| 词条 | GOELRO plan |
| 释义 |
GOELRO plan ({{lang-ru|план ГОЭЛРО}}) was the first-ever Soviet plan for national economic recovery and development. It became the prototype for subsequent Five-Year Plans drafted by Gosplan. GOELRO is the transliteration of the Russian abbreviation for "State Commission for Electrification of Russia" (Государственная комиссия по электрификации России). The Commission and Plan were initiated and supervised by Vladimir Lenin. Lenin's belief in the central importance of electrification to the achievement of communism is represented by his statement that {{quote|Communism is Soviet government plus the electrification of the whole country.|Vladimir Lenin|[1]}}The Commission was established by the Presidium of the VSNKh on February 21, 1920[2] in accordance with February 3, 1920 VTsIK resolution on the electrification plan development.[3] The director of the Commission was Gleb Krzhizhanovsky. About 200 scientists and engineers participated, including Genrikh Graftio, Ivan Alexandrov, Mikhail Shatelen and others.[2] By the end of 1920 the Commission devised the "Russian SFSR Electrification Plan" ({{lang-ru|«План электрификации Р.С.Ф.С.Р»}}), that was approved subsequently by the 8th Congress of Soviets on December 22, 1920[4] and accepted by the Sovnarkom (Soviet government) on December 21, 1921.[5] The Plan represented a major restructuring of the Soviet economy based on total electrification of the country. Lenin's stated goal for it was "...the organization of industry on the basis of modern, advanced technology, on electrification which will provide a link between town and country, will put an end to the division between town and country, will make it possible to raise the level of culture in the countryside and to overcome, even in the most remote corners of land, backwardness, ignorance, poverty, disease, and barbarism."[6] ImplementationThe GOELRO Plan was implemented during a 10- to 15-year period. According to the Plan, the territory of the Russian SFSR was divided into eight regions, with distinct development strategies due to specific features of each region: Southern Region, Central Industrial region, Northern Region, Ural Region, Volga Region, Turkestan Region, Caucasus Region and Western Siberia Region.[3][7] The Plan included construction of a network of 30 regional power plants, including ten large hydroelectric power plants, and numerous electric-powered large industrial enterprises.[8] It was intended to increase the total national power output per year to 8.8 billion kWh, as compared to 1.9 billion kWh in Imperial Russia in 1913.[3] Soviet propaganda claimed that the plan was basically fulfilled by 1931.[3][4] In reality, only three out of ten hydroelectric stations were built by 1930: the Volkhov, the Svir, and the Dnieper Hydroelectric Stations.[9] The goal of 8.8 billion kWh nevertheless was reached in 1931,[10] and national power output continued to increase exponentially, reaching 13.5 billion kWh by the end of the first five-year plan in 1932, 36 billion kWh by 1937, and 48 billion kWh by 1940. Ivan Alexandrov later directed the Regionalisation Commission of Gosplan which divided the Soviet Union into thirteen European and eight Asiatic economic regions, using rational economic planning rather than "the vestiges of lost sovereign rights".[11]The term "Ilyich's lamp" (лампочка Ильича) for an electric bulb, a reference to Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, is a reminder of the Plan period. References1. ^{{cite book|last=Vladimir|first=Lenin|title=Our Foreign and Domestic Position and Party Tasks|year=1920|location=Moscow|url=http://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/nov/21.htm|quote=Communism is Soviet power plus the electrification of the whole country, since industry cannot be developed without electrification.}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/lh35mg7706n56561/|title=50th anniversary of the Lenin Goélro Plan and Hydropower Development | doi=10.1007/BF02397589 | volume=4|journal=Hydrotechnical Construction|pages=1089–1093}} 3. ^1 2 3 Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed., entry on "ГОЭЛРО", available online here 4. ^1 {{ru icon}} On GOELRO Plan - at Kuzbassenergo {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226190310/http://www.kuzbassenergo.ru/goelro/ |date=December 26, 2008 }} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.turpion.org/php/paper.phtml?journal_id=pu&paper_id=4485|title=Physics in the USSR: stages in a long journey - SOV PHYS USPEKHI, 1983, 26 (8), 720–726|publisher=}} 6. ^Lenin "Collected Works", vol. 30, page 335. 7. ^{{ru icon}} 85th anniversary of GOELRO plan - Management at the website of RAO UES 8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3677572g016338u/|title=70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia | doi=10.1023/A:1004107617449 | volume=34|journal=Hydrotechnical Construction|pages=374–379}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last=Никитин|first=Олег|date=February 2010|script-title=ru:Плюс электрификация|journal=Forbes|url=http://www.forbes.ru/forbes/issue/2010-02/44842-plyus-elektrifikatsiya|language=Russian}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.situation.ru/app/j_artp_324.htm|script-title=ru:Развитие электроэнергетики в СССР ( к 80летию плана ГОЭЛРО)|language=Russian}} 11. ^Ekonomicheskoe raionirovanie Rossii, Gosplan, Moscow 1921 External links
6 : Documents of the Soviet Union|Economy of the Soviet Union|History of the Soviet Union|1920 establishments in Russia|1920s economic history|1920 documents |
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