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词条 American Chess Congress
释义

  1. First American Chess Congress (1857)

  2. Second American Chess Congress (1871)

  3. Third American Chess Congress (1874)

  4. Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

  5. Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

  6. Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

  7. Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

  8. Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

  9. Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

  10. See also

  11. References

  12. Further reading

The American Chess Congress was a series of chess tournaments held in the United States, a predecessor to the current U.S. Chess Championship. It had nine editions, the first played in 1857 and the last in 1923.

American Chess Congresses
# Year City Winner
1 1857 New York Paul Morphy|United States}}
2 1871 Cleveland George Henry Mackenzie|United States}}
3 1874 Chicago George Henry Mackenzie|United States}}
4 1876 Philadelphia James Mason|Ireland}}
5 1880 New York George Henry Mackenzie|United States}}
6 1889 New York Mikhail Chigorin|Russia}}
{{flagathlete|Max Weiss|Austria-Hungary}}
7 1904 St. Louis Frank James Marshall|United States}}
8 1921 Atlantic City Dawid Janowski|France}}
9 1923 Lake Hopatcong Frank James Marshall|United States}}
{{flagathlete|Abraham Kupchik|United States}}

First American Chess Congress (1857)

The first American Chess Congress, organized by Daniel Willard Fiske and held in New York, October 6 to November 10, 1857, was won by Paul Morphy.[1] It was a knockout tournament in which draws did not count. The top sixteen American players were invited (William Allison, Samuel Robert Calthrop, Daniel Willard Fiske, William James Fuller, Hiram Kennicott, Hubert Knott, Theodor Lichtenhein, Napoleon Marache, Hardman Philips Montgomery, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Paul Morphy, Louis Paulsen, Frederick Perrin, Benjamin Raphael, Charles Henry Stanley, and James Thompson).[2][3] First prize was $300. Morphy refused any money, but accepted a silver service consisting of a pitcher, four goblets, and a tray. Morphy’s prize was given to him by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.

Shown on the right is lithograph of the First American Chess Congress 1857. All members of the Congress are shown, including those who did not play in the main tournament. Top row: Colonel Charles Mead (chairman), George Hammond, Frederic Perrin, Daniel Willard Fiske, Hiram Kennicott, and Hardman Philips Montgomery. Left column: Hubert Knott, Louis Paulsen, and William Allison. Bottom row: Theodore Lichtenhein, James Thompson, Charles Henry Stanley, Alexander Beaufort Meek, Samuel Robert Calthrop, and Napoleon Marache. Right column: William James Fuller, Paul Morphy, and Benjamin Raphael.

{{Clear}}{{16TeamBracket-Compact-NoSeeds
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final
| RD4b=Third place
| team-width=
| RD1-team01={{flagathlete|Paul Morphy|USA}}
| RD1-score01=+3=0
| RD1-team02={{flagathlete|James Thompson|ENG}}
| RD1-score02=+0=0
| RD1-team03={{flagathlete|William James Appleton Fuller|USA}}
| RD1-score03=+2=0
| RD1-team04={{flagathlete|Alexander Beaufort Meek|USA}}
| RD1-score04=+3=0
| RD1-team05={{flagathlete|Hubert Knott|USA}}
| RD1-score05=+2=2
| RD1-team06={{flagathlete|Frederick Perrin|ENG}}
| RD1-score06=+3=2
| RD1-team07={{flagathlete|Theodor Lichtenhein|GER}}
| RD1-score07=+3=0
| RD1-team08={{flagathlete|Charles Henry Stanley|ENG}}
| RD1-score08=+2=0
| RD1-team09={{flagathlete|Benjamin Raphael|USA}}
| RD1-score09=+3=1
| RD1-team10={{flagathlete|Hiram Kennicott|USA}}
| RD1-score10=+2=1
| RD1-team11={{flagathlete|Daniel Fiske|USA}}
| RD1-score11=+2=0
| RD1-team12={{flagathlete|Napoleon Marache|FRA}}
| RD1-score12=+3=0
| RD1-team13={{flagathlete|Samuel Robert Calthrop|ENG}}
| RD1-score13=+0=0
| RD1-team14={{flagathlete|Louis Paulsen|GER}}
| RD1-score14=+3=0
| RD1-team15={{flagathlete|William Allison|USA}}
| RD1-score15=+1=0
| RD1-team16={{flagathlete|Hardman Philips Montgomery|USA}}
| RD1-score16=+3=0
| RD2-team01={{flagathlete|Paul Morphy|USA}}
| RD2-score01=+3=0
| RD2-team02={{flagathlete|Alexander Beaufort Meek|USA}}
| RD2-score02=+0=0
| RD2-team03={{flagathlete|Frederick Perrin|ENG}}
| RD2-score03=+0=0
| RD2-team04={{flagathlete|Theodor Lichtenhein|GER}}
| RD2-score04=+3=0
| RD2-team05={{flagathlete|Benjamin Raphael|USA}}
| RD2-score05=+3=2
| RD2-team06={{flagathlete|Napoleon Marache|FRA}}
| RD2-score06=+2=2
| RD2-team07={{flagathlete|Louis Paulsen|GER}}
| RD2-score07=+2=0
| RD2-team08={{flagathlete|Hardman Philips Montgomery|USA}}
| RD2-score08=+0=0
| RD3-team01={{flagathlete|Paul Morphy|USA}}
| RD3-score01=+3=1
| RD3-team02={{flagathlete|Theodor Lichtenhein|GER}}
| RD3-score02=+0=1
| RD3-team03={{flagathlete|Benjamin Raphael|USA}}
| RD3-score03=+0=1
| RD3-team04={{flagathlete|Louis Paulsen|GER}}
| RD3-score04=+3=1
| RD4-team01={{flagathlete|Paul Morphy|USA}}
| RD4-score01=+5=2
| RD4-team02={{flagathlete|Louis Paulsen|GER}}
| RD4-score02=+1=2
| RD4-team03={{flagathlete|Theodor Lichtenhein|GER}}
| RD4-score03=+3=0
| RD4-team04={{flagathlete|Benjamin Raphael|USA}}
| RD4-score04=+0=0
}}

