| 词条 | Al-Istibsar |
| 释义 |
Author{{main|Shaykh Tusi}}Muhammad ibn Tusi, commonly known as Shaykh Tusi, lived during the first half of the 5th century AH. He is the best known jurist and Mujtahid of the Shia. Born in Tus in 385 AH, he lived his early life there. He received primary education in his homeland of Iran, and had higher studies in Baghdad. At the time Baghdad was the seat of the Abbasid Caliphate and a great center of learning. Abbaside rule stretched from Spain and south Arabia to China and from the Mediterranean coast to North Africa. Consequently, Baghdad was a seat of learning and meeting point for scholars and intellectuals from all parts of the world. The greatest personality of this period was Shaykh Mufid who resided in the Shia neighborhood of Karkh in an opulent atmosphere.[2] Shaykh Tusi taught the teachings of Islam in the presence of the great masters such as Shaykh Mufid, Sharif al-Murtaza,[3] Ibn Ghada’iri, and ibn Abdun.[4] Two authoritative Shia resources, Tahdhib al-Ahkam and Al-Istibsar, were written by Shaykh Tusi. He also authored many works such as Talkhis al-Shafi, al-Muqni fi ‘l-ghayba, al-Ghayba,[5] al-Tibyan fi Tafsir al-Quran, al-Khilaf, al-Mabsut fi fiqh al-Imamiyah.[6] Sayyid Murtada Alam al-Huda (Sharif al-Murtaza) wrote some works on an Imamate called al-Shafi. It was written as a response to the section on Imamte of Mutazili Qadi Abd al-Jabbar’s al- Mughni. This work summarized by Shaykh Tusi that was titled Talkhis al-Shafi.[3] BackgroundAl-Istibsar is one of the four major Shia collections of Hadith authored by Shaykh Tusi.[7] He authored this book after writing Tahdhib al-Ahkam, when his colleagues asked him to summarize the book and determined traditions which disagree and explain the reconciliation between the two without leaving out anything which was influential.[8] He wrote in the introduction of Al-Istibsar: {{cquote|bgcolor=#F0F8FF|It would be useful that there should be a reference (madhkur) book which a beginner could use in his study of jurisprudence, or one who has finished, to remind himself, or the intermediate (student) to study more deeply. Thus (so that) all of them could obtain what they need and reach their soul's desire, what is connected with different traditions would be set in an abridged way. Therefore they asked me to summarize it (Tahdhib al-Ahkam) and devote care to its compilation and abridgement, and to begin each section with an introduction about what I relied on for the legal decisions and traditions in it; then I should follow with those traditions which disagree and explain the reconciliation between the two without leaving out anything which was influential.}}It does not include many traditions and explanations are brief.[8] ContextAl-Istibsar is authored about Hadiths that seemingly are at variance with each other or "show discrepancies" in their contents. It included three parts. The first two parts are about Worship (except Jihad) and the last part is allocated to subjects of jurisprudence. The first part includes 300 chapters with 1899 Hadiths. The second part has 270 chapters with 1177 Hadiths and the last part included 398 chapters with 2455 Haithes. To avoid distortion, Shaykh Tusi determined number of Hadiths in the book exactly. Al-Istibsar included 5511 Hadiths. In specific print of book, 5558 Hadiths have been reported that is caused by manner of counting.[9] RecitationsMany Shiite scholars have written explanations for Al-Istibsar, including the following:[10]
See also{{Portal|Islam|Shia Islam}}
References1. ^{{cite book|author=Abd al-Hadi al-Fadli|title=Introduction to Hadith 2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-muq9pi0zUC&pg=PA106|date=1 September 2011|publisher=ICAS Press|isbn=978-1-904063-47-6|pages=106–7}} 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Tusi|first1=Muhammad ibn Hassan|title=Concise Description of Islamic Law and Legal Opinions|date=2008|publisher=Icas Press|isbn=978-1904063292|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FO6CBMZU5xgC&pg=PR1&dq=Shaykh+Tusi}} 3. ^1 {{cite book|last1=Gholamali |first1=Haddad Adel |title=Hawza-Yi 'Ilmiyya Shi'I Teaching Institution: An Entry from Encyclopaedia of the World of Islam|date=2012|publisher=EWI Press Ltd |isbn=978-1908433060|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EItNVheauSgC&pg=PA103&dq=Teachers+of+Shaykh+Tusi }} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=khomeini Ruhollah |title=The greatest Jihad |date=2010|publisher=Icas Press|isbn=978-9675062322|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gss7_PS6a6EC&pg=PA20&dq=Teachers+of+Shaykh+Tusi }} 5. ^{{cite book | first1=Ali | last1=Nāṣiri | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpEp5LSqP6YC&pg=PA269 | title=An Introduction to Hadith: History and Sources | publisher=MIU Press | date=2013 | edition=1 | pages=269, 303 | isbn=978-1907905087}} 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Ali Shah|first1=Zulfiqar|title=Ifta' and Fatwa in the Muslim World and the West|page=159|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wnI7CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA159&dq=Works+of+Shaykh+Tusi}} 7. ^{{cite book | first1=Huston | last1=Cyril | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=focLrox-frUC&pg=PA148&dq=Al-Istibsar+tusi | title=New Encyclopedia of Islam: A Revised Edition of the Concise Encyclopedia of Islam | publisher=AltaMira Press; Revised edition | date=2001 | pages=148, 582 | isbn=978-0759101890 | first2=Smith | last2=Glasse}} 8. ^1 {{cite book | first1=I. K. A. | last1=Howard | url=http://www.al-islam.org/al-serat/vol-2-1976/great-shii-works-tahdhib-al-ahkam-and-al-istibsar-al-tusi/great-shii-works#al-istibsar-fima-khtalaf-al-akhbar | title=Great Shi'i Works: 'Tahdhib al-Ahkam' and 'Al-Istibsar' by Al-Tusi | website=Al-Islam | year=1976 | volume=2}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Masudi|first1=Mohammad Mahdi|title=Tahdhib and Istibsar|journal=Theology and Law|date=2009|volume=30|page=101|url=http://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/995755/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1?q=%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1&score=13.521475&rownumber=1}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Al-ISTIBSAR|url=http://library.tebyan.net/en/Viewer/Text/143023/32#32|website=library.tebyan}} 3 : Hadith|Hadith collections|Arabic-language books |
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