| 词条 | Governorate of Estonia | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = Eestimaa kubermang Province of Estonia |conventional_long_name = Governorate of Estonia |common_name = Estonia |subdivision = Governorate |nation = the Russian Empire |year_start = 1721 |event_start = Established (de jure) |date_start = 10 September |event1 = Renamed |date_event1 = 1796 |year_end = 1917 |event_end = Autonomy granted |date_end = 12 April |event_pre = Established (de facto) |date_pre = 9 June 1719 |p1 = Swedish Estonia |flag_p1 = Naval Ensign of Sweden.svg |border_p1 = no |s1 = Autonomous Governorate of Estonia |flag_s1 = Flag of Russia.svg |image_flag = Eestimaa värvid.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of Estland gubernia (Russian empire).png |image_map = EsthoniaGovernorate1914.png |image_map_caption = Governorate of Estonia |capital = Reval |political_subdiv=5 |stat_pop1 = 412716 |stat_year1 = (1897) |demonym=|today=}} The Governorate of Estonia[1] (also Esthonia;[2] {{lang-et|Eestimaa kubermang}}; {{lang-de|Gouvernement Est(h)land}}) or Duchy of Estonia, also known as the Government of Estonia, was a governorate of the Russian Empire in what is now northern Estonia. It bordered the Livonian Governorate to the south. The Governorate was gained by the Russian Empire from Sweden during the Great Northern War in 1721.[3][4] The Russian Tsars held the title Duke of Estonia ({{lang-ru|link=no|Князь Эстляндский}}, Knyaz' Estlyandskii), during the Imperial Russian era in English sometimes also referred to as Prince of Estonia.[5] Until the late 19th century the governorate was administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council ({{lang-de|link=no|Landtag}}).[6] HistoryInitially named the Reval Governorate after the city of Reval, today known as Tallinn, it was created in 1719 out of territories conquered from Sweden in the Great Northern War. The former dominion of Swedish Estonia was formally ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. During subsequent administrative reordering, the governorate was renamed in 1796 into the Governorate of Estonia. While the rule of the Swedish kings had been fairly liberal with greater autonomy granted for the peasantry, the regime was tightened under the Russian tsars and serfdom was not abolished until 1819. The governorate consisted the northern part of the present-day Estonia approximately corresponding to Harjumaa including the city of Tallinn, Western Virumaa, Eastern Virumaa, Raplamaa, Järvamaa, Läänemaa and Hiiumaa. After the Russian February Revolution on {{OldStyleDate|12 April|1917|30 March}}) it was expanded to include northern Livonia, thereby forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. Tallinn remained under Soviet control until 24 February 1918, when German troops occupied Estonia and Estonian independence was declared. SubdivisionsThe governorate was subdivided into four Kreises (uyezds).[7]
Leaders of the governorate{{colbegin}}
Language
See also
References1. ^The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319083729/http://www.bdcol.ee/fileadmin/docs/bdreview/bdr-2002-8-11.pdf |date=19 March 2009 }} 2. ^{{Citation |publisher = Russian Outlook |author=William Henry Beable |publication-date = 1919 |publication-place = London |title = Russian Gazetteer and Guide |chapter= Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Esthonia |chapterurl= https://archive.org/stream/russiangazetteer00beabiala#page/22/mode/2up }} 3. ^{{cite book|editor1=Juan Pan-Montojo |editor2=Frederik Pedersen |title=Communities in European History: Representations, Jurisdictions, Conflicts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aH-tU3x3UC&pg=PA227|year=2007|publisher=Edizioni Plus|isbn=9788884924629|page=227}} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Foreword to the Past |last=Bojtár |first=Endre |year=1999 |publisher=Central European University Press |location= |isbn=978-963-9116-42-9 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5aoId7nA4bsC&pg=PA169 }} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Nicholas II |last=Ferro |first=Marc |author2=Brian Pearce |year=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press US |location= |isbn=978-0-19-509382-7 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5k4adFOv4tAC&pg=PA36 }} 6. ^{{cite book |title=The Baltic States and Their Region |last=Smith |first= David James |year=2005 |publisher=Rodopi |location= |isbn=978-90-420-1666-8 |pages= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PSNML8BlGkUC&pg=PA234}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.runivers.ru/doc/territory/366461/|script-title=ru:Эстляндская губерния|publisher=Руниверс|language=Russian|accessdate=22 December 2013}} 8. ^Language Statistics of 1897 {{ru icon}} 9. ^Languages of which number of speakers in all Governorate were less than 1000 Further reading
2 : Governorate of Estonia|1721 establishments in Russia |
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