| 词条 | Alnashsky District | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Alnashsky District |ru_name=Алнашский район |loc_name1=Алнаш ёрос |loc_lang1=Udmurt |image_map=Location of Alnashi Region (Udmurtia).svg |map_caption=Location of Alnashsky District in the Udmurt Republic |image_view=Alnashi centre.jpg |image_caption=View of Alnashi, the administrative center of the district |latd |latm |lats |longd |longm |longs |image_flag=Flag of Alnashi Region (Udmurtia).svg |flag_caption |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Alnashi Region (Udmurtia).svg |coa_caption |anthem |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |federal_subject=Udmurt Republic |federal_subject_ref=[1] |adm_data_as_of=July 2012 |adm_ctr_type=selo |adm_ctr_name=Alnashi |adm_ctr_ref=[2] |selsoviet_type1=selsoviet |no_of_selsoviets_type1=12 |no_of_rural_localities=81 |counts_ref |mun_data_as_of=July 2005 |mun_formation1=Alnashsky Municipal District |mun_formation1_ref=[3] |mun_formation1_no_of_urban_settlements=0 |mun_formation1_no_of_rural_settlements=12 |mun_formation1_counts_ref=[3] |mun_formation1_leader_title |mun_formation1_leader_title_ref |mun_formation1_leader_name |mun_formation1_leader_name_ref |mun_formation1_representative_body |mun_formation1_representative_body_ref |area_of_what |area_as_of |area_km2=896 |area_km2_ref=[1] |pop_2010census=20403 |urban_pop_2010census=0% |rural_pop_2010census=100% |pop_2010_census_ref= |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |established_date |established_date_ref |newspaper |newspaper_ref |website=http://www.alnashi.udmurt.ru/ |website_ref |commonscat=Alnashsky District |date=November 2012 }}Alnashsky District ({{lang-ru|Ална́шский райо́н}}; {{lang-udm|Алнаш ёрос}}) is an administrative[2] and municipal[3] district (raion), one of the twenty-five in the Udmurt Republic, Russia. It is located in the south of the republic. The area of the district is {{convert|896|km2|sp=us}}.[1] Its administrative center is the rural locality (a selo) of Alnashi.[4] Geographic informationThe district is bordered by Grakhovsky District of Udmurtia in the west, Mozhginsky District of Udmurtia in the north, also by Agryzsky District of the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and by Mendeleevsky District of Tatarstan in the south-west. The area of the district is 896 square kilometers.[5] Relief and SoilThe district is located in the Mozhga Hills that is a weak-high plain with calm character of relief. At the preagriculrural time in the vegetative cover fir-spruce forests with broad-leaved trees (lime tree, maple, oak, elm, common hazel) were dominated. At the present time second aspen-birchen and lime forests are dominated.[6] The woodiness - 18,0 %.[7] The district is dominated by Alfisols and sod-calcareous loamy soils that have high natural fertility and are some of the best soils in Udmurtia.[8] ClimateThe average annual temperature varies between + 2,3-2,6 °C. The average temperature in January is -14,0-14,2 °C, in July is + 18,9-19,2 °C. The amount of active temperature is 2000-2100 °C. The frost-free period lasts about 130–135 days per year, the annual rainfall - 490–530 mm.[6] HydrologyThe district is located in the basin of the Kama River, the southern boundary of the district runs along the banks of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir. On the territory of Alnashsky District there are rivers - Varzi, Toyma, Alnashka, Varali, Varaga, Utchanka and many others. The average annual runoff of rivers is 4.5-5.0 l / s*km², the density of the river network - 0.58 km / km².[6] At the beginning of 2009, the water fund of the district is 677 hectares.[9] HistoryThe Alnashsky District was established July 15, 1929 from 15 village Soviets (Selsoviets, or village councils) of the Alnashskaya volost and the Bolshekib'inskaya volost of the Mozhginsky Uezd. At the time in the structure of the district there were included Azamatovsky, Alnashsky, Asanovsky, Bayteryakovsky, Bolshekib'insky, Varzi-Yatchinsky, Voznesensky, Gondyrevsky, Ivanovsky, Kadikovsky, Kucherenovsky, Muvazhinsky, Piseevsky, Staroutchansky, Tutashevsky, Udmurt-Toymobashsky and Chemoshur-Kuyuksky village Soviets. In 1932, in the structure of the district from Tatarstan the Staroyum'insky village Soviet was additionally passed.[10] In 1937 during the formation of the Pychassky District some village Soviets of the Alnashsky District were passed into its composition. In 1954, there was the consolidation of village Soviets, their number reduced to 10. In 1963, the district was abolished and its territory became a part of the Mozhginsky District, but in 1965 the Alnashsky District was restored.[11] The modern structure of the district was formed as a result of the municipal reform in 2006. At the moment, the district consists of 12 rural settlements.