Second American Chess Congress (1871)

The second American Chess Congress was held in Cleveland on December 4–15, 1871 and won by George Henry Mackenzie. The first prize was $100 (~$1,500 today) and the total prize fund was $290 (~$5,000 today). The entry fee was $10 ($150 today). It was a double round robin tournament with a time limit of 12 moves an hour. Draw games were replayed. There were nine players (George Henry Mackenzie, Henry Hosmer, Frederick Elder, Max Judd, Preston Ware, Harsen Darwin Smith, Henry Harding, A. Johnston, and William Houghton). With the retirement of Morphy, this tournament was generally intended to recognize the best player in the United States.

Player123456789Total wins
1George Henry Mackenzie|USA}}xxxx1½0½101111111½1111114
2Henry Hosmer|USA}}0½1xxxx111½1000111111112
3Frederick Elder|USA}}½0100xxxx01½½011111111111
4Max Judd|USA}}000½010xxxx1110½11½111110
5Preston Ware|USA}}0011½½1000xxxx011011119
6Harsen Darwin Smith|USA}}0010000110xxxx1111119
7Henry Harding|USA}}0½00000½000100xxxx01114
8A. Johnston|USA}}000000½00000010xxxx113
9William Houghton|USA}}0000000000000000xxxx0

Third American Chess Congress (1874)

The third American Chess Congress was held in Chicago on July 7–16, 1874 and won by Mackenzie. There were eight players (Mackenzie, Hosmer, Judd, Bock, Elder, Perrin, Congdon, and Kennicott) and they had to pay a $20 entry fee. first place prize was $225. The tournament was again round robin, but for the first time draws were not replayed. The time control was 15 moves per hour. Elder and Kennicott withdraw before completing half their games, but their scores still counted.

#Player12345678Total wins
1George Henry Mackenzie|USA}}xx101½11--11111110½
2Henry Hosmer|USA}}01xx1011--11111110
3Max Judd|USA}}0½01xx1½--1111--7
4Frederick Bock|USA}}00000½xx1½111½--5½
5Frederick Elder|USA}}------0½xx0111--3½
6Frederick Perrin|USA}}0000000010xx10--2
7James Adams Congdon|USA}}0000000½0001xx--1½
8Hiram Kennicott|USA}}0000----------xx0

Fourth American Chess Congress (1876)

The fourth American Chess Congress (called the American Centennial Championship) was held in Philadelphia on August 17–31, 1876 and won by James Mason. There were nine players (Mason, Judd, Davidson, Henry Bird, Elson, Roberts, Ware, Barbour, and Martinez). The entry fee was $20. First place was $300. Never intended to recognize the best player in America, this tournament was geared towards attracting foreign masters, and to awarding the Governor Garland Silver Cup, as well as celebrating the American Centennial.

