| 词条 | Gnocchi |
| 释义 |
|name = Gnocchi |image = Gnocchi di ricotta burro e salvia.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Gnocchi di ricotta dressed in butter and sage |alternate_name = |country = Italy |region = |creator = |course = Entrée |type = Pasta, Dumpling |main_ingredient = Potatoes (or semolina or wheat flour or breadcrumbs); sometimes eggs, cheese |variations = Cavatelli, gnudi, malfatti, malloreddus, strangulaprievete |calories = |other = }}Gnocchi ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|(|j|)|ɒ|k|i}} {{respell|N(Y)OK|ee}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|oʊ|k|i}} {{respell|NOH|kee}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɔː|-}} {{respell|NAW-}};{{refn|{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|accessdate=2016-01-22|Gnocchi}}}}{{refn|{{Dictionary.com|accessdate=2016-01-22|Gnocchi}}}}{{refn|{{OxfordDictionaries.com|accessdate=2016-01-22|Gnocchi}}}} {{IPAc-it|lang|ˈ|gn|O|c|ch|i|}}, singular gnocco) are various thick, small, and soft dough dumplings that may be made from semolina,[1] ordinary wheat flour,[2] egg,[3] cheese,[4] potato,[5] breadcrumbs,[6] cornmeal,[7] or similar ingredients,[8][9][10] and possibly including flavourings of herbs, vegetables, cocoa, or prunes.[7] The dough for gnocchi is most often rolled out before it is cut into small pieces about the size of a wine cork.[11] The little dumplings are then pressed with a fork or a cheese grater to make ridges that can hold sauce. Alternatively, they are simply cut into little lumps.[7] Gnocchi are usually eaten as a replacement for pasta in the first course, but they can also be served as a contorno (side dish) to some main courses.[7] Like many Italian dishes, gnocchi have considerable variation in recipes and names across different regions. For example, Lombard and Tuscan malfatti (literally poorly made) are made with ricotta, flour and spinach, as well as the addition of various other herbs if required.[7][12] Tuscan gnudi distinctively contains less flour;[13] but some varieties are flour-based, like the Campanian strangulaprievete, the Apulian cavatielli, the Sardinian malloreddus,[14] and so on.[15] Gnocchi are commonly cooked on their own in salted boiling water and then dressed with various sauces depending on the type of gnocchi and recipe used.[7] Some gnocchi can be made from pieces of cooked polenta or semolina, which are spread out to dry, and then layered with cheese and butter and finished in the oven.[7] Gnocchi are eaten as a first course (primo piatto) as an alternative to soups (minestre) or pasta. Common accompaniments of gnocchi include melted butter with sage, pesto, as well as various sauces. They are generally homemade in Italian and Italian-immigrant households. They may also be bought fresh from specialty stores. In supermarkets, industrially produced, packaged gnocchi are widely available either refrigerated, dried, or frozen. Gnocchi can be purchased ready-made from grocery stores or they can be handmade. Their preparation is similar to pasta, as they are cooked by boiling them in water and then they are served with a sauce. If miniature gnocchi are wanted for soup, they can be made by pressing gnocchi dough through a coarse sieve or a perforated spoon. OriginThe word gnocchi may be derived from the Italian word nocchio, meaning a knot in wood,[16] or from nocca (meaning knuckle).[17] It has been a traditional type of Italian pasta of (probable) Middle Eastern origin since Roman times.[18] It was introduced by the Roman legions during the expansion of the empire into the countries of the European continent. In Roman times, gnocchi were made from a semolina porridge-like dough mixed with eggs, and are still found in similar forms today, particularly the oven-baked gnocchi alla romana and Sardinia's malloreddus which do not contain eggs. The use of potato is a relatively recent innovation, occurring after the introduction of the potato to Europe in the 16th century.