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词条 Albion
释义

  1. Etymology

  2. Attestation

  3. {{anchor|In myth}}The giants of Albion

     Geoffrey of Monmouth  {{anchor|Des grantz geanz}}Anglo-Norman Albina story  Manuscripts and forms  Diocletian's daughters  Later treatment of the myth 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. Bibliography

     Albina story  Studies 
{{short description|Ancient name for the island of Great Britain}}{{About|the archaic name for Great Britain}}{{distinguish|Alban (disambiguation){{!}}Alban|Albia (disambiguation){{!}}Albia|Alboin}}

Albion ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|l|b|i|ən}}) is the oldest known name of the island of Great Britain. Today, it is still sometimes used poetically to refer to the island. The name for Scotland in the Celtic languages is related to Albion: Alba in Scottish Gaelic, Albain (genitive Alban) in Irish, Nalbin in Manx and Alban in Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. These names were later Latinised as Albania and Anglicised as Albany, which were once alternative names for Scotland.

New Albion and Albionoria ("Albion of the North") were briefly suggested as names of Canada during the period of the Canadian Confederation.[1][2] Arthur Phillip, first leader of the colonisation of Australia, originally named Sydney Cove "New Albion", but later the colony acquired the name "Sydney".[3][4][5]{{TOC limit|3}}

Etymology

The Common Brittonic name for the island, Hellenised as Albíōn ({{lang|grc|Ἀλβίων}})[6] and Latinised as Albiōn (genitive Albionis), derives from the Proto-Celtic nasal stem *Albi̯iū (oblique *Albiion-) and survived in Old Irish as Albu (genitive Albann). The name originally referred to Britain as a whole, but was later restricted to Caledonia (giving the modern Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland, Alba). The root *albiio- is also found in Gaulish and Galatian albio- ("world") and Welsh elfydd ({{lang|owl|elbid}}, "earth, world, land, country, district"). It may be related to other European and Mediterranean toponyms such as Alpes, and Albania. It has two possible etymologies. It may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *albho-, meaning "white" (cf. Latin albus). This is perhaps in reference to the white southern shores of the island, though Celtic linguist Xavier Delamarre argued that it originally meant "the world above, the visible world", in opposition to "the world below", i.e., the underworld. Alternatively it may derive from the Proto-Indo-European root *alb-, meaning "hill".[7][8][9]

Attestation

{{main|Britain (place name)}}

Judging from Avienus's Ora Maritima to which it is considered to have served as a source, the Massaliote Periplus (originally written in the 6th century BC, translated by Avienus at the end of the 4th century), does not use the name Britannia; instead it speaks of nēsos Iernōn kai Albiōnōn "the islands of the Iernians and the Albiones".[10] Likewise, Pytheas (ca. 320 BC), as directly or indirectly quoted in the surviving excerpts of his works in later writers, speaks of Albiōn and Iernē (Britain and Ireland). Pytheas's grasp of the {{lang|grc|νῆσος Πρεττανική}} (nēsos Prettanikē, "Prettanic island") is somewhat blurry, and appears to include anything he considers a western island, including Thule.[11]

The name Albion was used by Isidore of Charax (1st century BC–1st century AD)[13] and subsequently by many classical writers. By the 1st century AD, the name refers unequivocally to Great Britain. But this "enigmatic name for Britain, revived much later by Romantic poets like William Blake, did not remain popular among Greek writers. It was soon replaced by {{lang|grc|Πρεττανία}} (Prettanía) and {{lang|grc|Βρεττανία}} (Brettanía "Britain"), {{lang|grc|Βρεττανός}} (Brettanós "Briton"), and {{lang|grc|Βρεττανικός}} (Brettanikós, meaning the adjective British). From these words the Romans derived the Latin forms Britannia, Britannus, and Britannicus respectively".[14]

The Pseudo-Aristotelian text On the Universe (393b) has:

{{quote|Ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγισται τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη

"There are two very large islands in it, called the British Isles, Albion and Ierne"[15] (Britain and Ireland).}}

Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (4.16.102) likewise has:

"It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae".[16][17]

In his 2nd century Geography, Ptolemy uses the name {{lang|grc|Ἀλουΐων}} (Alouiōn, "Albion") instead of the Roman name Britannia, possibly following the commentaries of Marinus of Tyre.[18] He calls both Albion and Ierne νῆσοι Βρεττανικαὶ (nēsoi Brettanikai, "British Isles").[19][20]

In 930, the English king Æthelstan used the title Rex et primicerius totius Albionis regni ("King and chief of the whole realm of Albion").[21] His nephew, Edgar the Peaceful, styled himself Totius Albionis imperator augustus "Augustus Emperor of all Albion" in 970.[22]

{{anchor|In myth}}The giants of Albion

A legend exists in various forms that giants were either the original inhabitants, or the founders of the land named Albion.

