| 词条 | Anade |
| 释义 |
Comparable values are found throughout Asian societies, including in Thailand, where it is called kreng jai (เกรงใจ).[4] EtymologyAna literally means to have one's strength ({{my|အား}}) hurt ({{my|နာ}}).[5] Ana-pana ({{my|အားနာ ပါးနာ}}) is synonymous to ana, with the suffix pana ({{my|ပါးနာ}}, lit. "cheek hurts."[5] The term anade ({{my|အားနာတယ်}}) is a sentence describing one's feeling of ana. UsageAna typically informs interactions with strangers, acquaintances, elders, social superiors and other respected persons, not with immediate family members and close friends.[2][5] Ana is most commonly felt as self-restraint on self-assertiveness, requiring another's best interests to take priority over one's own interests.[6] In fact, ana contributes to a strong sense of hierarchy and inequality within social relations, as frankness and directness is considered aggressive or confrontational behavior.[2] The value involves an unwillingness to prevent others from feeling uncomfortable.[7]The feeling is also applied to situations when one wishes to behave in a certain manner but is restrained from doing so, for fear of causing the other party to feel angry, embarrassed or disappointed.[8] ElementsThe major elements of ana include the following:[6] {{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
}} ExamplesThis social value is exemplified in many everyday situations, including the following examples:
References1. ^http://www.myanmar.gov.mm/Perspective/persp2001/1-2001/nar.htm{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Seekins|first=Donald M.|title=Historical dictionary of Burma (Myanmar)|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2006|pages=67|isbn=978-0-8108-5476-5}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Spiro|first=Melford E.|date=November 1982|title=Essays on Burma. by John P. Ferguson|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|volume=42|issue=1|pages=211–213|jstor=2055422|doi=10.2307/2055422}} 4. ^{{cite book|last=Andrews|first=Tim|author2=Sununta Siengthai|title=The Changing Face of Management in Thailand|publisher=Routledge|date=2009|pages=67–68|isbn=9780203878347}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/blogs/languagesofsecurity/2011/05/25/burmese-inhibition/|title=Burmese – Ana (Pana)|date=25 May 2011|work=Languages of Security in the Asia-Pacific|publisher=College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University|accessdate=6 October 2013}} 6. ^1 {{cite book|last=Bekker|first=Sarah M.|title=Essays on Burma - Contributions to Asian Studies|editor=John P. Ferguson|publisher=Brill Archive|date=1981|series=Essays on Burma|volume=16|pages=19–37|chapter=The Concept of Anade - Personal, Social, and Political Implications|isbn=9789004063235}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Packer|first=George|title=Interesting Times: Writings from a Turbulent Decade|publisher=Macmillan|year=2010|pages=277|isbn=9781429935814}} 8. ^{{cite book|editor=Peggy Golde|title=Women in the Field: Anthropological Experiences|publisher=University of California Press|year=1986|pages=247|isbn=9780520054226}} See also
3 : Burmese culture|Human communication|Burmese words and phrases |
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