PopulationPopulation: {{ru-census2010|20,403|;}} 22,258 (2002 Census);[13] {{su-census1989|21,931|.}} The population of Alnashi accounts for 30.9% of the district's total population. The average population density - 22.77 pers. / km². The district occupies the 11th place in the population and 4th place in the density among the municipal districts of Udmurtia. On January 1, 2013, from 81 Inhabited localities of the district 7 had no permanent population.[14] In 2011, the birth rate was 18,3 ‰, mortality rate - 15,4 ‰, the natural population growth - 2,9 ‰. The population of the district continues to decline due to migration loss (the difference between the number of departures and arrivals on the territory of the district), in 2011 the migration population loss amounted to 511 people.[8] The total number of pensioners in the district is 5440 persons, youth from 18 to 29 years - 5490 persons, voters - 15900 persons.[15] Ethnic compositionAs a result of the 2002 census, among the district population Udmurts turned out 81.7%, Russians - 12.2%, Tatars - 3.4%, Mari - 2.1%.[16][17] The Alnashsky District is one of 16 rural district of the Udmurt Republic where Udmurts make up the majority,[17] as well as one of the four districts of compact residence of Mari people.[18] Besides, the Alnashsky District along with the Grakhovsky District and the Kiznersky District is the residence territory of the Kryashens in the rural area of Udmurtia.[19] Jewish communityIn the district fairly large the rural Jewish community was located,[20][21][22][23] whose members spoke the Alnashic subdialect of the Udmurtish variety of Yiddish[21][24][25] (see Jews from Udmurtia and Tatarstan), and also many Jews spoke Udmurt and/or Tatar languages.[21][25][26] The Ashkenazi Jews in the Alnashsky District first appeared in the early 20th century (in the 1910s and 1920s).[21][24] In the 1940–1960s the maximum number of the Jews in the district was 25–35 humans.[27] The primary residences of the Jews there were three settlements: the village (selo) of Alnashi, the village (selo) of Varzi-Yatchi and the hamlet (derevnya) of Garga.[21][24][28] The Alnashsky District's Jewry celebrated all Jewish holydays except for Tu Bishvat. The most revered feasts were Passover (Pesach), Simchat Torah (Simches To(y)reh), Yom Kippur (Yom Kipper), Hanukkah and Purim.[21][24] The Udmurts of the district often mistook the Jews for Russians but sometimes for russianized Germans or Udmurts.[29] In the 1980s, the Jews practically left Alnashsky District however in 2015 it was fixed inhabitation of a few Jews in the district as members of interethnic (Jewish-udmurt) families.[21][26]Besides, the Alnashsky District occasionally attended the Subbotniks (Hebrew/Yiddish gerim; Russian subbotniki literally "sabbatarians", novyye zhidy literally "new Jews", zhidovstvuyushchiye literally "Judaizers", iudeystvuyushchiye literally "Judaizers", zhidovery literally "Jewbelievers"; Russian endoethnonym gery to Hebrew ger). The Subbotniks came for a recreation (Varzi-Yatchi sanatorium) or on working affairs.[21][24] SightsOn the territory of Alnashsky District, there are the following types of historic, natural and cultural monuments: 1) Protected areas of the Alnashsky District:[30]
2) Monuments of architecture:[30]
3) Monuments of folk architecture:[30]
4) Historic Burials:[30]
5) Sacral territories of the three pagan religious formation of southern udmurts (Lud-vyzhy, Bulda-vyzhy, Byd'z'ym kua-vyzhy) from near the village (derevnya) of Kuzebaevo where until now the village inhabitants collectively celebrates udmurt pagan holidays (without interruptions since the beginning of the pagan practices on those territories).[31][32][33][34][35] This feature of the village makes of its a unique place because it is the rare case of preservation of ethnic religion in Europe. The Jews called the village of Kuzebaevo וואָסיאַשןדאָרף vös'ašndorf [vəˈsʲaʃ(ə)ndɔʁf] < Yiddish vös'ašn- "priestly, sacerdotal (the word was used only in relation to udmurt pagan priests)" < udmurt vös'as' "pagan priest in udmurt ethnic religion" + Yiddish dorf "village".