Chiltern Railways |accessdate=19 September 2014 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Qy2b6VXk?url=http://www.chilternrailways.co.uk/news/50-years-bubble-car |archivedate=10 July 2014 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 36. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpxMAAAAYAAJ| title=Proceedings: Seventh Session, Washington, May 1905| volume=II| edition=English| location=Brussels| publisher=P. Weissenbruch, Printer to the King| date=1906| chapter=Question VII| pages=3–20}} 37. ^{{cite book|first=Ed|last=Sobey|title=A Field Guide to Roadside Technology|date=2006|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=9781613741795|page=20|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_6vhpSP1biwC&pg=PA85 }} 38. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kf48AAAAYAAJ| title=Locomotive Dictionary; compiled for American Railway Master Mechanics' Association| edition=first| first=George L.| last=Fowler| publisher=The Railroad Gazette and The Railway Gazette| location=New York, Chicago and London| date=1906| page=15}} 39. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=afTuqHUAAIwC| title=Modern Diesel Locomotives| first=Hans| last=Halberstadt| pages=61–63| date=1996| publisher=MBI Publishing Co.| location=Osceola, WI| isbn=0-7603-0199-9}} 40. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=C| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071106/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=C| title=Railroading Glossary: C| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 41. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8A4I4eOtkGwC| title=Alco Locomotives| first=Brian| last=Solomon| page=70| publisher=MBI Publishing Company| date=2009}} 42. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzJCeF3oUnUC| title=Perfecting the American Steam Locomotive| first=J. Parker| last=Lamb| page=107| publisher=Indiana University Press| location=Bloomington, IN| date=2003| isbn=0-253-34219-8}} 43. ^{{cite magazine| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMsi_tVhJXUC| work=Boys' Life| date=June 1952| title=Name That Locomotive| first=John| last=Taylor| page=40| publisher=Boy Scouts of America}} 44. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chjWRJbaa_QC| title=American Passenger Trains and Locomotives Illustrated| chapter=34: The City Streamliners| page=144| first=Mark| last=Wegman| date=2008| publisher=Voyageur Press, an imprint of MBI Publishing Company| location=Minneapolis, Minnesota| isbn=978-0-7603-3475-1}} 45. ^{{Cite web|title=Locomotive Stoker and Coal Pusher|url=http://www.railarchive.net/firing/p028.htm|website=RailArchive.net|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 46. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.tsb.gc.ca/eng/rapports-reports/rail/2002/r02v0057/r02v0057.asp| title=Railway Investigation Report R02V0057| publisher=Transportation Safety Board of Canada| date=28 April 2002| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 47. ^{{cite AV media| last=Velazquez| first=Matthew| title=How to Operate a Diesel Locomotive| type=slide presentation| date=15 October 2014| url=http://prezi.com/hscd1pph9cb_/how-to-operate-a-diesel-locomotive/| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 48. ^{{cite web| url=http://quizlet.com/18196785/2013-elecp32bwh-p40-p42-study-guide-flash-cards/| title=2013 Elec.P32BWH-P40-P42 Study Guide| website=Quizlet.com| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 49. ^White (1968), p 209-210. 50. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.saiglobal.com/pdftemp/previews/osh/iso/iso_12345_10-01/t008875e.pdf| title=Industrial process measurement control functions and instrumentation - Symbolic representation - Part 4: Basic symbols for process computer, interface, and shared display/control functions| date=15 August 1985| page=1| format=PDF}} 51. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.din.de/en/services/din-term|title=IEC 61375-2-3:2017-02: Electronic railway equipment - Train communication network (TCN) - Part 2-3: TCN communication profile|website=DIN.de|accessdate=28 June 2017}} {{Registration required}} 52. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=The Locomotive Magazine| page=98| date=15 June 1906| title=New Locomotives, Swiss State Railways| volume=XII| issue=166| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l-bNAAAAMAAJ}} 53. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4YMAwAAQBAJ| title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice| chapter=Consolidation Type Locomotives| author=American Railway Master Mechanics' Association|pages=31, 125–127}} 54. ^{{Cite book|first1=P.|last1=Mallaband|first2=L. J.|last2=Bowles|title=Coaching Stock of British Railways 1978|publisher=RCTS Railway Correspondence and Travel Society|date=1982|isbn=0-901115-44-4|page=91}} 55. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.rdso.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/Introductory%20handbook%20on%20Microprocessor%20controlled%20electric%20locomotives.pdf|title=Introductory Handbook on Microprocessor Controlled Electric Locomotives|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 56. ^White (1968), p 465-466. 57. ^{{cite book|last=Welsh|first=Joe|title=The American Railroad: Working for the Nation|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|location=St. Paul, MN|date=2006|page=58|isbn=978-0-7603-1631-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPqntdv9w7kC|origyear=first published 1999 by Andover Junction Publications}} 58. ^White (1968), p 186-187. 59. ^1 {{Cite web|title=Railroad Dictionary: C|url=https://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-us/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=C|publisher=CSX Transportation|website=CSX.com|date=2012|accessdate=31 December 2016}} 60. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QJoKAAAAYAAJ| title=Reports of Cases Determined in the Appellate Courts of Illinois| volume=171| page=182| author=Illinois. Appellate Court| chapter=Jorte v. Chicago & Alton R. Co., 171 Ill. App. 179| date=1913| location=Chicago| publisher=Callaghan & Co.}} 61. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikcL2SVDSxMC| title=Supreme Court Appellate Division - Third Department: John L. Nolan v. A. Vedder Magee, Blakeslee Lumber Company, Veeder & Brown, Knapp & Hotchkiss Lumber Company and The Crane & Veeder Company| publisher=The Reporter Co.| location=New York| date=1913}} 62. ^{{cite web|title=Railroad Related Terms|url=http://www.alaskarails.org/terminology/related-terms.html#nameC|website=AlaskaRails.org|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 63. ^{{cite web|title=Steam Locomotive Glossary|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/st-glos.shtml#C|website=Railway-Technical.