Geoffrey of Monmouth

According to the 12th-century Historia Regum Britanniae ("The History of The Kings of Britain") by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the exiled Brutus of Troy was told by the goddess Diana;

{{quote|Brutus! there lies beyond the Gallic bounds

An island which the western sea surrounds,

By giants once possessed, now few remain

To bar thy entrance, or obstruct thy reign.

To reach that happy shore thy sails employ

There fate decrees to raise a second Troy

And found an empire in thy royal line,

Which time shall ne'er destroy, nor bounds confine.|Geoffrey of Monmouth|History of the Kings of Britain/Books 1, 11}}

After many adventures, Brutus and his fellow Trojans escape from Gaul and "set sail with a fair wind towards the promised island".[23]

"The island was then called Albion, and inhabited by none but a few giants. Notwithstanding this, the pleasant situation of the places, the plenty of rivers abounding with fish, and the engaging prospect of its woods, made Brutus and his company very desirous to fix their habitation in it." After dividing up the island between themselves "at last Brutus called the island after his own name Britain, and his companions Britons; for by these means he desired to perpetuate the memory of his name".[24] Geoffrey goes on to recount how the last of the giants are defeated, the largest one called Goëmagot is flung over a cliff by Corineus.

{{anchor|Des grantz geanz}}Anglo-Norman Albina story

Later, in the 14th century, a more elaborate tale was developed, claiming that Albina and her sisters founded Albion and procreated there a race of giants.[25] The "Albina story" survives in several forms, including the octosyllabic Anglo-Norman poem "Des grantz geanz" dating to 1300—1334[26][26] (Georgine Elizabeth Brereton ed. 1937;[27] Also Jubinal ed., "Des graunz Jaianz ki primes conquistrent Bretaingne" (1842)[28]{{Refn|group="lower-alpha"|The same text (same MS source) as Jubinal (Cotton Cleopatra IX) occurs in Francisque Michel ed., Gesta Regum Britanniae (1862), under the Latin title De Primis Inhabitatoribus Angliæ and incipit.[29]}}). A prose English translation is given in Richard Barber's anthology (1999).[31] According to the poem, in the 3970th year of the creation of the world,[30] a king of Greece married his thirty daughters into royalty, but the haughty brides colluded to eliminate their husbands so they would be subservient to no one. The youngest would not be party to the crime and divulged the plot, so the other princesses were confined to an unsteerable rudderless ship and set adrift, and after three days reached an uninhabited land later to be known as "England". The eldest daughter Albina ({{lang|xno|Albine}}) was the first to set shore and lay claim to the land, naming it after herself. At first, the women gathered acorns and fruits, but once they learned to hunt and obtain meat, it aroused their lecherous desires. As no other humans inhabited the land, they mated with evil spirits called "'incubi", and subsequently with the sons they begot, engendering a race of giants. These giants are evidenced by huge bones which are unearthed. Brutus arrived 260 years after Albina, 1136 before the birth of Christ, but by then there were only 24 giants left, due to inner strife.[31] As with Geoffrey of Monmouth's version, Brutus's band subsequently overtake the land, defeating Gogmagog in the process.[31]

Manuscripts and forms

The octosyllabic poem appears as a prologue to 16 out of 26 manuscripts of the Short Version of the Anglo-Norman prose Brut, which derives from Wace. Octosyllabic is not the only form the Anglo-Norman Des Grantz Geanz, there are five forms, the others being: the alexandrine, prose, short verse, and short prose versions.[32][33] The Latin adaptation of the Albina story, De Origine Gigantum, appeared soon later, in the 1330s[34] It has been edited by Carey & Crick (1995),[35] and translated by Ruth Evans (1998).[36]

Diocletian's daughters

A variant tale occurs in the Middle English prose Brut (Brie ed., The Brut or the Chronicles of England 1906–1908) of the 14th century, an English rendition of the Anglo-Norman Brut deriving from Wace.[37][38][39] In the Prolog of this chronicle, it was King "Dioclician" of "Surrey" (Syria[43]), who had 33 daughters, the eldest being called "Albyne". The princesses are all banished to Albion after plotting to murder their husbands, where they couple with the local demons; their offspring became a race of giants. The chronicle asserts that during the voyage Albyne entrusted the fate of the sisters to "Appolyn," which was the god of their faith. The Syrian king who was her father sounds much like a Roman emperor,[40] though Diocletian (3rd century) would be anachronistic, and Holinshed [41] explains this as a bungling of the legend of Danaus and his fifty daughters who founded Argos.

