“Governor-General of the Philippines”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Governor-General of the Philippines (Spanish: Gobernador-General de Filipinas; Filipino: Gobernador-Heneral ng Pilipinas; Japanese: {{Nihongo|フィリピン総督|Firipin sōtoku}};) was the title of the government executive during the colonial period of the Philippines, governed mainly by Spain (1565–1898) and the United States (1898–1946), and briefly by Great Britain (1762–1764) and Japan (1942–1945). They were also the representative of the executive of the ruling power.

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was established as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence from the American control. The governor-general was replaced by an elected Filipino "President of the Philippine Commonwealth", as the chief executive of the Philippines, taking over many of the duties of the Governor-General. The former American Governor-General then became known as the High Commissioner to the Philippines.

Under New Spain (1565–1761)

From 1565 to 1898, the Philippines was under Spanish rule. From 1565–1821, The governor and captain-general was appointed by the Viceroy of New Spain upon recommendation of the Spanish Cortes and governed on behalf of the Monarch of Spain to govern the Captaincy General of the Philippines. When there was a vacancy (e.g. death, or during the transitional period between governors), the Real Audiencia in Manila appoints a temporary governor from among its members.

After 1821, the country was no longer under the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and administrative affairs formerly handled by New Spain were transferred to Madrid and placed directly under the Spanish Crown.

British Occupation of Manila (1761–1764)

After the Battle of Manila on 1762, on a terrible loss, the Philippines was occupied by 2 Governors-General of the United Kingdom or the British Empire.

Great Britain occupied Manila and the naval port of Cavite as part of the Seven Years' War.

Under New Spain (1764–1821)

After the British Government replaced their incumbent Governor-General of the Philippines and they have given the nation to Spain one more time, Spanish Governor-General Francisco Javier de la Torre ascended to the Seat.

Direct Spanish control (1821–1898)

After the 1821 Mexican War of Independence, Mexico became independent and was no longer part of the Spanish Empire. The Viceroyalty of New Spain ceased to exist. The Philippines, as a result, was directly governed from Madrid, under the Crown.

United States Military Government (1898–1902)

The city of Manila was captured by American expeditionary forces on 13 August 1898.^[2] On 14 August 1898 the terms of the Spanish capitulation were signed. From this date, American government in the Philippines begins.^[3] General Wesley Merritt, in accordance with the instructions of the United States President, issued a proclamation announcing the establishment of United States military rule.^[4]

During the transition period, executive authority in all civil affairs in the Philippine government was exercised by the military governor.

Insular Government (1901–1935)

On July 4, 1901, executive authority over the islands was transferred to the president of the Second Philippine Commission who had the title of Civil Governor, a position appointed by the President of the United States and approved by the United States Senate. For the first year, a Military Governor, Adna Chaffee, ruled parts of the country still resisting the American rule, concurrent with Civil Governor, William Howard Taft.^[9] Disagreements between the two were not uncommon.^[10] The following year, on July 4, 1902, Taft became the sole executive authority.^[8] Chaffee remained as commander of Philippine Division until September 30, 1902.^[11]

After his retirement as Civil Governor, Governor Taft was appointed Secretary of War and he secured for his successor the adoption by Congress^[12] of the title Governor-General of the Philippine Islands thereby "reviving the high designation used during the last period of Spanish rule and placing the office on a parity of dignity with that of other colonial empires of first importance".^[13] The term "insular" (from insulam, the Latin word for island)^[14] refers to U.S. island territories that are not incorporated into either a state or a federal district. All insular areas were under the authority of the U.S. Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division of the US War Department.^[15]^[16]

High Commissioner to the Philippines (1935–42 and 1945–46)

On November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated as a transitional government to prepare the country for independence. The office of President of the Philippine Commonwealth replaced the Governor-General as the country's chief executive. The Governor-General became the High Commissioner of the Philippines with Frank Murphy, the last governor-general, as the first high commissioner. The High Commissioner exercised no executive power but rather represented the colonial power, the United States Government, in the Philippines. The high commissioner moved from Malacañang Palace to the newly built High Commissioner's Residence, now the Embassy of the United States in Manila.

After the Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, the last High Commissioner, Paul McNutt, became the first United States Ambassador to the Philippines.

Japanese military governors (1942–1945)

In December 1941, the Commonwealth of the Philippines was invaded by Japan as part of World War II. The next year, the Empire of Japan sent a military governor to control the country during wartime, followed by the formal establishment of the puppet second republic.^[17]

On September 2, 1945, the Governor-General position of the Philippines has now been abolished and the Philippines' independence had been proclaimed helped by the United States on the 4th of July 1946 on the presidency of Manuel Roxas. The 4th President of the Philippines.

Timelines

1750–1800

1800–1850

1850–1898

1898–1946

See also

Notes

1. ^¹²³{{Harvnb|Peterson|2007|p=11}}.
2. ^David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311
3. ^David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311
4. ^David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311
5. ^{{cite book|last=Halstead|first=Murat|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lIQcwt7g2wkC|title=The Story of the Philippines and Our New Possessions, Including the Ladrones, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico|year=1898|page=116}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Tucker|first=Spencer |title=The Encyclopedia of the Spanish–American and Philippine–American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8V|year=2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-951-1|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA457 457]}}
7. ^{{cite book|last=Pershing|first=John J.|title=My Life Before the World War, 1860--1917: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a74_JIbehzsC|year=2013|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|isbn=0-8131-4199-0|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=a74_JIbehzsC&pg=PA547&dq=%225+May+1900%22 547]}}
8. ^¹Elliott (1917), p. 509
9. ^Elliott (1917), p. 4
10. ^Tanner (1901), p. 383
11. ^{{cite book|author=Philippine Academy of Social Sciences|title=Philippine social sciences and humanities review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qVHAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?ct=result&id=6qVHAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22adna+chaffee%22+%22september+30%2C+1902%22&q=%22adna+Chaffee+relinquished+his+post%22#search_anchor 40]}}
12. ^Act of Congress of February 6, 1905 entitled: "An Act To amend an Act approved July first, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide for the administration of the affairs of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes," and to amend an Act approved March eighth, nineteen hundred and two, entitled "An Act temporarily to provide revenue for the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes" and to amend an Act March second, nineteen hundred and three, entitled "An Act to establish a standard of value and to provide for a coinage system in the Philippine Islands," and to provide for the more efficient administration of civil government in the Philippine Islands, and for other purposes." Section 8 thereof provided that "the civil governor of the Philippine Islands shall hereafter be known as the governor-general of the Philippine Islands.
13. ^David P. Barrows; The Governor-General of the Philippines under Spain and the United States; The American Historical Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Jan., 1916), pp. 288-311
14. ^[https://translate.google.com/?hl=en#en/la/island "Island - from English to Latin"]. Google Translate. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.
15. ^"Definitions of Insular Area Political Organizations" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925044541/http://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/politicatypes.cfm |date=2012-09-25 }}. U.S. Department of the Interior.
16. ^"Insular". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved on 2013-08-07.
17. ^Cahoon (2000)