词条 | Graeae |
释义 |
In Greek mythology the Graeae ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|r|aɪ|iː}}; English translation: "old women", "grey ones", or "grey witches"; alternatively spelled Graiai (Γραῖαι) and Graiae), also called the Grey Sisters, and the Phorcides ("daughters of Phorcys"),[1] were three sisters who shared one eye and one tooth among them. Their names were Deino (or Dino), Enyo, and Pemphredo (or Pephredo). EtymologyThe word Graeae is probably derived from the adjective γραῖα graia "old woman", derived from the PIE root *ǵerh2-/*ǵreh2-, "to grow old" via Proto-Greek *gera-/grau-iu.[2] MythologyThe Graeae were daughters of the sea-deities Phorcys and Ceto, (from which their name the Phorcydes derived), and sisters to the Gorgons.[3] The Graeae took the form of old, grey-haired women. Their age was so great that a human childhood for them was hardly conceivable. In Theogony, however, Hesiod describes the Graeae as being "fair-cheeked." In Prometheus Bound, the Graeae are described as being half-swan. Hesiod names only two Graeae, the "well-clad" Pemphredo (Πεμφρηδώ "alarm") and the "saffron-robed" Enyo (Ἐνυώ "horror" the "waster of cities" who also had an identity separate from this sisterhood).[4] Pseudo-Apollodorus lists Deino (Δεινώ "dread", the dreadful anticipation of horror) as a third.[5] Calling them "Phorcides," Hyginus, in addition to Pemphredo and Enyo, adds Persis noting that "for this last others say Dino".[6]They shared one eye and one tooth, which they took turns using. By stealing their eye while they were passing it among themselves, the hero Perseus forced them to tell the whereabouts of the three objects needed to kill Medusa (in other versions the whereabouts of Medusa) by ransoming their shared eye for the information.[3] The Graeae are similar to the Greek Moirai, the northern European Norns, the Roman Parcae, the Slavic Sudice, the Celtic Morrigan, and the Baltic goddess Laima and her two sisters. The Three Witches from the play MacBeth by William Shakespeare also are similar to the three Graeae. Genealogy{{main|Greek sea gods}}{{chart/start}}{{chart| | | | | | | |GAI|GAI=Gaia |boxstyle_GAI=background-color: #fbb}}{{chart| | | | | | | |:| |!|}}{{chart| | | | | | | |L|y|PONT |~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|~|y|~|THAL | |PONT=Pontus |THAL=Thalassa |boxstyle_PONT=background-color: #bbf; |boxstyle_THAL=background-color: #fbb; }}{{chart|,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.}}{{chart|NERE | |THAUM | |PHORC |~|y|~|CETO | |EURYB | | |TELCH | |HAL | |APHRO |APHRO=Aphrodite [7] |CETO =Ceto |EURYB =Eurybia |HAL =Halia |NERE=Nereus |PHORC =Phorcys |TELCH =The Telchines |THAUM =Thaumas |boxstyle_APHRO=background-color: #fbb; |boxstyle_CETO =background-color: #fbb; |boxstyle_EURYB =background-color: #fbb; |boxstyle_HAL =background-color: #fbb; |boxstyle_NERE=background-color: #bbf; |boxstyle_PHORC =background-color: #bbf |boxstyle_TELCH =background-color: #fff |boxstyle_THAUM =background-color: #bbf |}}{{chart| | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |}}{{chart|,|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}{{chart|ECH | |GORG | |GRAE | |LAD | |HESP | |THOO |ECH=Echidna |GORG=The Gorgons |GRAE=The Graeae |HESP=The Hesperides |LAD=Ladon |SIR=The Sirens |THOO=Thoösa |boxstyle_ECH=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_GORG=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_GRAE=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_HESP=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_LAD=background-color: #bbf |boxstyle_THOO=background-color: #fbb }}{{chart| | | | |!| | | | |!|}}{{chart| | | | |)|STHEN| |)|DEINO |STHEN=Stheno |DEINO=Deino |boxstyle_STHEN=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_DEINO=background-color: #fbb }}{{chart| | | | |!| | | | |!|}}{{chart| | | | |)|EURY| |)|ENYO |EURY=Euryale |ENYO=Enyo |boxstyle_EURY=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_ENYO=background-color: #fbb }}{{chart| | | | |!| | | | |!|}}{{chart| | | | |`|MED| |`|PEM |MED=Medusa[8] |PEM=Pemphredo |boxstyle_MED=background-color: #fbb |boxstyle_PEM=background-color: #fbb }}{{chart/end}} Notes1. ^Sommerstein, p. 260, in Aeschylus. Fragments; Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound 790–800 (pp. 530–531) with n. 94; Apollodorus, 1.2.6; Hyginus, Fabulae Preface. 2. ^R. S. P. Beekes, Etymological Dictionary of Greek, Brill, 2009, p. 285. 3. ^1 Harris, Stephen L., and Gloria Platzner. Classical Mythology: Images and Insights (Third Edition). California State University, Sacramento. Mayfield Publishing Company. 2000, 1998, 1995, pp. 273–274, 1039. 4. ^Hesiod, Theogony, 270-274. 5. ^Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 2.4.2; Pemphredo, sometimes also spelled Peuphredo (Πευφρηδώ) or Pephredo (Πεφρηδώ) (see M. Hofinger, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UW8eAAAAIAAJ&hl=el&source=gbs_navlinks_s Lexicon Hesiodeum cum Indice Inverso], p. 533. 6. ^Hyginus, Fabulae Preface. 7. ^There are two major conflicting stories for Aphrodite's origins: Hesiod (Theogony) claims that she was "born" from the foam of the sea after Cronus castrated Uranus, thus making her Uranus' daughter; but Homer (Iliad, book V) has Aphrodite as daughter of Zeus and Dione. According to Plato (Symposium 180e), the two were entirely separate entities: Aphrodite Ourania and Aphrodite Pandemos. 8. ^Most sources describe Medusa as the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, though the author Hyginus (Fabulae Preface) makes Medusa the daughter of Gorgon and Ceto. References
External links{{Commons category|Graeae}}
4 : Blind people|Greek goddesses|Greek mythological witches|Triple deities |
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