Later treatment of the myth

Because Geoffrey of Monmouth's work was regarded as fact until the late 17th century, the story appears in most early histories of Britain. Wace, Layamon, Raphael Holinshed, William Camden and John Milton repeat the legend and it appears in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene.[42]

William Blake's poems Milton and Jerusalem feature Albion as an archetypal giant representing humanity.

In 2010, artist Mark Sheeky donated the 2008 painting "Two Roman Legionaries Discovering The God-King Albion Turned Into Stone" to the Grosvenor Museum collection.[43]

See also

  • Britain (place name)
  • Terminology of the British Isles
  • Perfidious Albion
  • Nordalbingia, based on the Latin name for the Elbe River: Alba
  • New Albion

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://canadaonline.about.com/od/history/a/namecanada.htm|title=How Canada Got Its Name|author=|date=|website=about.com|accessdate=3 May 2018|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207073242/http://canadaonline.about.com/od/history/a/namecanada.htm|archivedate=7 December 2010|df=}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Rayburn|first=Alan|title=Naming Canada: Stories about Canadian Place Names|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiUZMOypNB4C&pg=PA16|year=2001|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8293-0|page=16}}
3. ^Rosalind Miles (2001) Who Cooked the Last Supper: The Women's History of the World Three Rivers Press. {{ISBN|0-609-80695-5}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=6vPOD6Ol15MC]
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-05-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512034452/http://www.manly.nsw.gov.au/council/about-manly/manly-heritage--history/ |archivedate=2016-05-12 |df= }}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html|title=Stories|first=scheme=AGLSTERMS.AglsAgent; corporateName=State Library of New South Wales; address=Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000; contact=+61 2 9273|last=1414|date=10 September 2015|website=State Library of NSW|accessdate=3 May 2018|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203035645/http://www.sl.nsw.gov.au/discover_collections/history_nation/terra_australis/letters/phillip/index.html|archivedate=2013-02-03|df=}}
6. ^Ancient Greek "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη, ...", transliteration "... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...", Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361, Loeb Classical Library No. 400, London William Heinemann LTD, Cambridge, Massachusetts University Press MCMLV
7. ^Freeman, Philip, Koch, John T., in: Koch, John T. (ed.), Celtic Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2006, pp. 38–39.
8. ^Delamarre, Xavier, Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise, Errance, 2003 (2nd ed.), pp. 37–38.
9. ^Ekwall, Eilert "Early names of Britain", in: Antiquity, Vol. 4, #14, 1930, pp. 149–156.
10. ^Avienus' Ora Maritima, verses 111-112, i.e. eamque late gens Hiernorum colit; propinqua rursus insula Albionum patet.
11. ^G. F. Unger, Rhein. Mus. xxxviii., 1883, pp. 1561–96.
12. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=bb85.a.spb.01&java=no| title = A Large Book of Designs, copy A, object 1 (Bentley 85.1, Butlin 262.1) "Albion rose"| publisher = William Blake Archive| accessdate = September 25, 2013| deadurl = no| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140106221915/http://www.blakearchive.org/exist/blake/archive/object.xq?objectid=bb85.a.spb.01&java=no| archivedate = January 6, 2014| df = }}
13. ^{{cite book|author1=Scymnus|authorlink1=Scymnus|author2=Messenius Dicaearchus|author3=Scylax of Caryanda|authorlink3=Scylax of Caryanda|title=Fragments des poemes géographiques de Scymnus de Chio et du faux Dicéarque, restitués principalement d'après un manuscrit de la Bibliothèque royale: précédés d'observations littéraires et critiques sur ces fragments; sur Scylax, Marcien d'Héraclée, Isidore de Charax, le stadiasme de la Méditerranée; pour servir de suite et de supplément à toutos les éditions des petits géographes grecs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4HKGb7P2AsC&pg=PA299|year=1840|publisher=Gide|page=299}}
14. ^{{cite book | last = Snyder | first = Christopher A. | title = The Britons | publisher = Blackwell Publishing | year = 2003 | page = 12 | isbn = 0-631-22260-X }}
15. ^{{cite book|last=Aristotle or Pseudo-Aristotle|author2=E. S. Forster (translator)|author3= D. J. Furley (translator)|title=On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos.|url=https://archive.org/details/onsophisticalref00arisuoft|publisher = William Heinemann LTD, Harvard University Press|chapter=On the Cosmos, 393b12|pages=360–361}} at the Open Library Project.{{DjVulink}}
16. ^Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia Book IV. Chapter XLI Latin text {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140719014628/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+4.41&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0138 |date=2014-07-19 }} andEnglish translation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517035441/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D30 |date=2013-05-17 }}at the Perseus Project. See also [https://archive.org/stream/plinysnaturalhis00plinrich#page/n245/mode/2up Pliny's Natural history. In thirty-seven books] at the Internet Archive.