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128230325/http://www.railway-technical.com/st-glos.shtml#C|archivedate=28 January 2008|df=dmy-all}} 64. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_cnAQAAMAAJ| title=Annual Report, Part 1| page=918| location=Albany, New York| publisher=The Argus Company |date=1903}} 65. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ntsb.gov/pressrel/2006/060613.htm|title=Failure to adhere to track warrant control rules caused collision|last=Holloway|first=Keith|date=13 June 2006|work=NTSB press release|publisher=National Transportation Safety Board|quote=Non-signaled (dark) territory presents a unique problem for rail safety|accessdate=29 May 2009}} 66. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MM2ph3S2V2cC| title=Seaboard Air Line Railway: Steam Boats, Locomotives, and History| first=Richard E.| last=Prince| page=163| origyear=first published 1966| date=2000| publisher=Indiana University Press| location=Bloomington, IN| isbn=0-253-33695-3}} 67. ^{{cite magazine|magazine=Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine| page=777| date=December 1907| volume=43| issue=6| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3MWAAAAYAAJ| location=Indianapolis, IN| publisher=Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen| title=Development of American Steam Locomotives}} 68. ^{{cite book| title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice| page=102| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4YMAwAAQBAJ}} 69. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Pages/Glossary-of-railway-terms.aspx| title=ERA Glossary of Railway Terms| date= 8 November 2010| accessdate=13 December 2017}} 70. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=D| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830031106/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=D| title=Railroading Glossary: D| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=30 August 2014}} 71. ^{{cite web|title=Ditch Lights|url=http://www.american-rails.com/ditch-lights.html|website=American Rails|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 72. ^{{Cite web|title=Railroad Dictionary: D|url=http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=D|publisher=CSX Transportation|website=CSX.com|date=2012|accessdate=24 July 2015}} 73. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QYmBAAAQBAJ| title=Railway Track Engineering| edition=fourth|page=122| publisher=Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.| location=New Delhi, India| date=2010| origyear=first edition published 2000| isbn=978-0-07-068012-8}} 74. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPeKxIjmDtYC| title=Australian Railwayman: From Cadet Engineer to Railways Commissioner| first=Ron J.| last=Fitch| date=2006| publisher=Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd| isbn=1-877058-48-3}} 75. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.trains.com/trn/default.aspx?c=a&id=211 | work = Trains | title = Grades and Curves}} 76. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=E| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822154846/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=E| title=Railroading Glossary: E| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=22 August 2014}} 77. ^{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2006|page=105|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC}} 78. ^{{Cite web|url=http://trt.trb.org/trt.asp?NN=Bbjs|title=TRT Home - Transportation Research Thesaurus (TRT)|website=trt.trb.org|access-date=2017-08-30}} 79. ^{{cite web|title=Train Technical Specification|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/82840/tts-redacted.pdf|accessdate=2 October 2014|format=PDF}} 80. ^{{cite web| url=https://webstore.iec.ch/publication/265| title=International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 821: Signalling and security apparatus for railways| date=29 April 1998| accessdate=15 December 2017}} 81. ^{{cite web|title=Air brakes|url=http://railroad.net/articles/railfanning/airbrakes/|website=Railroad.net|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 82. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/55-20/ch2.htm| title=FM 55-20, Chapter 2, Railway Train Operations| website=GlobalSecurity.org| accessdate=13 October 2014}} 83. ^{{cite book| title=Railroad Operation and Railway Signalling| first=Edmund John| last=Phillips| publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.| location=Chicago| date=1942| page=40| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TYXl3x5ZrooC| accessdate=13 October 2014}} 84. ^{{cite book| title=Train Rules and Train Dispatching: A Practical Guide for Train Dispatchers, Enginemen, Trainmen and All who Have to Do with the Movement of Trains| page=129| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2sEAAAAMAAJ| accessdate=13 October 2014| first=Harry Andrews| last=Dalby| edition=first| date=1904| location=New York and London| publisher=The Locomotive Publishing Co.}} 85. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/55-20/ch4.htm| title=FM 55-20, Chapter 4, Rail Dispatching Operations and Procedures| website=GlobalSecurity.org| accessdate=13 October 2014}} 86. ^{{cite web|title=What Are Fall Plates?|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-fall-plates.htm|website=WiseGEEK|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 87. ^{{cite web|title=An Introduction to Train Brakes|url=http://www.tarorigin.com/art/Jbentley/|website=The Traffic Accident Reconstruction Origin|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 88. ^White (1968), p102-108. 89. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=F | title=Railroading Glossary: F | publisher=Kalmbach Publishing | work=Trains | accessdate=20 February 2013}} 90. ^{{cite book|first=Iain|last=Ellis|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|date=2006|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=9781847286437|page=141|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC&pg=PA68 |accessdate=2 October 2014}} 91. ^{{cite web|title=North American Freight Train Brakes|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/brake2.shtml|website=Railway technical web pages|accessdate=2 October 2014}} 92. ^{{Cite book|last=Durrant|first=A. E.|title=The Garratt Locomotive|page=13|publisher=David & Charles Locomotive Studies|location=London|date=1969|isbn=7153435646}} 93. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=G| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821181620/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=G| title=Railroading Glossary: G| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=21 August 2014}} 94. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ns-AAAAYAAJ| title=Operation and Maintenance of Diesel-electric Locomotives| page=107| date=October 1965}} 95. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8bewAAAAIAAJ| title=The Hoghead: An Industrial Ethnology of the Locomotive Engineer| first=Frederick C.| last=Gamst| publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston| date=1980| page=96| isbn=9780030526367}} 96. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QgkqAQAAIAAJ| title=Proceedings| publisher=Railway Fuel and Operating Officers Association| date=1966|pages=72, 92}} 97. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt8OtslzijYC| title=The Model Railroader's Guide to Diesel Locomotives| first=Jeff| last=Wilson| location=Waukesha, WI| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| date=2009| isbn=978-0-89024-761-7}} 98. ^{{cite press release| url=http://www.getransportation.com/news/ge-and-kazakhstan-temir-zholy-ktz-announce-ge-evolution-series-passenger-locomotive-be| title=GE and Kazakhstan Temir Zholy (KTZ) Announce GE Evolution Series Passenger Locomotive to be Manufactured in Astana| date=19 September 2012| accessdate=14 October 2014}} 99. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/go-devil| title=Go-devil| website=Merriam-Webster Dictionary| accessdate=14 October 2014}} 100. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbImAQAAIAAJ| title=Dialect Notes| page=25| volume=5| date=1918}} 101. ^{{cite journal| journal=The Railroad Trainman| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VH0fAAAAYAAJ| pages=581–584| volume=27| title=Safety Appliances| issue=7| publisher=Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen| location=Cleveland, OH| date=July 1910}} 102. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DuCF2u_-n6AC| title=Computer-Aided Simulation in Railway Dynamics| first1=Rao V.| last1=Dukkipati| first2=Joseph R.| last2=Amyot| page=31| isbn=0-8247-7787-5| date=1988| publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc.| location=New York}} 103. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygKio-Ks0doC| title=Railroad Engineering| date=1982| publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.| isbn=0-471-36400-2| pages=664–666}} 104. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=H| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821182340/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=H| title=Railroading Glossary: H| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=21 August 2014}} 105. ^{{cite book |title=The Deltic Locomotives of British Rail |page=40 |first=Brian |last=Webb |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |isbn=0-7153-8110-5 |date=1982}} 106. ^{{cite web|title=Glossary|url=http://www.railway-technical.com/newglos.shtml#H|work=Railway Technical Web Pages|publisher=Railway Technical Web Pages|accessdate=29 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007220720/http://www.railway-technical.com/newglos.shtml#H|archivedate=7 October 2014|df=dmy-all}} 107. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.ihha.net/about-ihha| title=About IHHA| website=International Heavy Haul Association| accessdate=14 October 2014}} 108. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C9kXj4ZvDAYC| title=ICLEM 2010: Logistics for Sustained Economic Development - Infrastructure, Information, Integration| chapter=Dangerous Condition Monitoring Technology of Heavy-haul Train| first1=Jianxin| last1=Liu| first2=Kaiyun| last2=Wang| first3=Bin| last3=Zhang| first4=Hanbiao| last4=Nong| first5=Jun| last5=Wang| date=October 2010| publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers}} 109. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5ihq6By_vkC| chapter=Selection of Rail Types for High-speed Railway and Heavy-haul Railway| first1=Wang Jianxi| last1=Wang| first2=Xiangguo| last2=Li| first3=Shougang| last3=Huang| title=ICCTP 2010: Integrated Transportation Systems Green, Intelligent, Reliable| publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers}} 110. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zEdAQAAMAAJ| title=Railroad dispatcher communications training materials| page=24| first1=Judith B.| last1=Gertler| first2=Sarah| last2=Acton| publisher=United States Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development| year=2003}} 111. ^{{cite journal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiswAQAAMAAJ| journal=New England Railroad Club| date=10 February 1903| location=Boston, MA| pages=34–65| first=John Hector| last=Graham| title=Paper by John Hector Graham}} 112. ^{{cite journal| journal=The Railway Engineer| date=October 1908| pages=320–321| title=Locomotive Journals and Bearings| volume=XXIX| issue=345| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h05BAQAAMAAJ}} 113. ^{{Cite encyclopedia |dictionary=Merriam-Webster |entry=hostling |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hostling |edition=2014 |year=2014 |accessdate=11 October 2014}} 114. ^{{cite journal| url=http://info.detnews.com/hotbox/index.cfm| journal=The Hotbox| publisher=North Central Region National Model Railroad Association| accessdate=24 January 2008| title=Hotbox |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20080107111410/http://info.detnews.com/hotbox/index.cfm |archivedate = 7 January 2008}} 115. ^{{cite patent|US|4659043}} 116. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEr0AwAAQBAJ| title=North American Locomotives: A Railroad-by-Railroad Photohistory| first=Brian| last=Solomon| page=6| publisher=MBI Publishing Company| year=2012| isbn=9781610586856}} 117. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSAxAQAAMAAJ| title=1000 Practical Air Brake Questions and Answers for Railroad Men| year=1913| publisher=Walter's Print| location=Lasrobe, Pennsylvania}} 118. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cLUkqc18yFcC| title=The American Freight Train| first=Jim| last=Boyd| page=27| publisher=MBI Publishing Company| year=2001| isbn=9780760308332}} 119. ^1 2 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=I| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071112/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=I| title=Railroading Glossary: I| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 120. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y3_xqbY0gYC| title=Train Accident Reconstruction and FELA and Railroad Litigation| first1=James R.| last1=Loumiet| first2=William G.| last2=Jungbauer| first3=Bernard S.| last3=Abrams| page=62| publisher=Lawyers & Judges Publishing Company| location=Tucson, Arizona| edition=fourth| year=2005| isbn=978-1-930056-93-0}} 121. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5QYmBAAAQBAJ| title=Railway Track Engineering| chapter=3.16: Insulated Rail Joints| page=86| edition=fourth| publisher=Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Ltd.| location=New Delhi, India| year=2010| origyear=first edition published 2000| isbn=978-0-07-068012-8}} 122. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0tkZwRg1ssC| title=Realistic Model Railroad Design| first=Tony| last=Koester| page=73| year=2004| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| location=Waukesha, Wisconsin| isbn=0-89024-581-9}} 123. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3xDGltyvlEC| title=Critical Infrastructure Protection III: Third IFIP WG 11.10 International Conference| location=Hanover, New Hampshire| date=23 March 2009| chapter=14: Secure Cross-Domain Train Scheduling| pages=199–211| first=Mark| last1=Hartong| first2=Rajni| last2=Goel| first3=Duminda| last3=Wijesekera| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media| isbn=9783642047978}} 124. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Documents/Glossary%20of%20railway%20terminology-selection-%20EN-FR-DE.pdf.pdf|title=ERA Glossary of Railway Terms|date=February 2009|website=ERA.Europa.eu|accessdate=2017-03-30|format=PDF}} 125. ^{{cite book|title=IEC 62290-1:2014: Railway applications - Urban guided transport management and command/control systems, Part 1: System principles and fundamental concepts.|publisher=IEC Publications|date=2014|location=Geneva}} 126. ^{{cite web| publisher=Union Pacific Railroad| url=http://www.uprr.com/aboutup/funfacts/rrtalk/engine.shtml| title=Fun Facts| accessdate=5 March 2007}} 127. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=J| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071116/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=J| title=Railroading Glossary: J| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 128. ^1 {{Cite web|title=Railroad Dictionary: J |url=http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=J |publisher=CSX Corporation |website=CSX.com |year=2012 |accessdate=15 November 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729221255/http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=J |archivedate=29 July 2014 }} 129. ^{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Dictionary of Car and Locomotive Terms|year=1970|encyclopedia=Car and Locomotive Encyclopedia|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing}} 130. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5eiAgAAQBAJ| title=Cleveland Mainline Railroads| first=Craig| last=Sanders| page=12| series=Images of Rail| year=2014| isbn=978-1-4671-1137-9| publisher=Arcadia Publishing| location=Charleston, SC}} 131. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6YXAAAAYAAJ| title=Technical Manual TM 5-370: Railroad Construction| publisher=United States Department of the Army| date=September 1970| page=Glossary 6}} 132. ^{{cite book |title=The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America - 49: Transportation |publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration |date=October 2006 |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp48AAAAIAAJ}} 133. ^{{cite journal|date=September 1905|title=Taking Chances|journal=Railroad Men|volume=XVIII|issue=12|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xWDXAAAAMAAJ}} 134. ^{{cite book|last=Bibel|first=George |title=Train Wreck: The Forensics of Rail Disasters|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|date=2012|pages=145–146|isbn=978-1-4214-0590-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5mKefpEufkgC}} 135. ^{{cite book|title=Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics|editor=Simon Iwnicki|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|date=2006|page=184|isbn=0-8493-3321-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im0ZjhI3a-cC}} 136. ^{{cite patent |country=US |number=936046 |status=patent |title=car-coupling |gdate=5 October 1909 |fdate=7 December 1908 |invent1=Schroeder, William S.}} 137. ^{{cite book|title=Railroad Reports: A collection of all cases affecting railroads of every kind, decided by the courts of last resort in the United States|editor=Thomas J. Michie|publisher=The Michie Company|location=Charlottesville, VA|date=1913|volume=67|pages=315–316|chapter=MacKenzie v. New York Cent. & H. R. R. Co.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yc49AAAAIAAJ}} 138. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=L| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826045205/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=L| title=Railroading Glossary: L| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=26 August 2014}} 139. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.lrta.org/explain.html |publisher=Light Rail Transit Association |website=LRTA.org |title=What is Light Rail? |accessdate=6 July 2009}} 140. ^{{cite book|last=Grutzik|first=Joe|title=Adventure Lessons: Teachings of an Existential Vagabond|publisher=Good & Brown Publishers|location=Los Angeles, California|date=2005|page=34|isbn=0-9768915-1-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7aSGR3q8sW4C}} 141. ^{{cite journal|last=Elliott|first=W. H.|date=January 1906|title=Signaling|journal=Railroad Men| volume=XIX| issue=4| pages=128–137| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGHXAAAAMAAJ}} 142. ^{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|title=Railroad Signaling|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|date=2003|page=48}} 143. ^{{cite book|title=Operation and Maintenance of Diesel-Electric Locomotives|publisher=United States Departments of the Army and the Air Force|date=October 1965|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ns-AAAAYAAJ}} 144. ^{{cite book|last=Fowler|first=George L.|title=Locomotive Dictionary|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2008|volume=1|pages=55, 65|isbn=9781935327615}} 145. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=M| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821182116/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=M| title=Railroading Glossary: M| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=21 August 2014}} 146. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.|location=New York|date=1922|edition=sixth|pages=102–103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMY1AQAAMAAJ}} 147. ^{{cite book|last=Bedwell|first=Harry|title=The Boomer: A Story of the Rails|publisher=First University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis, MN|date=2006|origyear=first published 1936|page=322|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dR482FDKz38C}} 148. ^{{cite book|last=Green|first=Jonathon|title=Cassell's Dictionary of Slang|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|location=London|date=2005| origyear=first edition published 1998|edition=second|page=923|isbn=0-304-366366|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC}} 149. ^{{cite book|last=Bianculli|first=Anthony J. |title=Trains and Technology: The American Railroad in the Nineteenth Century|publisher=Rosemont Publishing & Printing Corp., Associated University Presses|date=2003|volume=4: Bridges and Tunnels, Signals|page=172|isbn=0-87413-803-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtdcXXnq5kC}} 150. ^{{cite book|title=The Railroad Signal Dictionary|editor1=Braman B. Adams |editor2=Rodney Hitt |publisher=Railroad Age Gazette|location=Chicago|date=1908|edition=first|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Tm05AAAAMAAJ}} 151. ^{{cite book|last=James|first=W. P.