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词条 Air Force Intelligence Directorate
释义

  1. Heads of Air Force Intelligence Directorate

  2. Regional Heads of Air Force Intelligence Directorate

  3. Paramilitary units

  4. Other Syrian intelligence agencies

  5. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}{{Infobox Government agency
|agency_name = Air Force Intelligence Directorate
|nativename =
|nativename_a = إدارة المخابرات الجوية
|logo =
|logo_width =
|logo_caption =
|seal = Emblem of the Syrian Arab Air Force.svg
|seal_width = 150px
|seal_caption =
|formed = 1963
|preceding1 =
|preceding2 =
|dissolved =
|superseding =
|jurisdiction = Government of Syria
|headquarters = Damascus, Syria
|employees =
|budget =
|minister1_name =
|minister1_pfo =
|minister2_name =
|minister2_pfo =
|chief1_name = Jamil Hassan
|chief1_position = Director
|chief2_name =
|chief2_position =
|parent_agency = Military of Syria
|child1_agency =
|child2_agency =
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

The Air Force Intelligence Directorate ({{lang-ar|إدارة المخابرات الجوية}}, Idarat al-Mukhabarat al-Jawiyya) is an intelligence service of Syria, possibly the country's most powerful,[1] owing its importance to Hafez al-Assad's role as the Air Force commander.[1]

Despite its name, it is mainly involved with issues other than air force intelligence,[2] and took an active part in the suppression of the Muslim Brotherhood rebellion in the 1980s.[4] Agents of this service have frequently been stationed in Syrian embassies or branch offices of the national airline.[3]

The service was headed for nearly thirty years by Maj. Gen. Muhammad al-Khuli, who was trusted by Hafez al-Assad and had an office adjacent to the president's in the presidential palace.[4]

In 1995, it was headed by Ibrahim Huwayji.[5]

As of 2017 it is headed by Gen Jamil Hassan,[6] a member of the Alawite sect.[7] Hassan previously served as a security official in the eastern governorate of Deir ez-Zor. He is a part of Bashar al-Assad's inner circle,[8] though he has criticized "the decision of the leadership" to not immediately crush the 2011 Syrian uprising in its very beginning, making him a hardliner in the Syrian leadership.adde

The service has also taken part in the efforts to put down the 2011 Syrian uprising against Bashar al-Assad's government. It is known to have been active in the town of Talkalakh near the Lebanese border.[9]

Heads of Air Force Intelligence Directorate

  • Muhammad al-Khuli (1963–1987)[10]
  • Ibrahim Huwayji (1987–2002)[10][11]
  • Iz a-Din Isma'il (2002 – )[12]
    • Deputy director: Ali Mamlouk ( – June 2005)[13]
  • Abdulfattah Qudsiya ( – 2009)[14][15]
  • Jamil Hassan (2009–present)[7][15] was sanctioned by the European Union for "violence against the civilian population during the Syrian Civil War".[16][17]
    • Deputy director: Fuad Tawil (2012) was sanctioned by European Union for "the use of violence across Syria and intimidation and torture of protestors during the Syrian uprising".[16]
    • Head of Investigative branch: Maj. Gen. Abdulsalam Fajer Mahmoud (2011), accused of ordering or committing crimes against humanity by Human Rights Watch.[24][18]
    • Head of Special Operations branch: Maj. Gen. Ghassan Ismail (2011).[18]
    • Head of Operations branch: Col. Suheil Hassan (2011).[18]

Regional Heads of Air Force Intelligence Directorate

  • Damascus branch: Eyad Mandou (2012)[19]
  • Homs branch: Brig. Gen. Jawdat al-Ahmed (2012) accused of "ordering or committing crimes against humanity".[20]
  • Daraa branch: Col. Qusay Mihoub (2012) accused of "ordering or committing crimes against humanity".[20]
  • Latakia branch: Col. Suhail Al-Abdullah (2012) accused of "ordering or committing crimes against humanity".[20]

Paramilitary units

  • Guardians of the Dawn[21]
    • Lions of the Cherubim
    • Earthquake of Jobar
    • Ararat Group
    • Lions of the Valley
    • Intervention Regiment
    • Lions of Dwel’a
  • Khaybar Brigade[22]
  • Fawj Nusur Homs[23]

Other Syrian intelligence agencies

  • General Security Directorate
  • Political Security Directorate
  • Military Intelligence Directorate