17. ^Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary, lemma Britanni {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073044/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0059:entry%3DBritanni |date=2016-03-05 }} II.A at the Perseus Project.
18. ^PTOLEMY'S GEOGRAPHIA, BOOK II – DIDACTIC ANALYSIS {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727123635/http://www.reshistoriaeantiqua.co.uk/Ptolcomm4.html |date=2011-07-27 }}, COMTEXT4
19. ^{{cite book|title=Claudii Ptolemaei Geographia|author=Claudius Ptolemy|authorlink=Ptolemy|editor1-last=Nobbe|editor1-first=Carolus Fridericus Augustus|publisher=sumptibus et typis Caroli Tauchnitii|location=Leipzig|year=1843|volume=vol.1|url=http://www.wilbourhall.org/pdfs/ptolemy/Claudii_Ptolemaei_GeographiaVOL_I.pdf|page=59|chapter=index of book II|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208193809/http://wilbourhall.org/pdfs/ptolemy/Claudii_Ptolemaei_GeographiaVOL_I.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-08|df=}}
20. ^{{LSJ|*bretaniko/s|Βρεττανική|ref}}
21. ^England: Anglo-Saxon Royal Styles: 871–1066, Anglo-Saxon Royal Styles (9th–11th centuries) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927063337/http://www.archontology.org/nations/uk/england/anglosaxon/01_kingstyle_0871.php |date=2010-09-27 }}, archontology.org
22. ^Walter de Gray Birch, Index of the Styles and Titles of Sovereigns of England, 1885 ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110810160218/http://195.220.134.232/numerisation/tires-a-part-www-nb/0000005547609.pdf online copy])
23. ^History of the Kings of Britain/Book 1, 15
24. ^History of the Kings of Britain/Book 1, 16
25. ^{{Harvnb|Bernau|2007}}
26. ^{{Harvnb|Brereton|1937|p=xxxii}} had allowed for earlier dating range, giving 1200 (more likely 1250) to 1333/4: "not earlier than the beginning — probably not before the middle — of the thirteenth century and not later than 1333–4"
27. ^{{Harvnb|Brereton|1937}}
28. ^{{Harvnb|Jubinal|1842|pp=354–371}}
29. ^{{Harvnb|Michel|1862|pp=199–254}}
30. ^{{Harvnb|Brereton|1937|p=2}}, "Del mound, treis mil e nef cent/E sessante e diz ans" ll.14-15; but "treis" is lacking in {{Harvnb|Michel|1862}} so that it reads "1970 years"
31. ^1 2 {{Harvnb|Barber|2004}}
32. ^1 {{citation|last=Dean|first=Ruth|title=Anglo-Norman Literature: A Guide to Texts and Manuscripts|year=1999|pages=26–30}}, cited by {{cite thesis|last=Fisher|first=Matthew|title=Once Called Albion: The Composition and Transmission of History Writing in England, 1280-1350|publisher=Oxford University|year=2004|url=http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A5b5c77fa-2308-4eda-936a-a39478de1b66/datastreams/ATTACHMENT1|page=25|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309072443/http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid%3A5b5c77fa-2308-4eda-936a-a39478de1b66/datastreams/ATTACHMENT1|archivedate=2014-03-09|df=}}. Fisher: ""five distinct versions of Des Grantz Geanz : the octosyllabic, alexandrine, prose, short verse, and short prose versions survive in 34 manuscripts, ranging in date from the first third of the fourteenth to the second half of the fifteenth century
33. ^{{citation|last=Wogan-Browne|first=Jocelyn|title=Mother or Stepmother to History? Joan de Mohun and Her Chronicle|editor-last1=Leyser|editor-first1=Conrad|editor-last2=Smith|editor-first2=Lesley|work=Motherhood, Religion, and Society in Medieval Europe, 400-1400|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9F4_jDXbzWQC&pg=PA306|page=306|isbn=1409431452}}
34. ^{{Harvnb|Carley|Crick|1995|p=41}}
35. ^{{Harvnb|Carley|Crick|1995}}
36. ^{{Harvnb|Evans|1998}}
37. ^In the Anglo-Norman prose Brut, the poem prefaced to the Short Version was incorporated to the text proper (prologue) of the Long Version, from the long version. This long version was then rendered into Middle English.{{Harvnb|Lamont|2007|p=74}}
38. ^{{Harvnb|Brie|1906–1908}}
39. ^{{Harvnb|Bernau|2007|p=106}}
40. ^1 {{citation|last=Baswell|first=Christopher|title=English Literature and the Classical Past|editor-last=Brown|editor-first=Peter|work=A Companion To Medieval English Literature and Culture C.1350 - C.1500|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A45BRUIiH5gC&pg=PA113|pages=242–243|isbn=1405195525}}
41. ^Historie of England 1587, Book 1, Chapter 3
42. ^Harper, Carrie Anne (1964), The Sources of The British Chronicle History in Spenser's Faerie Queene, Haskell House, pp. 48–49.
43. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cheshire-today.co.uk/9652/chester-grosvenor-art-competition-winners/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020173315/http://www.cheshire-today.co.uk/9652/chester-grosvenor-art-competition-winners/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=20 October 2016|title=Chester Grosvenor Art competition: winners|publisher=Cheshire Today|accessdate=20 October 2016}}