Player123456789Total
1James Mason|IRL}}xx1½101½½11½11½1--10½
2Max Judd|USA}}0½xx00101½111111--9
3Harry Davidson|USA}}0111xx½00½½10111--8½
4Henry Edward Bird|ENG}}0½01½1xx0½11½1½1--8½
5Jacob Elson|USA}}½00½1½1½xx½½1011--8
6Albert Roberts|USA}}0½00½000½½xx1½11--5½
7Preston Ware|USA}}000010½0010½xx½½--4
8L.D. Barbour|USA}}½00000½00000½½xx--2
9Dion Martinez|CUB}}00--½½----------xx1

Fifth American Chess Congress (1880)

The fifth American Chess Congress was held in New York on January 6–26, 1880 and won by Mackenzie (he beat James Grundy on tiebreak, 2–0). There were 10 players: Cohnfeld, Congdon, Eugene Delmar, Grundy, Judd, Mackenzie, Mohle, Ryan, Sellman, and Ware.

Player12345678910Total
1George Henry Mackenzie|USA}}xx0½10½½½11111111½1113½
2James Grundy|USA}}1½xx½½101½111½01111113½
3Charles Moehle|USA}}01½½xx0½1½101111111113
4Alexander Sellman|USA}}½½011½xx101½110½111112½
5Max Judd|USA}}½00½0½01xx½11111011111
6Eugene Delmar|USA}}0000010½½0xx1111½1119½
7John Ryan|USA}}000½00000000xx1101115½
8Preston Ware|USA}}0010001½000000xx½11½5½
9James Adams Congdon|USA}}½000000010½0010½xx00 3½
10Albert Cohnfeld|USA}}000000000000000½11xx2½

Sixth American Chess Congress (1889)

The sixth American Chess Congress was held in New York in 1889 (a 20-man double round-robin tournament; one of the longest tournaments in history). The event was won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss. Both finished with a score of 29 but Chigorin defeated Weiss in their individual game. The top American finisher was S. Lipschütz, who took sixth place (his supporters in the Eastern US tried to push his claim to being US Champion as a result of this tournament; however, Lipschütz's claim was not accepted by all). Under rules that reigning World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz helped to develop, the winner was to be regarded as World Champion for the time being, but must be prepared to face a challenge from the second- or third-placed competitor within a month.[4] Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss tied for first, and remained tied after drawing all four games of a playoff. Weiss was not interested in playing a championship match, but Isidor Gunsberg, the third-place finisher, exercised his right and challenged Chigorin to a World Championship match. In 1890, he drew a first-to-10-wins match against Chigorin (9-9 with five draws). These were the same terms (9-9 draw clause) as the first World Championship match between Steinitz and Zukertort in 1886. Incidentally, they were also the same match terms that Bobby Fischer would insist on for his title defense in 1975.

Player1234567891011121314151617181920Total
1Mikhail Chigorin|RUS}}xx½100½11110001101½11111½11110111111111129
2Max Weiss|HUN}}½0xx½110½½½11½11111110½½½1101111½111111129
3Isidor Gunsberg|ENG}}11½0xx01½0½01½101111½111011101111111111128½
4Joseph Henry Blackburne|ENG}}½00110xx01101001111011111111111011½1111027
5Amos Burn|ENG}}00½½½110xx1½001111101111010011011111111126
6S. Lipschütz|USA}}01½0½1010½xx½10011½110½0½11111111011111125½
7James Mason|IRE}}110½0½0111½0xx½00011½0100101½11½½1½½111122
8Max Judd|USA}}000001100011½1xx101101001100½1½010½1111120
9Eugene Delmar|USA}}1000000000001101xx½010110½1001111011110118
10Jackson Showalter|USA}}½000000101½00000½1xx½110101011½001½1111118
11William Pollock|ENG}}0001½0000001½11001½0xx01½1½101110000111117½
12Henry Bird|ENG}}00½½000000½10111000110xx½011½1110010½01117
13Jean Taubenhaus|FRA}}½0½0100010½010001½01½0½1xx01000½½110111117
14David Graham Baird|USA}}00010000110010110101½00010xx1000011110½116
15Constant Ferdinand Burille|USA}}010010000000½0½0100010½01101xx½11½00½11115
16James Moore Hanham|USA}}0000000110000½½100½100001½11½0xx10010½1114
17George H. D. Gossip|ENG}}00½000000001½00101101111½0100½01xx001½0013½
18Dion Martinez|CUB}}000000½00000½½½000½011010100111011xx010113½
19John Washington Baird|USA}}0000000000000000000000½10001½01½0½10xx107
20Nicholas MacLeod|CAN}}00000001000000001000000000½00000111001xx6½

Seventh American Chess Congress (1904)