|title=Locomotive Engineman's Manual|publisher=Periscope Film|date=2008|edition=fifteenth|pages=24–27|chapter=Mikado Type Locomotives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pGVg8K91PlEC|origyear=first edition published 1916}} 152. ^{{cite book|last=Glazier|first=Stephen|title=Random House Webster's word menu|publisher=Random House|date=1998|page=212|isbn=9780375700835}} 153. ^{{cite book|title=The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English|editor1=Tom Dalzell |editor2=Terry Victor |publisher=Routledge|location=New York|date=2006|volume=II: J-Z|page=1295|isbn=0-415-25938-X|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC}} 154. ^{{cite book|title=World Book Dictionary|publisher=World Book, Inc.| location=Chicago| date=2003| page=1318| isbn=0-7166-0299-7| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPW_pTjpeCQC}} 155. ^White (1968), p 62-65. 156. ^https://www.greaterauckland.org.nz/2018/02/23/re-opening-mothballed-lines/ 157. ^https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/nz/107344321/travelling-new-zealandss-railways-is-all-about-terminated-lines 158. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|publisher=American Railway Master Mechanics' Association|pages=192–206|chapter=4-8-2 Locomotives|isbn=9785874485672|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4YMAwAAQBAJ}} 159. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|editor=Roy V. Wright |editor2=Charles N. Winter|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.|location=New York|date=1922|edition=sixth|pages=46, 62|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMY1AQAAMAAJ}} 160. ^{{cite book|last=Duffy|first=Michael C. |title=Electric Railways 1880-1990|publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology|location=Stevenage, UK|date=2008|series=History of Technology|pages=191–193|isbn=978-0-85296-805-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cpFEm3aqz_MC|origyear=first edition published 2003}} 161. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=N| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822151806/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=N| title=Railroading Glossary: N| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=23 March 2017| archivedate=22 August 2014}} 162. ^{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|title=North American Locomotives: A Railroad-by-Railroad Photohistory|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|date=2012|page=6|isbn=9781610586856|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tEr0AwAAQBAJ}} 163. ^{{cite book|last=Glischinski|first=Steve |title=Santa Fe Railway|publisher=Andover Junction Publishing|date=1997|series=Railroad Color History|page=104|isbn=0-7603-0380-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lBKFXZC-_ZYC}} 164. ^{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jeff|title=The Model Railroader's Guide to Diesel Locomotives|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing|location=Waukesha, WI|date=2009|page=15|isbn=978-0-89024-761-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt8OtslzijYC}} 165. ^{{cite book|last1=Loumiet|first1=James R.| last2=jungbauer| first2=William G.| edition=fourth| title=Train Accident Reconstruction and FELA and Railroad Litigation|publisher=Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co.|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=2005|page=226|isbn=978-1-930056-93-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y3_xqbY0gYC}} 166. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=O| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071124/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=O| title=Railroading Glossary: O| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 167. ^{{cite book|title=The Engineering Index|editor1=Henry Harrison Suplee, B.Sc. |editor2=J.H. Cuntz, C.E. M.E. |editor3=Charles Buxton Going, Ph.B. |publisher=The Engineering Magazine|location=New York and London|date=1906|volume=IV: 1901-1905|page=714|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1E0AAAAMAAJ}} 168. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=P| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071128/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=P| title=Railroading Glossary: P| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 169. ^{{cite book|last=Hay|first=William Walter|title=Railroad Engineering|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|date=1982|pages=134–135|isbn=0-471-36400-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygKio-Ks0doC}} 170. ^https://web.archive.org/web/20190202152544/http://web.mta.info/lirr/MyLIRR/2018/07-2018.htm 171. ^{{cite book|last=Treese|first=Lorett|title=Railroads of Pennsylvania: Fragments of the Past in the Keystone Landscape|publisher=Stackpole Books|location=Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania|date=2003|page=5|isbn=0-8117-2622-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU83s_xdIF4C}} 172. ^{{cite book|title=Arbitration Cases No. 1 - No. 61; Decided by the Per Diem Rules Arbitration Committee|publisher=The American Railway Association|location=New York|date=June 1913|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiE9AAAAYAAJ}} 173. ^{{cite book|title=Publication 1194-B: A Selection of ... Internal Revenue Service Tax Information Publications|publisher=United States Internal Revenue Service|date=2000|volume=2|page=247|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dCRAAAAMAAJ}} 174. ^{{cite journal|date=February 1922|title=Locomotive Engineers Journal|publisher=Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers|location=Des Moines, Iowa|volume=56|issue=2|page=197|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6KZAAAAIAAJ}} 175. ^{{cite book|last=Weiser|first=Eugene |title=The Pennsylvania Railroad: A Brief Look in Time|publisher=Dragonwick Publishing|location=Seaford, DE|date=2013|series=The History of the American Railroads|pages=30–31|isbn=978-1300640783|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hrAXBAAAQBAJ}} 176. ^{{cite book|last=Solomon|first=Brian|title=Railroad Signaling|publisher=MBI Publishing Company|date=2003|page=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rIf4y6otfu0C}} 177. ^{{cite book | last = Hyman | first = Anthony | title = Charles