Bibliography

{{Refbegin}}

Albina story

  • {{citation|editor-last=Jubinal|editor-first=Achille|editor-link=Achille Jubinal|chapter=Des graunz Jaianz ki primes conquistrent Bretaingne (Bibl. Cotton Cleopatra D IX)|title=Nouveau recueil de contes, dits, fabliaux et autres pièces inédites des XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles, pour faite suite aux collections de Legrand d'Aussy, Barbazan et Méon|publisher=Pannier|year=1842|pages=354–371|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oq9Ws3X9glsC&pg=PA354}}
    • {{citation|editor-last=Michel|editor-first=Francisque|chapter=Appendix I: De Primis Inhabitatoribus Angliæ|title=Gesta Regum Britanniæ: a metrical history of the Britions of the XIIIth century|publisher=Printed by G. Gounouilhou|year=1862|pages=199–214|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBNXAAAAMAAJ}}
  • {{citation|editor-last=Barber|editor-first=Richard|chapter=1. The Giants of the Island of Albion|title=Myths & Legends of the British Isles|publisher=Boydell Press|year=2004|origyear=1999}}
  • {{citation|editor-last=Brie|editor-first=Friedrich W. D.|title=The Brut or the Chronicles of England ... from Ms. Raw. B171, Bodleian Library, &c.,|series=EETS o.s.|volume=131 (part 1)|place=London|date=1906–1908|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULELAQAAIAAJ}}
  • {{citation|last1=Carley|first1=James P.|last2=Crick|first2=Julia|title=Constructing Albion's Past: An Annotated Edition of De origine gigantum|editor-last1=Carley|editor-first1=|editor-last2=Riddy|editor-first2=Felicity|work=Arthurian Literature XIII|publisher=D. S. Brewer|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jroDAE9M2Y4C&pg=PA41|pages=41–115|isbn=0859914496}}
  • {{citation|last=Evans|first=Ruth|title=Gigantic Origins: An Annotated Translation of De origine gigantum|editor-last1=Carley|editor-first1=|editor-last2=Riddy|editor-first2=Felicity|work=Arthurian Literature XVI|publisher=D. S. Brewer|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvQJ8KAEVh8C&pg=PA197|pages=197–217|isbn=085991531X}}
  • {{citation|last=Lamont|first=Margaret Elizabeth|chapter=Albina, her sisters, and the giants of Albion|title=The "Kynde Bloode of Engeland": Remaking Englishness in the Middle English Prose "Brut"|publisher=ProQuest|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GGh3qeEuN1IC&pg=PA73|pages=73ff.|isbn=0549482547}}

Studies

  • {{citation|last=Bernau|first=Anke|title=Myths of origin and the struggle over nationhood|editor-last1=McMullan|editor-first1=Gordon|editor-last2=Matthews|editor-first2=David|work=Reading the Medieval in Early Modern England|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A45BRUIiH5gC&pg=PA113|pages=106–118|isbn=0521868432}}
  • {{citation|editor-last=Brereton|editor-first=Georgine Elizabeth|title=Des grantz geanz: an Anglo-Norman poem|place=Oxford|publisher=Blackwell|year=1937|series=Medium Aevum Monographs|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=ja&id=zhdZAAAAMAAJ}}
{{Refend}}

2 : History of the British Isles|Terminology of the British Isles
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