| 词条 | Albanian Lictor Youth |
| 释义 |
Giovanni Giro, an Italian fascist official, had been sent to Albania to organize a fascist youth movement there prior to the Italian annexation of the country.[2] However, these efforts had been largely unsuccessful.[3] On the contrary, his activities created various diplomatic incidents.[4] Following the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939, Achille Starace, a leading fascist organizer, was sent to Albania to set up the Albanian Fascist Party and the Albanian Fascist Youth.[5] ENGA, an Albanian youth organization modelled after the Italian Opera Nazionale Balilla organization merged into GLA. After the founding of the GLA, Giro remained the main organizer of the movement.[6] The GLA was modelled after the Italian Youth of the Lictor, and was politically under the command of its Italian counterpart.[7] The uniforms of GLA were similar to those used in Italy.[8] Girls were organized in Female Youth of the Lictor (Gioventù Femminile del Littorio) and boys under fourteen years of age were organized in Balilla groups.[9] Parallel to the Youth of the Lictor there were also groups of university fascists, but these groups were rather marginal as Albania had few universities.[4] The Italian authorities built a marble palace for the GLA in Tirana, in the same complex as the Casa del Fascio, one of a series of lavish façades that popped up in the city during Italian rule.[10][11] The organization's press organ was Liktori (Lictor) newspaper, with Ligor Buzi as editor.[12] Ramiz Alia, who served as head of state of Albania in 1985-1992, had been a member of the fascist youth movement, but later left it and in 1943 he joined the Communist resistance movement.[13]References1. ^Lemkin, Raphael. [https://books.google.com/books?id=y0in2wOY-W0C Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress]. Clark, N.J.: Lawbook Exchange, Ltd, 2008. p. 275 {{Authority control}}2. ^Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. p. 11 3. ^Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. p. 13 4. ^1 2 Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. pp. 45 5. ^Roselli, Alessandro. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv-iW3WGDvIC Italy and Albania: Financial Relations in the Fascist Period]. London [u.a.]: Tauris, 2006. pp. 99-100 6. ^Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. p. 90 7. ^Trani, Silvia. L'Unione fra l'Albania e l'Italia {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002075018/http://www.archivi.beniculturali.it/DGA-free/Strumenti/Strumenti_CLXXIII.pdf |date=2011-10-02 }} 8. ^Gioventù Albanese del Littorio {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100217233315/http://www.littorio.com/org/gal-i.htm |date=2010-02-17 }} 9. ^Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. p. 51 10. ^Fischer, Bernd Jürgen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=P-MiG9ngCp8C Albania at War: 1939-1945]. London: Hurst, 1999. p. 68 11. ^Consociazione Turistica Italiana. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8J9exOJ01RcC Albania]. Milan, 1940. p. 153 12. ^{{citation| url=http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/1705143/BUZI,%20LIGOR_0008.pdf| year=1985| publisher=CIA| title=Trace Results on Alleged Nazi War Criminals| page=2}} 13. ^Jacques, Edwin E. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ2s9sQ9bGkC The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present]. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co, 1995. p. 584 5 : Fascism|Youth wings of political parties in Albania|Youth organizations established in 1939|Albania in World War II|1939 establishments in Albania |
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