ALDE is one of the three oldest Groups, dating its unofficial origin back to September 1952 and the first meeting of the Parliament's predecessor, the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community. Founded as an explicitly liberal group, it has expanded its remit to cover the different centrist traditions of each new Member State as they acceded to the Union, progressively changing its name in the process.
The pro-European platform of ALDE supports free market economics and pushes for European integration and the European single market.[6]
The ALDE Group can trace its unofficial ancestry back to the Liberal members present at the first meeting of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (the Parliament's predecessor) on 10 September 1952,[7] but the Group was officially founded as the Group of Liberals and Allies[8] on 23 June 1953.[8]
As the Assembly grew into the Parliament, the French Gaullists split from the Group on 21 January 1965[9] and the Group started the process of changing its name to match the liberal/centrist traditions of the new member states, firstly to the Liberal and Democratic Group[8][10] in 1976,[8] then to the Liberal and Democratic Reformist Group[11] on 13 December 1985,[8] then to the Group of the European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party[8][10][12] on 19 July 1994[8] to match the European political party of the same name.
In 1999, the Group partnered with European People's Party–European Democrats (EPP-ED) group to form the Grand Coalition for the Fifth Parliament. The customary split of the Presidency of the European Parliament between Groups in the Coalition meant that the Group achieved its first President of the European Parliament on 15 January 2002, when Pat Cox was elected to the post to serve the latter half of the five-year term. The Group lost its Grand Coalition status after the 2004 elections.
On 13 July 2004 the Group approved a recommendation to unite with MEPs from the centrist and social-liberal political party at the European level called the European Democratic Party (EDP) founded by François Bayrou's Union for French Democracy, the Labour Party of Lithuania and Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy of Italy.
Country | National party | National party in national language | European party | MEPs 2004–2009 | MEPs 2009–2014 | MEPs 2014–2019 |
---|
{{AUT}} | NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum | de|Neos – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | {{Composition bar|1|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{BEL}} | Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats | Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|3|24|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|3|14|hex=Grey}} | {{Composition bar|3|22|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|3|13|hex=Grey}} | {{Composition bar|3|21|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|3|12|hex=Grey}} |
Reformist Movement | {{lang-fr|Mouvement Réformateur}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|24|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|2|9|hex=Grey}} | {{Composition bar|2|22|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|2|8|hex=Grey}} | {{Composition bar|2|21|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|2|8|hex=Grey}} |
Gérard Deprez as EDP individual member}} | 1|24|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|1|9|hex=Grey}} | – | 1|21|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}}{{Composition bar|1|8|hex=Grey}} |
{{BGR}} | National Movement for Stability and Progress | bg|Национално движение за стабилност и възход}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Nacionalno Dviženie za Stabilnost i Văzhod}}) | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Movement for Rights and Freedoms | bg|Движение за права и свободи}} ({{lang|bg-Latn|Dvizhenie za Prava i Svobodi}}) | ALDE | {{Composition bar|3|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|18|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|4|17|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{HRV}} | Civic Liberal Alliance | hr|Građansko-liberalni savez}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|11|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Istrian Democratic Assembly | hr|Istarski demokratski sabor - Dieta democratica istriana}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|11|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{CYP}} | Democratic Party | Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα}} ({{lang|el-Latn|Dimokratikó Kómma}}) {{lang-tr|Demokrat Parti}} | The Democratic Party left the ALDE for S&D in 2009.}} | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
{{CZE}} | ANO 2011 | ANO 2011 | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|2|21|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
They were elected as ANO 2011}} | – | – | – | 2|21|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{DNK}} | Venstre - Denmark's Liberal Party | da|Venstre - Danmarks Liberale Parti}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|3|14|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}}{{efn|Jens Rhode was originally also elected for Ventre, but left to join Danish Social Liberal Party in December 2015.}} |
Danish Social Liberal Party | da|Det Radikale Venstre}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|14|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | {{Composition bar|2|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{EST}} | Estonian Centre Party | et|Eesti Keskerakond}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Estonian Reform Party | et|Eesti Reformierakond}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{FIN}} | Centre Party | Suomen Keskusta}} {{lang-sv|Centern i Finland}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|4|14|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Swedish People's Party | Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue}} {{lang-sv|Svenska Folkpartiet i Finland}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|14|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{FRA}} | Democratic Movement | fr|Mouvement Démocrate}} | EDP | {{Composition bar|7|78|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|5|74|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|74|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}}{{Efn|4 MoDem MEPs were elected in 2014}} |
Cap21 | fr|Citoyenneté Action Participation Pour le XXI{{sup|e}} Siècle}} | None | – | {{Composition bar|1|74}} | – |
Civic Alliance for Democracy in Europe | fr|Alliance Citoyenne pour la Démocratie en Europe}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|3|78|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
fr|Génération citoyens}} | – | none | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|74}} |
Radical Movement | fr|Mouvement radical}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|2|74|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Union of Democrats and Independents | fr|Union des démocrates et indépendants}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|74|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{DEU}} | Free Democratic Party | de|Freie Demokratische Partei}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|7|99|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|12|99|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|96|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Free Voters | de|Freie Wähler}} | EDP | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|96|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
{{GRE}} | Drassi | el|Δράση}} {{lang|el-Latn|Drassi}} | none | – | {{Composition bar|1|22}} | – |