[19] Potato gnocchi are particularly popular in Abruzzo, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto, and Lazio. As with other mashed potato dishes they are best prepared with starchy potatoes to keep a light texture. History{{Expand section|date=February 2019}}Manufacturing and packagingIndustrial manufactured gnocchiA study conducted with the potato puree showed that, between two samples analyzed, the product which engaged in dual lower pressure treatments resulted in the most suitable production of gnocchi in terms of physicochemical and textural properties. However, it did not provide evidence for aggregation phenomena responsible for the hard lumps, which may occur in this type of semi-finished product. Moreover, the textural properties of gnocchi dough were not influenced by the different formulation as was expected. Among the ingredients involved in the preparation of the different samples, what seemed to be the biggest factor affecting the quality features of gnocchi dough was soft wheat flour. As a result of the interactive effect of the ingredients on the physicochemical and textural traits of the different types of dough, a uniform and well-defined division among the samples was not obtained. When comparing the different kinds of gnocchi, the optimal physicochemical and textural properties were detected in the sample, which was made with fresh tubers. Not only was this caused by the use of fresh steam cooked in potatoes, but the pasteurized liquid eggs and the absence of any kind of emulsifier, additive, or preserving substance played a role as well.[20] Storing and packagingGnocchi that are home-made are usually consumed on the same day that they are made, whereas industrially manufactured gnocchi have a shelf life of approximately two months at {{cvt|2|C}}.[21] Commercial gnocchi are often sold under modified atmospheric packaging, and may achieve a shelf life of two weeks under refrigeration.[22] Regional varieties{{refimprove|section|date=March 2019}}One variety, gnocchi di pane (literally "bread lumps"), derived from the Semmelknödel, is made from breadcrumbs and is popular in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. Another variety from the latter region is spinach gnocchi. AustriaIn Austria, gnocchi are a common main or side dish, known by the original name and Austrian variant, nockerl (pl. nockerln). As a side dish, they may accompany main dishes like goulash. CroatiaGnocchi are a very popular and often served as a dish in coastal Croatia, typically being served as a first course or a side dish with Dalmatinska pašticada. The Croatian name for Gnocchi is 'njoki'.[23] PolandAn almost identical creation are 'kluski leniwe' ("lazy noodles"), but do not contain egg. Often they are spiced with various herbs like pepper, cinnamon, allspice, etc. Similar in shape are kopytka ("hooves"), simple dough dumplings in the shape of a diamond, which do not contain cheese. Both are often served with sour cream, butter, caramelized onion, mushroom sauce, or gravy. FranceThe name is also used in France in the dish known as gnocchis à la parisienne, a hot dish comprising gnocchi formed of choux pastry[24] served with Béchamel sauce. A specialty of Nice, the gnocchi de tantifla a la nissarda, is made with potatoes, wheat flour, eggs and blette (Swiss chard), which is also used for the tourte de blette. La merda dé can is longer than the original gnocchi. South AmericaDue to the significant number of Italian immigrants who arrived in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, gnocchi, ñoqui (Spanish, {{IPA-es|ˈɲoki|}}) or nhoque (Portuguese, {{IPA-pt|ˈɲɔki|pron}}) is a popular dish, even in areas with few Italian immigrants. In Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina there is a tradition of eating gnocchi on the 29th of each month, with some people putting money beneath their plates to bring prosperity.[25][26] Indeed, in Uruguay and Argentina ñoqui is slang for a bogus employee (according to corrupt accountancy practices, or, in the public sector, the distribution of political patronage), who only turns up at the end of the month to receive her or his salary.[27] Gallery{{gallery|File:Gnocchi_di_ricotta.jpg|Gnocchi being prepared|File:Gnocchi del Casentino.jpg|Spinach gnocchi with butter and sage |File:Gnocchi with truffle.jpg|Gnocchi with truffle }} See also{{portal|Food}}