[36][37] ReferencesNotes1. ^1 {{cite web|title=Descriptive Statistics - Alnashsky|url=http://www.gks.ru/scripts/db_inet2/passport/table.aspx?opt=946020002014|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service, Russian Federation|language=ru|accessdate=July 2, 2016}} 2. ^1 Constitution of the Udmurt Republic 3. ^1 2 Law #64-RZ 4. ^1 Law #46-RZ 5. ^1 Федеральная служба государственной статистики База данных муниципальных образований Для вывода информации необходимо заполнить поисковые поля. {{ru icon}} 6. ^1 2 Удмуртская республика: Энциклопедия / Гл. ред. В. В. Туганаев. Ижевск: Удмуртия, 2000. С. 23-37. {{ISBN|5-7659-0732-6}}. {{ru icon}} 7. ^{{cite book| author =Разработан ООО «Леспроект» совместно с ФГОУ ВПО «Ижевская ГСХА» при консультационной поддержке филиала ФГУП «Рослесинфорг» — Поволжский леспроект| chapter =| chapter-url =| format =| url =ftp://92.55.24.186/lp.zip| title =Лесной план Удмуртской Республики| orig-year =| agency =| edition =| location =Ижевск| year =2010| publisher =| at =| volume =| issue =| pages =33| page =| series =| isbn =| ref =}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ru icon}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://economy.udmurt.ru/prioriteti/msu/passport/pasport_2011/alnashi_2011.doc |title=Краткий социально-экономический паспорт МО "Алнашский район" |author=Министерство экономики Удмуртской Республики |date=2012 |accessdate=2013-05-29 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Gz1NXUb7?url=http://economy.udmurt.ru/prioriteti/msu/passport/pasport_2011/alnashi_2011.doc |archivedate=May 29, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy }} {{ru icon}} 9. ^"Алнашский район - общая информация." {{ru icon}} 10. ^Справочник по административно-территориальному делению Удмуртии / Составители: О.М. Безносова, С.Т. Дерендяева, А.А. Королёва. Ижевск: Удмуртия, 1995. С. 119. {{ISBN|5-7659-0425-4}}. {{ru icon}} 11. ^Справочник по административно-территориальному делению Удмуртии / Составители: О.М. Безносова, С.Т. Дерендяева, А.А. Королёва. Ижевск: Удмуртия, 1995. С. 196. {{ISBN|5-7659-0425-4}}. {{ru icon}} 12. ^"Численность населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2015 года." Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Росстат). Москва, 2015. {{ru icon}} 13. ^{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=http://udmstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/udmstat/resources/c5a40a804f38218eb6b4fe3a99b5ae2d/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A3%D0%A0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2013.zip |title=Число административно-территориальных единиц и муниципальных образований на 1 января 2013 года по Удмуртской Республике |author=Федеральная служба государственной статистики |accessdate=2013-05-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6GpcWVlxs?url=http://udmstat.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_ts/udmstat/resources/c5a40a804f38218eb6b4fe3a99b5ae2d/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%A3%D0%A0+%25D |archivedate=May 23, 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }} {{ru icon}} 15. ^"История." Алнашский район. {{ru icon}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gfi-udm.ru/ru-ru/sverkhu/karta_udmurtii/detail.htm?itemid=356266|title=Алнашский район|publisher=Аппарат Главного федерального инспектора по Удмуртской Республике|accessdate=2010-01-09|dead-url=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518025705/http://www.gfi-udm.ru/ru-ru/sverkhu/karta_udmurtii/detail.htm?itemid=356266|archivedate=2008-05-18}} {{ru icon}} 17. ^1 ru:Алнашский район#.D0.9D.D0.B0.D1.86.D0.B8.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8C.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9 .D1.81.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B2 {{ru icon}} 18. ^Попова Е.В., "Марийцы Удмуртии: Краткие историко-этнографические сведения." Марийцы Удмуртии: история, традиции и современность: материалы межрегиональной научно-практической конференции с международным участием, 6 декабря 2015 года, г. Ижевск / Под общ. ред. А.Е. Загребина. Ижевск: Изд-во "Монпоражен", 2015. С. 24. {{ISBN|978-5-906306-09-8}} {{ru icon}} 19. ^"Кряшены Удмуртии." Кряшенская духовная миссия. {{ru icon}} 20. ^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51-52. 21. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Гольдберг-Алтынцев А.В., "Краткий этнографический обзор группы ашкеназских евреев в Алнашском районе Удмуртской Республики / пер. с англ. яз. А.Й. Каца." Jewish studies in the Udmurt Republic: Online. Part 1. Edited by A. Greenberg. February 27, 2015 published. P. 1-4. {{ru icon}} 22. ^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 27-29. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 27-29.) {{yi icon}} 23. ^Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 131. (Алтынцев А.В., "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131: Комментарии.) {{ru icon}} 24. ^1 2 3 4 Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 51. 25. ^1 Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.) {{yi icon}} 26. ^1 Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "A short ethnographic overview of the Ashkenazic Jews' group in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler. Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 52. 27. ^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "The Jews in Alnashsky District." Theses about the Jewry of Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic. Edited by A. Greenberg. January 7, 2014 published. {{yi icon}} 28. ^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 27. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו., ". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 27.) {{yi icon}} 29. ^Алтынцев А.В. Основные социологические особенности населения на территории Варзи-Ятчинского сельского поселения Алнашского района Удмуртской Республики // Осінні наукові читання / Збірка наукових праць за матеріалами Міжнародної наукової конференції «Осінні наукові читання-2012», 28 листопада 2012 року. Київ: НАІРІ, 2012. Частина 1. С. 67. {{ru icon}} 30. ^1 2 3 "Достопримечательности." Алнашский райнон. {{ru icon}} 31. ^Шутова Н.И., "Дохристианские культовые памятники в удмуртской религиозной традиции: Опыт комплекстного исследования". Ижевск: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН, 2001. С. 49-58, С. 265-267 {{ru icon}} 32. ^Altyntsev A.V., Tuganaev V.V., "A short description of ecological state of udmurt sacred place Lud near the village Kuzebaevo in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." Сельскохозяйственные науки и агропромышленный комплекс на рубеже веков: сборник материалов X Международной научно-практической конференции. Под общ. ред. С.С. Чернова. Новосибирск: Издательство ЦРНС, 2015. С. 8. 33. ^Kosareva I.A., "On Lud and Kuala social-cult groups of the Udmurts. " Herald of Chelyabinsk State University. 2011. № 34 (249). P. 13-15. (Косарева И.А., "О социально-культовых группах Луда и Куалы у удмуртов ." Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. № 34 (249). С. 13-15.) {{ru icon}} 34. ^Kosareva I.A., "The spread of Bulda cult and the problem of discovering ethnographic subdivisions of Southern Udmurts ." Herald of Chelyabinsk State University. 2011. № 34 (249). P. 17-18. (Косарева И.А., "Распространение культа Булды и проблема выявления этнографических подразделений южных удмуртов." Вестник Челябинского государственного университета. № 34 (249). С. 17-18.) {{ru icon}} 35. ^Овсянникова Е., "Кузёбай вӧсьёс." Инвожо. 2001. №12. 60-68-тӥ б. {{udm icon}} 36. ^Altynzew A.W., Tuganaew W.W., "Die kurze Charakteristik des ökologischen Zustands des udmurtischen sakralen Orts Lud neben dem Dorf Kusebajewo im Rajon Alnaschi der Udmurtischen Republik ". Die Sammlung der wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten der jungen jüdischen Wissenschaftler / Herausgegeben von Artur Katz, Yumi Matsuda und Alexander Grinberg. München, Dachau, 2015. S. 17. {{de icon}} 37. ^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., Tuganaev V.V. "Brief ecological overview of south-udmurt sacral territory Lud near the village Kuzebaevo of Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic". The modern rural economy: Actual issues of development. Edited by J. Johnson. Topeka, 2014. P. 39. Sources
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