“Ammatour”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Politically and administratively, Ammatour was in 1711 declared one of the five "Special status" villages in Mount Lebanon, which were outside the control of any "iqta'" (feudal lordship). Instead, its inhabitants paid their land tax directly to the treasury of the office of the Ottoman governor of Mount Lebanon.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Ammatour occupies a significant religious position as the birthplace of five shuyukh uqqal (sing. sheikh aql), who serve as the religious leaders of the Druze community.^[5]^[6] Furthermore, the first Patriarch of the Melkite Greek Catholic Church in the Middle East was anointed and appointed in Ammatour in 1724.^[7]^[8]^[9] In recent years, a descendant of a Melkite family from the town, Bishop Joseph Gebara, was appointed the Melkite Catholic Bishop of São Paulo, Brazil.^[10] In 1927, the municipality of Ammatour was founded, and documented records indicate that the town had mayors since 1870.^[11]

Demographics

Ammatour has about 5,000 registered residents made up of a Druze majority and a Christian minority consisting of Melkite Catholics and Maronites. Its communities have lived together in harmony for centuries. The largest and best known of its Druze families are Abou Chakra (also written as "Abu/Bou Shakra/Chakra") and Abdel Samad (also written "Abdul Samad"), both of which have played major political, economic and religious roles in Lebanon's history, particularly during the 19th century. The largest Christian families are Salem, Jebara (also written as "Gebara"), Lutaif and Bou Raad.^[11]

Culture

Ammatour enjoys one of the highest literacy and higher education rates in Lebanon; many of its inhabitants hold prominent political, educational, cultural, financial and military jobs in Lebanon and abroad. Its public school, founded in 1929, is one of the oldest public schools in Lebanon, and the second to have its students sit for the intermediate certificate examinations. In 1936 a group of young, educated people from Ammatour founded one of Lebanon's first public libraries, and named it "Ghurfat Al-Mutala'a Ad-Dimuqratiyya" (The Democratic Reading Room). Within a few years, in 1943, they published their own magazine “Beit Ath-Thaqaafa” (The Home of Culture), which was one of the first of its kind in the country.^[12]^[13]

The town's cultural activities are undertaken by its social and sporting clubs and associations, including: The Social Sporting Club of Ammatour - Amigos Ammatour sports association, The Ammatour Women's Association, and The Cultural Meeting Association (Jami'yyat Al-Liqaa Al-Thaqafi). The Amigos are one of the best sport clubs in the region, and has had a great era during the 1970s and 1980s, winning a lot of trophies in several sports, including: volleyball, basketball, swimming, chess, table tennis.^[12]^[14]^[15]

In mid-September Ammatour celebrates its annual festival “Eid Az-Zaitoun” (The Olives Festival), which usually has rich musical and singing programmes marking the end of summer and welcoming the approaching olive harvest season. Furthermore, Ammatour is now home to one of the world’s largest tree nurseries. It’s only half-finished at the moment, but when it is complete it will be a place where a million trees can be grown at a time and then transported to areas at risk of desertification and other threats to the environment.^[16]

Notes

1. ^{{cite book | title=I’irif Lubnan | author=Merhij, Afif Butrus | year=1966 | location=Qartaba | pages=483–486}}
2. ^Polk, 1963 p.43
3. ^{{cite book | title=Majmaa’ Al-Massarrat (The Compendium of Joys) | publisher=Dar Lahad Khater | author=Al-Khoury, Shaker | year=1985 | location=Beirut | pages=498 | edition=2}}
4. ^{{cite book | title=Mu’jam A’alaam Ad-Duruz (Biography of Prominent Druze) | publisher=Ad-Dar At-Taqaddumiyya | author=Al-Basha, Mohammad Khalil | year=1990 | location=Al-Mukhtara | pages=29–30}}
5. ^Al-Basha, 1985 pp.29–44
6. ^Al-Basha, 1985 pp.138–150
7. ^See the letter sent by HE Sheikh Mohammad Abu Shakra, The Sheikh Al-Aql of the Druze to Pope John Paul II in January 1983, published in the following:.
8. ^{{cite book | title=Banu Maa’rouf Fi at-Tareekh (Banu Maa’rouf – ie The Druze in history) | publisher=Zeineddin Publishers | author=as-Sughayyar, Sa’eed | year=1984 | location=Al-Qurayya | pages=321}}
9. ^{{cite book | title=Tareekh Al-Muwahhideen Ad-Duruz As-Siyassi fi Al-Masreq Al-Arabi (The Political History of the Muwahhideen Al-Druze in the Arab East) | publisher=Al-Majlis Ad-Durzi Lil-Buhouth wa Al Inmaa | author=Abbas Abu Saleh & Sami Makarem | year=1981 | location=Beirut}}
10. ^{{cite news |title=Article| work=L’Orient-Le Jour | date=20 December 2013 | location=Lebanon}}
11. ^{{cite book | title=The Opening of South Lebanon, 1788-1840 | publisher=Harvard University Press | author=Polk, William R. | year=1963 | location=Cambridge, Mass | pages=59, 181–182}}
12. ^¹²{{cite journal | url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/22246610/ammatour-%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB-http-alshahed-free-forums-org | title=عماطور: تاريخ وتراث | author=Abu Shakra, Nayel | journal=As-Saha |date=February 2002 | issue=2 | pages=21–32}}
13. ^{{cite book | title=Shu’araa min Ammatour (Poets from Ammatour) | publisher=Adel Abdul-Samad | author=Abdul-Samad, Adel (ed.) | year=2006 | location=Ammatour | pages=6}}
14. ^{{cite web | url=http://lkdg.org/node/2380 | title=جمعية باسم "جمعية اللقاء الثقافي - عماطور" | publisher=مجموعة الأبحاث والتدريب للعمل التنموي | accessdate=9 July 2015 | author=lkdg.org staff}}
15. ^Al-Mustaqbal newspaper, Issue 4106, September 6, 2011
16. ^{{cite web | url=http://srreport2011.diageoreports.com/top-stories/a-million-trees--every-year.aspx | title=A million trees – every year | publisher=DIAGEO | work=Sustainability & Responsibility report 2011 | date=2011 | accessdate=9 July 2015 | author=DIAGEO staff}}

History

Demographics

Culture

Notes

References

External links