Babbage, Pioneer of the Computer | date = 1982 | publisher = Oxford University Press | isbn = 0-19-858170-X | pages = 142–143 | quote = Babbage suggested to Hodgson of the railway company what was later called a 'cow-catcher' for sweeping obstacles off the line. }} 178. ^{{cite book|title=1980 Census of Population: Classified Index of Industries and Occupations|publisher=United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census|date=November 1982|page=O-143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLLhHHKEhE4C}} 179. ^{{cite book|author=United States National Railroad Adjustment Board|title=Awards ... First Division, National Railroad Adjustment Board|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|page=83|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juxAAAAAIAAJ}} 180. ^1 {{cite book|last=Hawkins|first=Nehemiah |title=Hawkins' mechanical dictionary|publisher=Theodore Audel & Co. Publishers|location=New York and London|date=1909|page=400|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HLlXAAAAYAAJ}} 181. ^{{cite book|title=The Encyclopaedic Dictionary|publisher=Cassell & Co., Ltd.|location=London, Paris, New York & Melbourne|date=1886|volume=5, part 2|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJxiAAAAMAAJ}} 182. ^{{cite book|last=Ogilvie, LL.D.|first=John|title=The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language|editor=Charles Annandale, M.A.|publisher=Blackie & Son|location=London|date=1883|volume=III: L-Screak|page=445|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oHwCAAAAQAAJ}} 183. ^White (1968), p 207-208. 184. ^{{cite book|last=Shade|first=Howard Milton|title=What Railroad Men Should Know|date=25 January 1917|pages=96–97|chapter=Piston Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-pzVAAAAMAAJ}} 185. ^White (1968), p 174. 186. ^{{cite book|last=Wilson|first=Jeff|title=The Model Railroader's Guide to Diesel Locomotives|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing|location=Waukesha, WI|date=2009|page=48|isbn=978-0-89024-761-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gt8OtslzijYC}} 187. ^{{cite web|title=The Potential for Increased On-Rail Competition|url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/pr13/PDF/on-rail_competition_renaissance_trains.pdf|publisher=Renaissance Trains/Office of Rail Regulation UK|accessdate=15 February 2013}} 188. ^{{cite web|title=Further written evidence from Jonathan Tyler, Passenger Transport Networks (HSR 138A)|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201012/cmselect/cmtran/1185/1185vw124.htm|publisher=House of Commons|accessdate=15 February 2013}} 189. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC| title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia| page=269| year=2006| isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|oclc=683418325| publisher=Lulu.com| first=Iain| last=Ellis}} 190. ^{{cite book|title=Train Accident Reconstruction and FELA and Railroad Litigation|publisher=Lawyers & Judges Publishing Co.|location=Tucson, Arizona|date=2005|page=42|isbn=978-1-930056-93-0| last1=Loumiet| first1=James R.| last2=Jungbauer| first2=William G.| edition=fourth}} 191. ^{{cite book|title=Handbook of Railway Vehicle Dynamics|editor=Simon Iwnicki|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|date=2006|pages=240–241|isbn=0-8493-3321-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Im0ZjhI3a-cC}} 192. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|publisher=American Railway Master Mechanics' Association|page=102|isbn=9785874485672|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4YMAwAAQBAJ}} 193. ^{{cite journal|date=1996|title=Railway Track and Structures|publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing|volume=92|page=27|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGg9AQAAIAAJ}} 194. ^{{cite book|last1=McCulloch|first1=David S.| last2=Bonilla| first2=Manuel G.| title=The Alaska Earthquake, March 27, 1964: Effects on Transportation and Utilities|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|location=Washington, DC|date=1970|series=Geological Survey Professional Paper|page=D135}} 195. ^{{cite web | last = Special to The New York Times. | title = 1 Killed, 20 Hurt in Jersey Wreck; Freight Car Jumps Rails and Rips Sides of Passenger Cars at Stevens. Fire Follows Collision Edward Lawrence of Bordentown, Brakeman, Crushed Between Freight Car and Coach. | date = 26 June 1920 | url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/06/26/97759707.pdf | accessdate = 5 October 2008 | format = PDF}} 196. ^{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=David|title=Railway Noise and Vibration: Mechanisms, Modelling and Means of Control|publisher=Linacre House|location=Oxford|date=2009|edition=first|page=8|isbn=978-0-08-045147-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zciPgBeYafsC}} 197. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/railway+line| title=railway line| work=The Free Dictionary| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 198. ^{{cite news| url=https://news.yahoo.com/china-russia-said-mull-high-speed-moscow-beijing-070811667.html| title=China, Russia mull high-speed Moscow-Beijing rail line: report| date=17 October 2014| work=Yahoo News| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 199. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27368877| title=China to build new East Africa railway line| work=BBC News| date=12 May 2014| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 200. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.nationalrail.co.uk/times_fares/46418.aspx| title=Named Railway Lines| work=National Rail Enquiries| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 201. ^{{cite web| url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IS.RRS.TOTL.KM| title=Rail Lines (total route-km)| work=The World Bank| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 202. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.jreast.co.jp/e/info/map_a4ol.pdf| title=Railway Lines Network| publisher=JR East Group| date=16 March 2013| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 203. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.safety.networkrail.co.uk/Services/Jargon-Buster/R/RA-RE/Red-Zone-Working| title=Red Zone Working| website=Safety.NetworkRail.co.uk| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 204. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/customers/non-freight-services/propertyreal-estate/permitting-utility-installations-and-rights-of-entry/safety-requirements/| title=CSX Safety Requirements for Corridor Activity| publisher=CSX Transportation| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 205. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC| title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia| first=Iain| last=Ellis| publisher=Lulu.com| page=292| year=2006| isbn=978-1-84728-643-7}} 206. ^{{cite book|last=Barry|first=Steve|title=Railroad Rolling Stock|publisher=Voyageur Press, an imprint of MBI Publishing Company|location=Minneapolis, MN|date=2008|page=71|isbn=978-0-7603-3260-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=woJyATGsf6kC}} 207. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=R| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913071133/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=R| title=Railroading Glossary: R| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=13 September 2014}} 208. ^{{cite web| url=https://www.railinc.com/rportal/documents/18/260641/GuideforRailroads.pdf| title=Guide for Railroads| publisher=Association of American Railroads| date=30 May 2013| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 209. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/railroads/abcs-of-railroading/2006/05/understanding-railroad-reporting-marks| title=Understanding railroad reporting marks| date=1 May 2006| work=Trains Magazine| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| location=Waukesha, WI| accessdate=19 October 2014}} 210. ^{{cite book|last=Skrabec, Jr.|first=Quentin R.|title=George Westinghouse: Gentle Genius|publisher=Algora Publishing|date=2007|page=34|isbn=978-0-87586-507-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSFLhlsILOAC}} 211. ^{{cite magazine |date=October 1925 |title=Safety at the Switches |magazine=Popular Science Monthly |volume=107 |issue=4 |page=38 |location=New York |publisher=Popular Science Publishing Co. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CcDAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA38&dq=railroad%20retarder&pg=PA38#v=onepage&q=railroad%20retarder&f=false }} 212. ^{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2006|page=300|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC}} 213. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC| title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia| first=Iain| last=Ellis| publisher=Lulu.com| page=302| year=2006| isbn=978-1-84728-643-7}} 214. ^{{cite book|title=Internal Revenue Code: §§1-860G|publisher=United States Internal Revenue Service|date=1 July 2007|volume=1|page=1067|isbn=978-0-8080-1684-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mxcdg30XbAkC}} 215. ^{{cite book|title=The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America - 49: Transportation|publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington, DC|date=1 April 2003|pages=321–330|chapter=§1.48-1 Definition of section 38 property|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Osg6AAAAIAAJ}} 216. ^{{cite book|last=Scribbins|first=Jim|title=Milwaukee Road Remembered|publisher=Kalmbach Publishing|date=2008|edition=University of Minnesota Press|series=Fesler-Lempert Minnesota Heritage Book Series|page=115|isbn=978-0-8166-5625-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8SyLZIIMLMC|origyear=first published 1990}} 217. ^{{cite web|title=Subway Signals: Interlocking|url=http://www.nycsubway.org/wiki/Subway_Signals:_Interlocking|website=NYCSubway.org|accessdate=25 November 2015}} 218. ^{{cite web|title=Utah Transit Authority Light Rail Design Criteria: Chapter 1 General Requirements|url=http://rideuta.com/files/LRTDesignCriteriaManualCh1-18Rev4FINALNov07.pdf|publisher=Utah Transit Authority|accessdate=25 November 2015|date=November 2007|format=PDF}} 219. ^{{cite journal|last1=Jameson|first1=C. D.|last2=Forney| first2=M. N.|date=July 1888|title=The Principles of Railroad Location|journal=The Railroad and Engineering Journal|location=New York|volume=LXII|issue=7|pages=297–301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dFLAAAAYAAJ}} 220. ^{{cite journal|date=January 1904|title=Catching a Runaway Engine|journal=Railroad Men|volume=XVII|issue=4|pages=141–142|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGDXAAAAMAAJ}} 221. ^{{cite book|title=Railroad Design and Construction at Army and Air Force Installations|publisher=United States Departments of the Army and the Air Force|location=Washington, DC|date=July 1980|page=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GKoXAAAAYAAJ}} 222. ^{{cite book|last=Niemann|first=Linda G. |title=Railroad Noir: The American West at the End of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, IN|date=2010|page=151|isbn=978-0-253-35446-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cr8P5AteoagC}} 223. ^{{cite book|author=R.L. Banks & Associates| title=Study of merger alternatives: run-through trains: a report to the Rail Services Planning Office, Interstate Commerce Commission|publisher=Interstate Commerce Commission, Rail Services Planning Office|date=1977|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ug6AAAAMAAJ}} 224. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=S| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821182619/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=S| title=Railroading Glossary: S| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=21 August 2014}} 225. ^{{Cite book|title=Railway Applications – Urban Guided Transport Management and Command/Control Systems|chapter=Part 1: System Principles and Fundamental Concepts|date=10 July 2014|page=}} 226. ^{{cite book|last=Macfarlane|first=Ian|title=Railway Safety: Block Safeworking|publisher=Engineers Australia|date=2002|isbn=9780858258266|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uaF7AAAACAAJ}} 227. ^{{cite magazine|date=January 1923|title=Baldwin Locomotives and the Santa Fe "Power" Supremacy|magazine=The Santa Fe Magazine|publisher=Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad|location=Chicago|volume=XVII|issue=2|pages=131–133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDcwAQAAMAAJ}} 228. ^{{cite book|title=Locomotive Cyclopedia of American Practice|editor1=Roy V. Wright |editor2=Charles N. Winter |publisher=Simmons-Boardman Publishing Co.|location=New York|date=1922|edition=sixth|pages=137–148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMY1AQAAMAAJ}} 229. ^{{cite journal| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HAWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA408&lpg=PA408&dq=saturated+locomotive&source=bl&ots=R4touaOMzu&sig=MygUWKc68jtQdz0Pn4QPl7NNHDk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwio55-SxZfRAhVDOyYKHZ-_C9gQ6AEIQTAL#v=onepage&q=saturated%20locomotive&f=false| via=Google Books| pages=406–409| journal=Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen's Magazine| date=October 1914| volume=57| issue=4| location=Columbus, Ohio| publisher=Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen| title=Sustained Tractive Power With Superheater Locomotives}} 230. ^{{cite book|title=The Code of Federal Regulations of the United States of America - 49: Transportation|publisher=Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration|location=Washington, DC|date=1 October 2012|page=543|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xcWakAXYB48C}} 231. ^{{cite web| url=http://www.railwayage.com/index.php/mechanical/freight-cars/kasgro-builds-worlds-largest-railroad-car%E2%80%9D.html| title=Kasgro builds "World's Largest Railroad Car"| website=Railway Age| first=William C.| last=Vantuono| date=June 14, 2012| accessdate=December 28, 2016}} 232. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orbWT5ZnLOcC&pg=PA95&dq=railroad+rules+sections&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiR_omugpXRAhVEOCYKHVZlAAYQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=sections&f=false| via=Google Books| title=Realistic Model Railroad Operation: How to Run Your Trains Like the Real Thing| first=Tony| last=Koester| publisher=Kalmbach Books| location=Waukesha, Wisconsin| page=64| year=2003| isbn=0-89024-418-9}} 233. ^{{Pinkepank diesel spotters guide 2|page=EMD-123}} 234. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7GUhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137&dq=train+section&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjawa619pTRAhXJeCYKHQINA_IQ6AEINDAF#v=onepage&q=train%20section&f=false| via=Google Books| page=137| title=Returns of Accidents and Casualties as Reported to the Board of Trade by the Several Railway Companies in the United Kingdom| location=London| publisher=Darling & Son| year=1898}} 235. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZspAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=railroad+rules+sections&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjtvs68g5XRAhWD8CYKHWwTBvs4FBDoAQgkMAI#v=onepage&q=section&f=false| via=Google Books| chapter=Section-Foremen| page=40| title=Eastern Railroad Co. General Rules and Regulations| date=June 1882| location=Boston| publisher=Franklin Press; Rand, Avery & Co.}} 236. ^{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w8pAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA153&dq=sleeping+car+section&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi0vfnFjpXRAhWLdSYKHc96BpIQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=sleeping%20car%20section&f=false| via=Google Books| page=153| title=Car Builders' Cyclopedia of American Practice| volume=6| year=1909| publisher=The Railway Age Gazette| location=New York City and Chicago}} 237. ^{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2006|page=322|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC}} 238. ^{{cite web | title = Signals Passed at Danger | url = http://orr.gov.uk/rail/health-and-safety/infrastructure-safety/signals-passed-at-danger | website = ORR.gov.uk | publisher = Office of Rail and Road | accessdate = 2018-05-12 }} 239. ^{{cite web | publisher = Canadian Railway Hall of Fame | title = Rotary Snow Plow | date = 2006 | url = http://www.railfame.ca/sec_ind/technology/en_2002_RotarySnowPlow.asp | website = RailFame.ca | accessdate = 3 October 2008 }} 240. ^{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2006|page=341|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC}} 241. ^{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/10/02/stories/2005100201710300.htm | title = ICF Rolls Out Prototype Cars to Test Rails | accessdate = 30 January 2008 | date = 2 October 2005 | website = TheHinduBusinessLine.com | publisher = The Hindu Group}} 242. ^{{Cite web|title=Railroad Dictionary: S|url=http://www.csx.com/index.cfm/about-csx/company-overview/railroad-dictionary/?i=S|publisher=CSX Transportation|website=CSX.com|date=2012|accessdate=24 July 2015}} 243. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=T| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822084725/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=T| title=Railroading Glossary: T| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=22 August 2014}} 244. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA802&dq=%22Terminal+Railroad%22+definition&lr=|title=Judicial and Statutory Definitions of Words and Phrases|date=22 December 2017|publisher=West Publishing Company|via=Google Books}} 245. ^{{Cite web |title=Railway Operations - I |url=http://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-ops.html |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club |website=IRFCA.org |date=2010 |accessdate=15 October 2014}} 246. ^{{cite book|last=Ellis|first=Iain|title=Ellis' British Railway Engineering Encyclopaedia|publisher=Lulu.com|date=2006|page=377|isbn=978-1-84728-643-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkDYawSkRpAC}} 247. ^{{Cite book|title=PD IEC/TS 62580-2:2016: Electronic railway equipment. On-board multimedia and telematic subsystems for ailways. Video surveillance/CCTV services|date=7 June 2016|page=17}} 248. ^{{Cite book|title=UIC code 556 4th edition|date=11 August 2005|page=}} 249. ^{{Cite book|title=Directive 2007/59/ECof the European Parliament and of the Council|date=23 October 2007|page=}} 250. ^{{cite book | last1=McDavid | first1=Richard A. | last2=Echaore-McDavid | first2=Susan | title=Career Opportunities in Transportation | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjhzVdBbCrAC&pg=PT154 | publisher=Ferguson | location=New York | date=2009 | isbn=978-0-8160-7401-3 | page=134}} 251. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Unit train |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/615316/unit-train |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |year=2014 }} 252. ^{{cite book|title=Handbook for Railway Steam Locomotive Enginemen|date=2014|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|location=Hersham, Surrey|isbn=978-0-7110-3794-6|oclc=866583611|page=98|section=Valve Gears|origyear=1957, British Transport Commission|edition=1st}} 253. ^1 2 {{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=W| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830031157/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=W| title=Railroading Glossary: W| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=30 August 2014}} 254. ^{{cite web| url=http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=Y| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822004745/http://trn.trains.com/Railroad%20Reference/Railroading%20Glossary.aspx?letter=Y| title=Railroading Glossary: Y| publisher=Kalmbach Publishing| website=TRN.Trains.com| accessdate=20 February 2013| archivedate=22 August 2014}} 255. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.era.europa.eu/Document-Register/Pages/Glossary-of-railway-terms.aspx|title=Era Glossary of Railway Terms|date=8 November 2010|website=ERA.Europa.eu}} Further reading
External links{{Wiktionary|wayside|wayobjects}}
1 : Glossaries of rail transport |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。