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词条 Ammassalik wooden maps
释义

  1. History

  2. Usage

  3. Features

  4. Related maps

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. Further reading

Ammassalik wooden maps are carved, tactile maps of the Greenlandic coastlines. In the 1880s, Gustav Holm led an expedition to the Ammassalik coast of eastern Greenland, where he met several Tunumiit, or Eastern Greenland Inuit communities, who had had no prior direct contact with Europeans. He returned to Denmark with a set of three-dimensional wooden maps of the coast around {{coord|66|-36|dim:100000|display=inline,title}}, carved by a native of Umivik named Kunit.

History

Kunit approached Holm on February 8, 1885 and sold the maps representing the coast from Sermiligak to Kangerdlugsuatsiak. Kunit returned on March 21 with another piece representing the peninsula between Sermiligak and Kangerdluarsikajik.{{sfn|Holm|1886|p=104}}

Upon Holm's return, the maps were deposited along with the rest of the collection at the National Museum of Denmark in Copenhagen. As of 1948 the maps were still in Copenhagen; copies were deposited in the Musée d'Ethnographie du Trocadéro in Paris.{{sfn|Bagrow|1948|p=92}} At some point the maps were transferred to the Greenland National Museum in Nuuk, which was established in the mid-1960s.[1] {{harvtxt|Woodward|Lewis|1998}} write that the "only other known example" of such a map is a specimen at the Michigan State University museum — item 896.7, 62154 — which is probably a copy of Kunit's work.{{sfn|Woodward|Lewis|1998|p=168}}

In 2000, Post Greenland issued a stamp designed by Anne-Birthe Hove featuring the coastal map, as part of its "Greenland's Cultural Heritage" series.[2]

The Greenland National Museum loaned out the maps for a 2007-8 exhibition at the Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago entitled Maps: Finding Our Place in the World,[3] which also traveled to the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore.[4]

Features

Mallery|1893|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AyDEB96IEdwC&pg=PA346 346]Sølver|1954|p=189Elkins|1999|p=227Notes
1 Sardlermiut, on the west side of which is the site of an old settlement[5]{{coord|66.21|-35.53|dim:20000}}
2 Nepinerkit (from napavok), having the shape of a pyramid[6]{{coord|66.12|-35.57|dim:20000}}
3 Ananak, having the site of an old settlement on the southwest point[7]{{coord|66.10|-35.64|dim:20000}}Mallery|1893|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AyDEB96IEdwC&pg=PA346 346]}}
4 Aputitek1={{coord|66.03|-35.63|dim:20000}}}}1={{coord|66.02|-35.87|dim:20000}}}}Sølver|1954|p=188}}
5 Itivdlersuak66.01|-35.76|dim:20000}} Unidentified[8]
6 Kujutilik65.97|-35.91|dim:20000}}66.01|-35.76|dim:20000}}
7 Sikivitik65.92|-36.02|dim:20000}} Unidentified[8]
A Itivdlek, where there are remains of a house[9]66.32|-34.85|dim:20000}}66.30|-35.47|dim:20000}}Sølver|1954|p=189}}
B Sierak, a small fjord, in which salmon are found[10]66.32|-35.22|dim:20000}}66.32|-35.48|dim:20000}}Sølver|1954|p=189}}
C Sarkarmiut, where there are remains of a house[9]66.27|-35.19|dim:20000}}66.30|-35.53|dim:20000}}Sølver|1954|p=189}}
D Kangerdlugsuatsiak, a fjord of such length that a kayak can not even in a whole day row from the mouth to the head of the fjord and back again[11]66.25|-35.35|dim:20000}}66.29|-35.65|dim:20000}}Sølver|1954|p=189}} Elkins places it farther inland.{{sfn|Elkins|1999|p=227}}
E Erserisek, a little fjord[12]66.24|-35.57|dim:20000}}66.23|-35.62|dim:20000}}Sølver|1954|p=189}}{{sfn|Elkins|1999|p=227}}
F Nutugkat, a little fjord with a creek at the bottom[13]{{coord|66.13|-35.67|dim:20000}}
G Merkeriak, kayak portage from Nutugkat to Erserisek along the bank of the creek, when the heavy ice blocks the headland between the two fjords[14]{{coord|66.21|-35.77|dim:20000}}
H Ikerasakitek, a bay in which the land ice goes straight out to the sea[15]
I Kangerajikajik, a cape[16]
J Kavdlunak, a bay into which runs a creek[17]
K Apusinek, a long stretch where the land ice passes out into the sea.[18]
L Tatorisik
M Iliartalik, a fjord with a smaller creek[19]
N Nuerniakat
O Kugpat
P Igdluarsik
Q Sangmilek, a little fjord with a creek[20]
R Nutugkat
S Amagat
T Kangerdluarsikajik, a smaller fjord[21]
U Kernertuarsik