The seventh American Chess Congress was held in St. Louis in 1904. With US Champion Harry Nelson Pillsbury ill and dying, Max Judd tried to arrange the seventh ACC, with the stipulation that the US title be awarded to the winner. Judd disputed Pillsbury's ownership of the title by challenging the legitimacy of the whole succession since the time of Mackenzie, disputing Lipschutz's claim to have acquired the title at New York 1889, and everything that had happened since then. Pillsbury, from bed objected to Judd's plans, and prevailed on his friend, the lawyer Walter Penn Shipley, to intercede. Judd's tournament was held anyway, and said to be for "The United States Tourney Championship", a title explicitly said to have no relation to the United States Championship title held by Pillsbury. The tournament was won by Frank James Marshall, ahead of Judd. There were 10 players: Louis Eisenberg, Charles Jaffe, Judd, Kemeny, Marshall, Stasch Mlotkowski, Edward F. Schrader, Eugene Wesley Schrader, Schwietzer, and Louis Uedemann. The winner was actually named U.S. Champion at the conclusion of this tournament.

Player1234567890Total
1Frank James Marshall|USA}} x 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 8½
2Max Judd|USA}} 0 x 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
3Louis Uedemann|USA}} 0 1 x 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 6
4Emil Kemény|USA}} 0 0 0 x 1 1 1 0 1 1 5
5Edward F. Schrader|USA}} 0 0 0 0 x ½ 1 1 1 1 4½
6Louis Eisenberg|USA}} 0 0 0 0 ½ x 1 1 1 1 4½
7Charles Jaffe|USA}} 0 0 1 0 0 0 x 1 1 1 4
8George Schwietzer|USA}} 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 x 0 1 3
9Stasch Mlotkowski|USA}} ½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x 1 2½
10Eugene W. Schrader|USA}} 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 x 0

Eighth American Chess Congress (1921)

The eighth American Chess Congress was held in Atlantic City in 1921. The event was won by Dawid Janowski, followed by Norman Whitaker, Jaffe, etc. There were 12 players: Samuel Factor, Hago, Harvey, Jackson, Jaffe, Janowski, Marshall, Mlotkowski, Sharp, Vladimir Sournin, Isador Turover, and Whitaker.[5][6]

Player123456789012Total
1Dawid Janowski|FRA}}x01½½1½1 1 11 1 8½
2Norman Tweed Whitaker|USA}}1x011101 01 118
3Charles Jaffe|USA}}01x11001 1 0 1 1 7
4Martin D. Hago|USA}}½ 0 0 x½ ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ 1 1 6½
5Samuel Factor|USA}} ½ 0 0 ½ x½ 01 ½ 1 16
6Frank James Marshall|USA}}0 01 ½ ½ x1 0 ½ ½ 1 1 6
7Vladimir Sournin|USA}}½ 11 0 1 0 x0 ½ ½ 1 ½ 6
8Sydney T. Sharp|USA}}00 0½ 0 1 1 x½½ 1 15½
9Isador Samuel Turover|USA}}0 10 0 ½ ½ ½ ½x11 ½ 5½
10Stasch Mlotkowski|USA}} 001½ 0½ ½ ½ 0 x1 1 5
11J. B. Harvey|USA}}0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 x11
12Edward Schuyler Jackson|USA}}0 0 0 00 0½ 0 ½ 0 0 x1

Ninth American Chess Congress (1923)

The ninth and last American Chess Congress was held in Hotel Alamac in Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey on August 6–21, 1923. The tournament was played between 14 players: Horace Bigelow, Roy Turnbull Black, Oscar Chajes, Albert Hodges, Dawid Janowski, Abraham Kupchik, Edward Lasker, Frank James Marshall, John Stuart Morrison, Marvin Palmer, Anthony Santasiere, Morris Schapiro, Vladimir Sournin, and Oscar Tenner. It ended with a tie between Marshall and Kupchik scoring 10½ out of 13.[7][8][9]

Player12345678901234Total
1Frank James Marshall|USA}}x1½ 1 ½ 1 1 1 1 ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 10½
2Abraham Kupchik|USA}}0x1 0 1 ½11 11 11 1 1 10½
3Dawid Janowski|FRA}}½ 0 x1 ½ ½ 1 1 1 1 1 1 ½ 1 10
4Edward Lasker|USA}}0 1 0 x½ 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 ½ 1 9
5Morris Schapiro|USA}}½ 0 ½ ½ x1 0½ 1 ½ 11 1 1 8½
6Roy Turnbull Black|USA}}0 ½ ½ 0 0 x1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 7
7Oscar Tenner|USA}}0 0 0 0 1 0 x1 ½ 1 1 0 1 1 6½
8Oscar Chajes|USA}}0 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 x1 1 0 1 1 1 6½
9Vladimir Sournin|USA}}0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ 0 x1 1 1 ½ ½ 5½
10John Stuart Morrison|CAN}}½ 0 0 0 ½ 1 0 0 0 x½ ½ 1 1 5
11Albert Hodges|USA}}½ 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 ½ x½ 1 ½ 4
12Marvin Palmer|USA}}0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 ½ ½ x1 0 3
13Anthony Santasiere|USA}}½ 0 ½ ½ 00 0 0 ½ 0 0 0 x ½ 2½
14Horace Bigelow|USA}}0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ½ 0 ½ 1 ½ x 2½