{{HUN}} | Alliance of Free Democrats | hu|Szabad Demokraták Szövetsége - A Magyar Liberális Párt}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|24|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
Hungarian Liberal Party | hu|Magyar Liberális Párt - Liberálisok}} | ALDE | – | – | – |
{{IRL}} | ga|Fianna Fáil}} | – | ALDE | – | {{Composition bar|3|12|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | The sole Fianna Fáil member sits with the European Conservatives and Reformists group.}} |
Marian Harkin (Independent) | – | EDP | {{Composition bar|1|13|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|11|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
{{ITA}} | Democracy is Freedom – The Daisy (note: merged into PD in 2007) | it|Democrazia è Libertà - La Margherita}} | EDP | {{Composition bar|9|78|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
Italy of Values | it|Italia dei Valori}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|78|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|5|73|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Alliance for Italy | it|Alleanza per l'Italia}} | EDP | {{Composition bar|1|78|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|73|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | – |
Italian Radicals | it|Radicali Italiani}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|78|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
{{LVA}} | Latvia's First Party/Latvian Way | lv|Latvijas Pirmā Partija / Latvijas Ceļš}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|9|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|9|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Union of Greens and Farmers | lv|Zaļo un Zemnieku savienība}} | EGP (LZP) | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|8}} |
{{LTU}} | Labour Party | lt|Darbo Partija}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|5|13|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}}{{Efn|EDP member until 2012}} | {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|11|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Liberal and Centre Union | lt|Liberalų ir Centro Sąjunga}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|13|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
Liberal Movement | lt|Liberalų Saįūdis}} | ALDE | – | {{Composition bar|1|12|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|11|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{LUX}} | Democratic Party | Demokratesch Partei}} {{lang-fr|Parti Démocratique}} {{lang-de|Demokratische Partei}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|6|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{NLD}} | People's Party for Freedom and Democracy | nl|Volkspartij Voor Vrijheid en Democratie}} | ALDE | 4|27|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|26|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|26|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Democrats 66 | nl|Democraten 66}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|27|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|26|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|4|26|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{POL}} | Democratic Party – demokraci.pl | pl|Partia Demokratyczna - Demokraci.pl}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|4|54|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
Paweł Piskorski (Independent) | – | none | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
Marek Czarnecki (Independent) | – | none | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{Independent (politician)/meta/color}}}} | – | – |
{{POR}} | Democratic Republican Party | pt|Partido Democrático Republicano}} | EDP | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|21|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
{{ROU}} | National Liberal Party | ro|Partidul Național Liberal}} | name=PNL |Following the 2014 European Parliament election, the National Liberal Party (PNL) left ALDE to join the European People's Party. Reelected MEPs Norica Nicolai and Renate Weber rejoined the ALDE group later and were subsequently expelled from their party.}} | {{Composition bar|6|35|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|5|33|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats (formerly PNL and Independent ) | ro|Alianța Liberalilor și Democraților}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|32|{{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Renate Weber (formerly PNL) | – | ALDE{{efn>name=PNL}} | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|32|{{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Mircea Diaconu (Independent) | – | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|32|{{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{SVK}} | People's Party – Movement for a Democratic Slovakia | sk|Ľudová Strana - Hnutie Za Demokratické Slovensko}} | EDP | – | {{Composition bar|1|13|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | – |
{{SVN}} | Liberal Democracy of Slovenia | sl|Liberalna Demokracija Slovenije}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|2|7|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Zares – Social Liberals | sl|Zares - Socialno-Liberalni}} | ALDE | – | {{Composition bar|1|8|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | – |
Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia | sl|Demokratična stranka upokojencev Slovenije}} | EDP | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|8|{{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
{{ESP}} | Basque Nationalist Party | Euzko Alderdi Jeltzalea}} | EDP | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
Citizens | Ciudadanos – Partido de la Ciudadanía}} | ALDE | – | – | {{Composition bar|2|54|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Union, Progress and Democracy | Unión, Progreso y Democracia}} | Maïte Pagazaurtundúa Ruiz as individual member}} | – | – | {{Composition bar|1|54|{{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Catalan European Democratic Party | Partit Demòcrata Europeu Català}} | [none] | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|54|hex={{European Democratic Party/meta/color}}}} |
Elected as Union, Progress and Democracy}} | – | ALDE | – | – | 2|54|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Elected as Union, Progress and Democracy}} | – | – | – | – | 1|54}} |
{{SWE}} | Liberals | sv|Liberalerna}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|19|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|3|20|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|2|20|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Centre Party | sv|Centerpartiet}} | ALDE | {{Composition bar|1|19|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|20|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
{{GBR}} | Liberal Democrats | - | ALDE | {{Composition bar|11|78|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|12|73|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} | {{Composition bar|1|73|hex={{Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe/meta/color}}}} |
Total ALDE Party | 70 | 74 | 56 |
Total EDP | 26 | 10 | 8 |
Total Other | 4 | 1 | 4 |
Total | 100 | 85 | 68 |
{{notelist}}In September 1952, the third-largest grouping in the Common Assembly was the Liberal grouping with 11 members.[24] The Group of Liberals and Allies was officially founded on 23 June 1953.[8] By mid-September 1953, it was again the third-largest Group with 10 members.[13]
ALDE is a coalition of liberal and centrist MEPs. It does not have formal subgroups, although the MEPs fall naturally into two informal subgroups, depending on whether they associate with the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party or the European Democratic Party.