Related maps

  • Marshall Islands stick chart
  • Straight-line diagram

Notes

1. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.natmus.gl/Forsiden/tabid/80/language/en-US/Default.aspx | title=Kalaallisut}}
2. ^http://www.danstopicals.com/woodmap.htm http://www.stamps.gl/uk/info/kunstnere/Anne_Birthe_Hove/annebirthehove.htm{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/maps/about.asp |title=Maps: Finding Our Place in the World: All About Maps |work=fieldmuseum.org |accessdate=2009-11-15 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090317200556/http://www.fieldmuseum.org/maps/about.asp |archivedate=2009-03-17 }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://thewalters.org/exhibits/maps/image_pages/inuit.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2010-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174154/http://thewalters.org/exhibits/maps/image_pages/inuit.html |archivedate=2011-07-22 |df= }}
5. ^"{{lang|da|paa hvis Vestside der findes en gammel Boplads}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
6. ^"{{lang|da|(af napavok). der har Form som en Pyramide}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
7. ^"{{lang|da|der har en gammel Boplads paa SV.-Pynten}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
8. ^1 "I have not been able to identify two of the islands that are named in the original source." {{harv|Elkins|1999|p=225}}
9. ^1 "{{lang|da|hvor der er Rester af et Hus}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
10. ^"{{lang|da|en mindre Fjord, hvori der findes Lax}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
11. ^"{{lang|da|en Fjord, hvis Længde er saa stor, at en Kajak netop paa en Dag kan ro fra Mundingen ind til Fjordens Inderste og tilbage igjen}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
12. ^"{{lang|da|en lille Fjord}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
13. ^"{{lang|da|en lille Fjord med Bræ i Bunden}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
14. ^{{lang|da|Overbærersted for Kajak fra Nutugkat til Erserisek langs med Randen af Bræen, naar Storisen spærrer ved Næsset mellem de to Fjorde|italic=unset}} {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
15. ^"{{lang|da|en Bugt, i hvilken Landisen gaar lige ud til Havet}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
16. ^"{{lang|da|et Forbjerg}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
17. ^"en Bugt, hvor ud i der kommer en Bræ" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
18. ^"{{lang|da|en lang Strækning, hvor Landisen gaar ud til Havet}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
19. ^"{{lang|da|en Fjord med en mindre Bræ}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
20. ^"{{lang|da|en lille Fjord med Bræ}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}
21. ^"{{lang|da|en mindre Fjord}}" {{harv|Holm|1888|loc=Table 41}}

References

  • {{Citation |journal=Comptes Rendu des Séances de la Socitété de Géographie et de la Commision Centrale |publisher=Société de Géographie |pages=162–163 |first=Emile |last=Hansen-Blangsted |date=19 February 1886 |issue=5 |title=Minutes |language=French |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8OYRAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA162}}

{{small|Hansen-Blangsted expresses doubt that the maps could have been carved by the natives. He mentions a talk he gave on 14 December 1885.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Holm |first=Gustav |authorlink=Gustav Frederik Holm |journal=Geografisk Tidsskrift |year=1886 |volume=8 |url=http://www.tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?id=67030 |title=Eskimoiske 'Kaart' af Træ (Eskimo Wooden 'Charts') |language=Danish |pages=103–105}}

{{small|1=Holm quotes and rebuts {{harvtxt|Hansen-Blangsted|1886}}.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Holm |first=Gustav |authorlink=Gustav Frederik Holm |title=Den Danske Konebaads-Expedition til Grønlands Østkyst (The Danish Umiaq-Expedition to Greenland's east coast) |language=Danish |first2=Vilhelm |last2=Garde |author2-link=Thomas Vilhelm Garde |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Thieles Bogtrykkeri |year=1887 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDspAAAAYAAJ |accessdate=9 November 2009}}

{{small|1=Holm and Garde promise more scientific details in the forthcoming {{harvtxt|Holm|1888}}.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Holm |first=Gustav |authorlink=Gustav Frederik Holm |title=Den østgrønlandske Expedition, udført i Aarene 1883–85, Anden Del {{ndash}} Ethnologisk Skizze af Angmagsalikerne (The East Greenland Expedition, conducted in the years 1883–85, Second Part {{ndash}} Ethnological Sketch of the Ammassalik People) |year=1888 |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Blanco Lunos Kgl. Hof-Bogtrykkeri (F. Dreyer) |language=Danish |journal=Meddelelser om Grønland |volume=10 |pages=43–182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdwUAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA43}}

{{small|Written in 1887, published in 1888. According to {{harvtxt|Elkins|1999|p=225}}, this is the first publication of the maps.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Mallery |first=Garrick |authorlink=Garrick Mallery |year=1893 |chapter=Picture-Writing of the American Indians |title=Tenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1888–89 |location=Washington, D.C. |editor-first=J. W. |editor-last=Powell |publisher=Government Printing Office |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/annualreportofbu108889smit}}