See also

  • U.S. Chess Championship
  • U.S. Women's Chess Championship
  • U.S. Open Chess Championship
  • U.S. Women's Open Chess Championship

References

1. ^American Chess Congress - Chess.com
2. ^newyork1857.doc {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715201815/http://www.rookhouse.com/events/docs/ny1857results.pdf |date=2011-07-15 }}
3. ^{{Cite web |url=http://batgirl.atspace.com/congressplayers.html |title=First American Chess Congress Opponents |access-date=2008-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006071608/http://batgirl.atspace.com/congressplayers.html |archive-date=2008-10-06 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf |title=Steinitz—Chigorin, Havana 1899 - A World Championship Match or Not? |author=Thulin, A. |date=August 2007 |accessdate=2008-05-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530021654/http://www.anders.thulin.name/SUBJECTS/CHESS/SteinitzChigorin1889.pdf |archivedate=30 May 2008 |deadurl=yes }} Based on {{Citation|title=The Steinitz Papers: Letters and Documents of the First World Chess Champion |author=Landsberger, K. |publisher=McFarland |year=2002 |isbn=0-7864-1193-7 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NltT4BinugsC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=steinitz+%22the+field%22+hoffer |accessdate=2008-11-19 }}
5. ^The Frank James Marshall Electronic Archive and Museum: Tournament and Match Record
6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerpaige.webspace.virginmedia.com/tables1921.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521160723/http://www.rogerpaige.webspace.virginmedia.com/tables1921.htm |archive-date=2012-05-21 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
7. ^[https://web.archive.org/web/20061031182452/http://www.correspondencechess.com/campbell/articles/a060901.htm "Captain Vladimir Sournin: A Russian Chess Player's Exploits in America" by Olimpiu G. Urcan]
8. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,716569,00.html | work=Time | title=Sport: Chess Champs | date=September 3, 1923 | accessdate=April 23, 2010}}
9. ^Lake Hopatcong, 1923

Further reading

  • Fiske, Daniel Willard (1859), [{{Google books|U9oWAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the First American Chess Congress], Rudd & Carleton, New York

This book was reprinted as {{citation|year=1985|title=1st American Chess Congress New York 1857|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00085-9|author=Daniel W. Fiske.}}

  • Brownson, O. A. Jr (1872), [{{Google books|dAAXAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the Second American Chess Congress Held at Cleveland, Ohio], Dubuque, Iowa
  • Office of the American Chess Journal (1876) The Third American Chess Congress Held at Chicago, Ill., 1874, Hannibal, Missouri.
  • Sayen, Henry W. (1876), The Grand International Centennial Chess Congress, held in Philadelphia in August, 1876, Philadelphia

These three books were reprinted in one volume as {{citation | year=1985 | title= The second, third and fourth American Chess Congress, Cleveland 1871, Chicago 1874, Philadelphia 1876. | publisher=Edition Olms | isbn=3-283-00089-1}}

  • Gilberg, Charles A (1881), [{{Google books|BDMgjwEACAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Fifth American Chess Congress], New York

This book was reprinted as {{citation|year=1986|title=The Fifth American Chess Congress New York 1880|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00090-5|author=Charles A. Gilberg.}}

  • Steinitz, William (1891), [{{Google books|0nYCAAAAYAAJ|plainurl=yes}} The Book of the Sixth American Chess Congress], New York

This book was reprinted as: {{citation|year=1982|title=The book of the Sixth American Chess Congress|publisher=Edition Olms| isbn=3-283-00152-9|author=Wilhelm Steinitz ; with a foreword by Christiaan M. Bijl.}}

It was recently reprinted as: {{citation|year=1982|title=Sixth American Chess Congress, New York 1889|publisher=Ishi Press| isbn=978-4-87187-847-0|author=Wilhelm Steinitz ; Introduction by Sam Sloan}}

{{Chess tournaments}}

8 : Chess competitions|Chess in the United States|1857 in chess|1923 in chess|1857 establishments in the United States|1923 disestablishments in the United States|Recurring sporting events established in 1857|Recurring sporting events disestablished in 1923
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