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.espionageinfo.com/Sp-Te/Syria-Intelligence-and-Security.html |title=Syria, Intelligence and Security |publisher=Espionageinfo.com |accessdate=13 October 2008| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081013023339/http://www.espionageinfo.com/Sp-Te/Syria-Intelligence-and-Security.html| archivedate= 13 October 2008 | deadurl= no}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.desinfos.com/article.php?id_article=3899 |title=Erreur sur la page |publisher=Desinfos.com |accessdate=13 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113204637/http://www.desinfos.com/article.php?id_article=3899 |archivedate=13 January 2006 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvni.net/radio/nsnl/nsnl061/nsnl61sy.html |title=NSNL 61 – Intelligence profile : Syria |publisher=Cvni.net |accessdate=13 October 2008}}
4. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.meib.org/articles/0007_s3.htm |title=Syria's Intelligence Services: A Primer |date=July 2000 |publisher=Meib.org |accessdate=13 October 2008 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222192442/http://www.meib.org/articles/0007_s3.htm |archivedate=22 December 2008 }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/264 |title=The Succession Struggle in Damascus – Middle East Quarterly |publisher=Meforum.org |accessdate=13 October 2008}}
6. ^https://carnegie-mec.org/diwan/66240
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/67823/ahed-al-hendi/the-structure-of-syrias-repression?page=show |title=The Structure of Syria's Repression|first=Ahed|last=Al Hendi|date=3 May 2011 |publisher=Foreign Affairs|accessdate=8 May 2011}}
8. ^[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-13216195 BBC News – Bashar al-Assad's inner circle]. Bbc.co.uk (18 May 2011). Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=265995|accessdate=1 May 2011|author1=Ana Maria Luca|author2=Nadine Elali|date=30 April 2011|publisher=NOW Lebanon|title=The Syrian uprising’s refugees| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110509235320/http://www.nowlebanon.com/NewsArticleDetails.aspx?ID=265995| archivedate= 9 May 2011 | deadurl= no}}
10. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Rathmell |first=Andrew |title=Syria's Intelligence Services: Origins and Development |journal=Journal of Conflict Studies |date=Fall 1997 |volume=XVI |issue=2 |url=http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=J97/articles/&filename=RATHMELLwp1.htm |accessdate=8 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722183222/http://www.lib.unb.ca/Texts/JCS/bin/get.cgi?directory=J97%2Farticles%2F&filename=RATHMELLwp1.htm |archivedate=22 July 2011 |deadurl=no }}
11. ^{{cite journal|last=Gambil|first=Gary|title=The Military-Intelligence Shakeup in Syria|journal=Middle East Intelligence Bulletin|date=Feb 2002|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0202_s1.htm|accessdate=8 June 2011}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last=Bar |first=Shmuel |title=Bashar's Syria: The Regime and its Strategic Worldview |journal=Comparative Strategy |year=2006 |volume=25 |page=424 |url=http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |accessdate=15 May 2011 |doi=10.1080/01495930601105412 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723214138/http://www.herzliyaconference.org/_Uploads/2590Bashars.pdf |archivedate=23 July 2011 }}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/48607/World/Region/Ali-Mamluk-Syrias-new-security-chief.aspx|title=Ali Mamluk: Syria's new security chief - Region - World - Ahram Online|publisher=|accessdate=5 November 2014}}
14. ^{{cite news|title=Syria's Assad 'reshuffles security chiefs'|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/Special/2010/10/21/Syrias-Assad-reshuffles-security-chiefs/UPI-89111287688825/|accessdate=8 June 2011|newspaper=UPI|date=21 October 2010}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|title=The Syrian President Reshuffles Security, Intelligence Leaders|url=http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article11370|work=28 September 2010|publisher=Middle East Transparent|accessdate=8 June 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6AQKVmqLV?url=http://www.metransparent.com/spip.php?article11370|archive-date=4 September 2012|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^1 L_2012016EN.01000101.xml. Eur-lex.europa.eu (19 January 2012). Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
17. ^{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:0887:FIN:EN:PDF |title=Council Regulation concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Syria and repealing Regulation (EU) No 442/2011 }}
18. ^1 2 https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria1211webwcover_0.pdf
19. ^Syria: Turkish embassy closed, senior intel officer assassinated. Al Bawaba (26 March 2012). Retrieved on 12 April 2012.
20. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|title=Torture Archipelago|url=https://www.hrw.org/node/108415/section/2|publisher=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=3 July 2012}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/usud-al-cherubim-pro-assad-christian-militia/|title=Usud Al-Cherubim: A Pro-Assad Christian Militia|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=14 December 2016|accessdate=15 December 2016}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/the-syrian-national-resistance-liwa-khaybar/|title=The Syrian National Resistance: Liwa Khaybar|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=3 January 2016|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.joshualandis.com/blog/fifth-legion-new-auxiliary-force/|title=The Fifth Legion: A New Auxiliary Force|author=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi|work=Syria Comment|date=24 December 2016|accessdate=25 December 2016}}
{{Syrian security forces}}{{Military intelligence agencies}}

2 : Syrian intelligence agencies|Syrian Air Force
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