The Bureau is the main decision making body of the ALDE Group and is composed of the leaders of the delegations from each member state that elects ALDE MEPs.[14] The Bureau oversees the ALDE Group's main strategy and policies and is headed by a chair (referred to as the Leader). The day-to-day running of the Group is performed by its secretariat, led by its Secretary-General.
Along with the other political groups, ALDE has been analysed by academics on its positions regarding various issues. Those positions are summarized in this article. That article characterizes ALDE as cohesive, gender-balanced centrist Euroneutrals that cooperate most closely with the EPP, are ambiguous on hypothetical EU taxes and supportive of eventual full Turkish accession to the European Union.
1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parliament/public/staticDisplay.do?id=45&pageRank=4&language=en |title=At your service |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2014-06-28}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html|title=European Union|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2015|access-date=2018-09-22|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608032858/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/eu.html|archivedate=2017-06-08}}
3. ^1 {{cite book|first=Hans|last=Slomp|date=2011-09-26|title=Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&pg=PA245|accessdate=2018-09-20|isbn=978-0-313-39182-8}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=Andreas Staab|title=The European Union Explained, Second Edition: Institutions, Actors, Global Impact|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gePMlsVzZI0C&pg=PA67|accessdate=5 August 2013|year=2011|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00164-1|page=67}}
5. ^{{cite book|author=Tapio Raunio|chapter=Political Interests: The European Parliament's Party Groups|editor1=John Peterson|editor2=Michael Shackleton|title=The Institutions of the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oaD01PaTFE0C&pg=PA341|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-957498-8|page=341}}
6. ^{{cite book|author1=David Phinnemore|author2=Lee McGowan|title=A Dictionary of the European Union|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9EB7e8pgywC&pg=PA277|accessdate=7 August 2013|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-08127-0|page=277}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/composition_of_the_common_assembly_10_13_september_1952-en-5dd0109a-0c6f-47a3-833a-1c482b599a89.html |title=Composition of the Common Assembly (10–13 September 1952) |publisher=CVCE|accessdate=2013-04-28}}
8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://www.europe-politique.eu/alliance-des-democrates-et-des-liberaux-pour-l-europe.htm |title=ALDE on Europe Politique |publisher=Europe-politique.eu |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europe-politique.eu/rassemblement-des-democrates-europeens.htm |title=UFE on Europe Politique |publisher=Europe-politique.eu |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}
10. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.4504/ |title=Political Groups of the European Parliament |publisher=Kas.de |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517163147/http://www.kas.de/wf/de/71.4504/ |archivedate=2011-05-17 |df= }}
11. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|1174|Simone Veil}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/election/results/legende.htm |title=Group names 1999 |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cvce.eu/obj/position_of_the_political_groups_in_mid_september_1953-en-00410909-38be-486b-bf94-14d5967f31f4.html |title=Position of the political groups in mid-September 1953 |publisher=CVCE|accessdate=2013-05-28}}
14. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.alde.eu/alde-group/alde-bureau/ |title=ALDE website article "Bureau" |publisher=Alde.eu | accessdate=2010-06-18}}
15. ^1 2 3 4 Archived article 003730_1 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911085807/http://aei.pitt.edu/5765/01/003730_1.pdf |date=2008-09-11 }} from the Archive of European Integration
16. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/pdf/cardoc/fonds_collections_en.pdf |title=Directorate-General for the Presidency - CARDOC unit and archives - Description of the main holdings and collections |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-06-18}}
17. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|926|Cornelis Berkhouwer}}
18. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|720|Jean-François Pintat}}
19. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|720|Martin Bangemann}}
20. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.alde.eu/index.php?id=42&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=8219&cHash=484b263447 |title=ALDE Group press release "ALDE Group backs Watson to continue as Leader", dated 29 November 2006 |publisher=Alde.eu |date=2006-11-29 |accessdate=2010-06-18 }}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
21. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|1030|Valery Giscard d'Estaing}}
22. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|1084|Yves Galland}}
23. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|1454|Gijs de Vries}}
24. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|1287|Pat Cox}}
25. ^{{EP MEP info/archive|2155|Graham Watson}}
26. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20090717100151/http://www.alde.eu/en/details/news/guy-verhofstadt-elected-unopposed-as-new-alde-group-leader ALDE Group in the European Parliament : Guy Verhofstadt elected unopposed as new ALDE group leader]