{{small|1=This is largely a condensed translation of {{harvtxt|Holm|1888}} into English. Mallery presents all three pieces in Fig. 455 on [https://books.google.com/books?id=AyDEB96IEdwC&pg=PA345 p.345], which is taken from {{harvtxt|Holm|1888|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572 Table 41]}}. Mallery's commentary on p.346 is from {{harvs |last=Holm |year=1888 |txt=yes |loc1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA144 p.144] |loc2=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA573 Table 41]}}.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Thalbitzer |first=William |authorlink=William Thalbitzer |year=1914 |pages=319–753 |editor-first=William |editor-last=Thalbitzer |title=The Ammassalik Eskimo. Contributions to the Ethnology of the East Greenland Natives {{ndash}} Ethnographical collections from East Greenland (Angmagsalik and Nualik) made by G. Holm, G. Amdrup and J. Petersen and described by W. Thalbitzer |journal=Meddelelser om Grønland |volume=39|title-link=Georg Carl Amdrup }}

{{small|1=Pages 1–147 in the same volume are an English translation of {{harvtxt|Holm|1888}}.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Bagrow |first=Leo |authorlink=Leo Bagrow |title=Eskimo Maps |journal=Imago Mundi |volume=5 |issue=1 |year=1948 |page=92 + two unpaged plates |doi=10.1080/03085694808591919}}

{{small|1=Bagrow cites {{harvnb|Holm|1888|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572 Table 41]}} and some other sources. His photographs appear to be original.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Sølver |first=Carl V. |date=May 1954 |title=Eskimoisk kartografi |language=Danish |journal=Grønland |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Det grønlandske Selskab |issue=5 |pages=187–192 |url=http://www.tidsskriftetgronland.dk/archive/1954-5-Artikel05.pdf}}

{{small|1=Sølver cites {{harvtxt|Holm|1914|p=103}}, {{harvtxt|Thalbitzer|1914|p=665}}, and {{harvtxt|Hansen-Blangsted|1886|p=162}}. He includes original photographs of the pieces, and a traditional map of the area drawn by Thalbitzer in 1912 and published in {{harvtxt|Thalbitzer|1914}}. See also this issue's front matter.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Sølver |first=Carl V. |date=Autumn 1957 |title=Eskimo Maps From Greenland |journal=Archaeology |volume=10 |pages=188–190}}

{{small|1=This is an English translation of {{harvtxt|Sølver|1954}} by a Mr. Christian Kampen of Copenhagen. Some parts are condensed or omitted. The article notes state that "Captain Sølver's article originally appeared in the Danish periodical Vikingen, in November 1954." Although it is possible that Sølver also published in the Norwegian satirical magazine Vikingen, this note is probably an error. Sølver's May 1954 article in Grønland is cited by other authors.}}

  • {{Citation |last=MacEachren |first=Alan M. |authorlink=Alan MacEachren |title=A linear view of the world: Strip maps as a unique form of cartographic representation |journal=The American Cartographer |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=7–25 |year=1986 |url=http://www.geovista.psu.edu/publications/MacEachren/MacEachren_ALinearView_86.pdf |doi= 10.1559/152304086783900185|citeseerx=10.1.1.140.8016 }}

{{small|MacEachren's citation and image source is {{harvtxt|Bagrow|1948}}.}}

  • {{Citation |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Woodward |editor1-link=David Woodward |editor2-first=G. Malcolm |editor2-last=Lewis |year=1998 |title=Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies |series=The History of Cartography |volume=2.3 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-90728-4 |pages=167–169, 176}}

{{small|1=Woodward and Lewis cite {{harvtxt|Holm|1914|p=107}}, {{harvtxt|Thalbitzer|1914|pp=665–66}}, and {{harvnb|Holm|1888|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572 Table 41]}} (cited as "pl. XXXXL", a typo).}}

  • {{Citation |last=Elkins |first=James |authorlink=James Elkins (art critic) |date=May 1999 |title=The domain of images |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-3559-1 |pages=225–228}}

{{small|1=Elkins cites {{harvs |last=Holm |year=1888 |loc1=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA101 p.101] |loc2=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA144 p.144] |loc3=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wIkHAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA572 Table 41]}} and {{harvtxt|Thalbitzer|1914|pp=665–66}}. For photographs he references {{harvtxt|Leithäuser|1958}} and {{harvtxt|Berthelsen et al.|1990}}.}}

  • {{Citation |last=Buxton |first=Bill |title=Sketching User Experiences: Getting the Design Right and the Right Design |publisher=Morgan Kaufmann |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-12-374037-3}}

Further reading

  • {{Citation |last=Leithäuser |first=Joachim G. |year=1958 |title=Mappae Mundi, Die geistige Eroberung der Welt |location=Berlin |publisher=Safari-Verlag |page=20}}
  • {{Citation |last=Harvey |first=P. D. A. |title=The history of topographical maps : symbols, pictures and surveys |location=London |publisher=Thames & Hudson |year=1980 |isbn=978-0-500-24105-9}}
  • {{Citation |ref={{SfnRef|Berthelsen et al.|1990}} |editor1=Christian Berthelsen |editor2=Inger Holbech Mortensen |editor3=Ebbe Mortensen |editor4=W. Glyn Jones |title=Kalaallit Nunaat Greenland Atlas |year=1990 |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Pilersuiffik |page=1}}

6 : 1880s works|Historic maps of the Americas|Maps of Greenland|Cartography by country|Indigenous woodcarving of the Americas|Inuit tools
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