References1. ^Vincenzo Buonassisi, Il nuovo codice della pasta, Rizzoli 1985, recipe #850-853 2. ^Buonassisi, recipe #831-833 3. ^Buonassisi, recipe #837-838 4. ^Buonassisi, recipe #839-840 5. ^Buonassisi, recipe #854-857 6. ^Buonassisi, recipe #877 "Al Pien... si tratta di gnocchi, delicatissimi, secondo un'antica ricetta mantovana..." 7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-HStec87HdcC&pg=PT8&dq=%2522Gnocchi%2522+and+%2522Italian%2522+and+%2522food%2522#v=onepage&q=Gnocchi&f=false|title=The Oxford Companion to Italian Food|last=Riley|first=Gillian|date=2007-11-01|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780198606178|language=en}} 8. ^Waverley Root, The Food of Italy, 1971 passim 9. ^Luigi Carnacina, Luigi Veronelli, La cucina rustica regionale (4 vol.), Rizzoli 1966, passim 10. ^Accademia Italiana della Cucina, La Cucina: The Regional Cooking of Italy, tr. Jay Hyams, Rizzoli, 2009, passim 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Gnocchi - Oxford Reference|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001/acref-9780199677337-e-1047|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199677337.001.0001|isbn=9780199677337|chapter=Gnocchi|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2014-11-20|last1=Davidson|first1=Alan}} 12. ^Buonassisi, recipe #875 13. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.thepauperedchef.com/2010/04/homemade-gnudi-from-the-spotted-pig.html|title = Homemade Gnudi from The Spotted Pig|last = Royer|first = Blake|date = April 15, 2010|accessdate = 2014-05-12}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20171018-the-perfect-pasta-dish-sardinians-refuse-to-share|title=The perfect pasta dish Sardinians refuse to share|first=David|last=Farley|website=Bbc.com|accessdate=15 September 2018}} 15. ^Buonassisi, recipe #895 16. ^{{cite book|url = http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/79506|title = Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition|publisher = Oxford University Press|year = 1989}} 17. ^Lo Zingarelli, 2008. 18. ^{{cite book|title = Pasta: The Story of a Universal Food|last = Serventi|first = Silvano|publisher = Columbia University Press|others = Trans. Antony Shugaar|year = 2002|isbn = 978-0-231-12442-3|location = New York|pages = 17|author2 = Françoise Sabban}} 19. ^Theisen, K. "World Potato Atlas: China - History and Overview". International Potato Center. 20. ^Alessandrini, Laura. "Influence of processing conditions on quality aspects of potato-based fresh pasta." (2010). 21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Alessandrini|first=Laura|last2=Balestra|first2=Federica|last3=Romani|first3=Santina|last4=Rocculi|first4=Pietro|last5=Rosa|first5=Marco Dalla|date=2010-11-01|title=Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Fresh Potato-Based Pasta (Gnocchi)|journal=Journal of Food Science|language=en|volume=75|issue=9|pages=S542–S547|doi=10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01842.x|pmid=21535629|issn=1750-3841}} 22. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvGiAgAAQBAJ|title=Minimal Processing Technologies in the Food Industries|last=Ohlsson|first=T.|last2=Bengtsson|first2=N.|date=2002-07-26|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=9781855736795|language=en}} 23. ^{{cite news | last=MacGregor | first=Sandra | title=Varazdin: Croatia's 'little Vienna' | newspaper=The Telegraph | date=November 5, 2016 | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/croatia/articles/Varazdin-Croatias-little-Vienna/ | accessdate=November 5, 2016}} 24. ^{{cite web | last=Gray | first=Marlene Sorosky | title=Bay Area chefs put twists on traditional French pastry | website=SFGate | date=April 4, 2010 | url=http://www.sfgate.com/recipes/article/Bay-Area-chefs-put-twists-on-traditional-French-3193548.php | accessdate=November 5, 2016}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url = https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703555804576102420697798968|title = New World Gnocchi|last = McClaughlin|first = Kate|date = January 29, 2011|work = The Wall Street Journal|access-date = January 21, 2016|via =}} 26. ^{{Cite web|url = https://globalvoices.org/2014/02/04/how-italian-gnocchi-became-a-monthly-mealtime-tradition-in-latin-america/|title = How Eating Italian Gnocchi Became a Monthly Tradition in Latin America|last = Schneider|first = Laura|date = February 4, 2014|website = Global Voices|publisher =|access-date = January 21, 2016}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.argentinaindependent.com/currentaffairs/i-am-not-a-noqui-the-story-behind-the-states-mass-layoffs/|title='I Am Not a Ñoqui' – The Story Behind the State's Mass Layoffs|website=Argentinaindependent.com|accessdate=15 September 2018}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category-inline|Gnocchi (dumplings)|Gnocchi}}{{wiktionary|gnocchi}}{{Potato dishes}}{{Dumplings}} 2 : Dumplings|Italian cuisine |
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