|speakers=370
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|speakers2=10% monolingual (no date)[1]
|familycolor=American
|fam1=Bora–Witoto ?
|iso3=ano
|glotto=ando1256
|glottorefname=Andoque
}}The Andoque language is an aboriginal language spoken by a few hundred Andoque in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in the area of the Anduche River, downstream from Aracuara, Amazonas, Colombia; the language is no longer spoken in Peru. 80% of speakers are proficient in Spanish.
Genetic relations
Kaufman's (2007) Bora–Witótoan stock includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back |
|---|
| Close | {{IPA|i ĩ}} | {{IPA|ɨ}} | {{IPA|u}} |
|---|
| Mid | {{IPA|e ẽ}} | {{IPA|ə ə̃}} | {{IPA|o õ}} |
|---|
| Open | {{IPA|a ã}} | {{IPA|ʌ ʌ̃}} | {{IPA|ɒ}} |
|---|
There are nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels, which can each take high or low tone.
Consonants
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal |
|---|
| Nasal | m}} | n}} | ɲ}} (ñ) |
|---|
| Stop | voiced | b}} | d}} | j}} (y) |
|---|
| voiceless | p}} | t}} | k}} | ʔ}} |
|---|
| Fricative | f}} | s}} | h}} |
|---|
Grammar
Classifiers
The subject noun does not appear alone, but is accompanied by markers for gender or noun classifiers (which are determined by shape). These noun classifiers are as follows:
animate
masculine
present (-ya-)
absent (-o-)
feminine
present (-î-)
absent (-ô-)
collective (-ə-)
inanimate
flexible or hollow (-o-)
rigid or elongated (-ó-)
other (-ʌ-)
Person markers include o- ("I"), ha- ("you (singular)"), ka- ("we") and kə- ("you (plural)").
The adjectival or verbal predicate has a suffix which agrees with the subject: -ʌ for animate subjects and flexible or hollow ones; -ó for rigid or elongated ones; -i for others. Adjectival and verbal predicates are also marked with prefixes indicating mood, direction or aspect, and infixes for tense. The nominal predicate (What something is) does not have a suffix of agreement nor a dynamic prefix, but it can take infixes for tense and mood, like the verb. Other grammatical roles (benefactive, instrumental, locative) appear outside the verb in the form of markers for case. There are 11 case suffixes.
Evidentials
In addition, the sentence has markers for the source of knowledge, or evidentials indicating whether the speaker knows the information communicated firsthand, heard it from another person, has deduced it, etc.
There is also a focus marker -nokó, which draws attention to the participants or indicates the highlight of a story. In the language there are means of representing action from the point of view of the subject or other participants, or from the point of view of an external observer.
Notes
1. ^{{e14|ANO}}
See also
Bibliography
- Aschmann, Richard P. (1993). Proto Witotoan. Publications in linguistics (No. 114). Arlington, TX: SIL & the University of Texas at Arlington.
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
- Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
External links
- Alain Fabre, 2005, Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: ANDOKE
{{Languages of Colombia}}{{language families}} 6 : Languages of Colombia|Indigenous languages of the South American Northwest|Bora–Witoto languages|Language isolates of South America|Endangered language isolates|Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas