“Angels of Bataan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Angels of Bataan (also known as the "Angels of Bataan and Corregidor" and "The Battling Belles of Bataan"^[1]) were the members of the United States Army Nurse Corps and the United States Navy Nurse Corps who were stationed in the Philippines at the outset of the Pacific War and served during the Battle of the Philippines (1941–42). When Bataan and Corregidor fell, 11 Navy nurses, 66 army nurses, and 1 nurse-anesthetist were captured and imprisoned in and around Manila.^[2] They continued to serve as a nursing unit throughout their status as prisoners of war.^[3] After years of hardship, they were finally liberated in February 1945.

In Manila

At the outset of World War II, US Army and US Navy nurses were stationed at Sternberg General Hospital in Manila, and other military hospitals around Manila. During the Battle of the Philippines (1941–42), eighty-eight US Army nurses escaped, in the last week of December 1941, to Corregidor and Bataan.^[4] Two Army nurses, Lt. Floramund A. Fellmeth and Lt. Florence MacDonald, accompanied severely wounded patients from Sternberg aboard the improvised hospital ship Mactan that departed Manila shortly after midnight of the New Year of 1942 for Australia.^[5]

The navy nurses, under the command of Lt. Laura M. Cobb, stayed behind in Manila during the initial invasion to support the patients there. One of them, Ann A. Bernatitus, escaped from Manila to Bataan just before Manila fell.^[6] The remaining 11 navy nurses were captured upon the fall of Manila and interned by the Japanese at Santo Tomas.^[7]

The Army nurses, under the command of Capt. Maude Davison and 2nd Lt. Josephine Nesbit, together with Navy nurse Bernatitus, escaped from Manila and went on to serve in the Battle of Bataan and the Battle of Corregidor.^[8]

On Bataan

In late December 1941, many of the nurses were assigned to a pair of battlefield hospitals on Bataan named Hospital #1 and Hospital #2.^[9] These hospitals included the first open-air wards in US history since the Civil War.^[10] Tropical diseases, including malaria and dysentery, were widespread among both hospital patients and staff.^[11]

Just prior to the fall of Bataan on 9 April 1942, the nurses serving there were ordered to the island fortress of Corregidor by General Wainwright (commander of the forces in the Philippines after MacArthur was ordered to Australia).^[12]^[13]

On Corregidor

During the Battle of Corregidor, the nurses were stationed in the hospital and wards in the maze of underground tunnels connected to the Malinta Tunnel.^[14]

A few escape

On 29 April, a small group of Army nurses were evacuated, with other passengers, aboard a navy PBY Catalina.^[15] However, they were stranded on Mindanao and became prisoners. They were transferred to Manila and interned at Santo Thomas University. On 3 May, the sole Navy nurse, Ann Bernatitus, a few more Army nurses, and a small group of civilians were evacuated aboard the submarine {{USS|Spearfish|SS-190|2}}.^[16]

Fall of Corregidor

When Corregidor fell to Japanese forces under the command of General Masaharu Homma on 6 May, the remaining nurses were captured and — on 2 July — transferred to the Santo Tomas Internment Camp.^[17]

Internment

At Santo Tomas

The campus of the University of Santo Tomas was converted to the Santo Tomas Internment Camp by the Japanese during their occupation of the Philippines.^[18] The camp is described in detail in The War by Ken Burns. In addition to its civilian population, Santo Tomas became the initial internment camp for both the army and navy nurses, with the army nurses remaining there until their liberation.^[19]

Capt. Maude C. Davison, 57 years old and with 20 years of service experience, took command of the nurses, maintained a regular schedule of nursing duty, and insisted that all nurses wear their khaki blouses and skirts while on duty.^[20] She worked with Josephine Nesbit.^[21]

At Los Baños

In May 1943, the navy nurses, still under the command of Lt. Cobb, were transferred to a new internment camp at Los Baños, where they established a new infirmary and continued working as a nursing unit.^[22] At Los Baños they came to be known as "the sacred eleven."^[23]

On the Home Front

While the capture of the nurses was widely publicized in the U.S., little specific information was known of their fate until they were liberated.

Lt. Juanita Redmond, one of the few nurses to escape, published a memoir of her experiences on Bataan in 1943 that concluded with a dramatic reminder that her colleagues were still prisoners.^[24] The nurses' story was dramatized in several wartime movies,^[25] including:

When So Proudly We Hail was shown in the theaters, a recruitment booth staffed with Red Cross volunteers was set up in the lobby.^[26]

Final year of Internment

In January 1944, control of the Santo Tomas Internment Camp changed from Japanese civil authorities to the Imperial Japanese Army, with whom it remained until the camp was liberated.^[27] Access to outside food sources was curtailed, the diet of the internees was reduced to 960 calories per person per day by November 1944, and further reduced to 700 calories per person per day by January 1945.^[28]

A Department of Veterans Affairs study released in April, 2002 found that the nurses lost, on average, 30% of their body weight during internment, and subsequently experienced a degree of service-connected disability "virtually the same as the male ex-POW's of the Pacific Theater."^[29] Maude C. Davison's body weight dropped from 156 lbs. to 80 lbs.^[30]

Liberation

Emboldened by the success of the Raid at Cabanatuan, General Douglas MacArthur ordered Major General Vernon D. Mudge to make an aggressive raid^[31] on Santo Tomas in the Battle of Manila (1945). The internees at Santo Tomas, including the nurses, were liberated on 3 February 1945, by a "flying column" of the 1st Cavalry.^[32]

Upon returning to the U.S., the US Army awarded their nurses, among other decorations, the Bronze Star for valor and a Presidential Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism in action.^[33] The Navy nurses were likewise awarded Bronze Stars upon their return.^[34]

Memorial and recognition

On April 9, 1980, a bronze plaque was dedicated at the Mount Samat shrine by men who survived Bataan and Corregidor.^[35] It reads:

Maj. Maude C. Davison, credited by many for keeping the army nurses alive by her insistence on the nurses maintaining their identity as nurses throughout their internment, was posthumously awarded the Distinguished Service Medal on August 20, 2001.^[37] A similar effort has not yet been undertaken for Chief Nurse Laura M. Cobb.^[38]

Historical significance

See also

Notes

1. ^According to research by Dr. Elizabeth Norman, the nurses first referred to themselves as the "Battling Belles of Bataan" in 1942; the phrase "Angels of Bataan" appeared later, in 1945. E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 53, pg 296 note 8.
2. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, Appx. II; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg 193-195 (Appx. G).
3. ^E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II, pg. 19 (First Anchor Books Ed, November 2004)({{ISBN|1-4000-3129-X}}); E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg 103.
4. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 24.
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Condon-Rall |first1=Mary Ellen |last2=Cowdrey |first2=Albert E. |year=1998 |title=The Technical Services—The Medical Department: Medical Service In The War Against Japan |series=United States Army In World War II |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Center Of Military History, United States Army |isbn= |lccn=97022644 |page=26 }}
6. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 25; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 31.
7. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 27-29; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 60.
8. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 23-24; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 40
9. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 32, 39; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 30, 40.
10. ^Jungle Hospital. Time Magazine (Monday February 16, 1942)
11. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 52; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 42-43.
12. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 84-89; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 59-60.
13. ^foxnews.com, POW story of "Angels of Bataan" army nurses is one of the greatest WWII stories never told. By Jennifer G. Hickey, April 07, 2017
14. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 96; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 67.
15. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 104-105; 112-113; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 81.
16. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 108-109; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 85.
17. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 130-134, 150-151; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 91, 99.
18. ^Santo Tomas Internment Camp: 1942-1945, by Frederic H Stevens (1946) forward by Gen. Douglas MacArthur) (ASIN: B0007DK618); So Far from Home: Manila's Santo Tomas Internment Camp, 1942-1945, by Bruce E Johansen (1996) ({{ISBN|1575790378}}; {{ISBN|978-1-57579-037-4}}); G. Ward and K. Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941-1945, pgs. 79-82 (Alfred A. Knopf 2007)
19. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 151-155; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 103, 107
20. ^Lyn Kukral, WWII Nurse POW Gets Posthumous Award (Army News Service, Arlington, Va. August 21, 2001) ; A. Booher, Celebrating Angel Maude Davison, Stories, American Ex-Prisoners of War {{cite web|url=http://www.axpow.org/celebratingangelmaudedavison.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-12-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119033941/http://www.axpow.org/celebratingangelmaudedavison.htm |archivedate=2008-11-19 }}
21. ^{{Cite book|title=American Nursing: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3|last=|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
22. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 173; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 116.
23. ^Kevin Sforza, Bethesda nurses honor former POW, National Navy Medical Center Public Affairs, posted 4 August 2002 see also K. Sforza, Bethesda nurses honor former WW II POW Nurse, Navy & Marine Corps Medical News, #01-38, September 28, 2001
24. ^Lt. J. Redmond, ANC, I Served on Bataan, pgs 166-167 (JB Lippincott Co. 1943) (dedicated to the staff of Bataan Hospital No. 1)
25. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 125.
26. ^Kathi Jackson, They Called Them Angels, pg. 3 (2000)({{ISBN|0-8032-7627-3}})
27. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 183; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 125.
28. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 194, 199.
29. ^W. Skelton, American Ex Prisoners of War, pgs. 26-28 (Independent Study Course Released April 2002)(Sponsored by Department of Veterans Affairs Employee Education System)
30. ^E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg 190(Appx. F).
31. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pgs. 201-204; E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pg. 156.
32. ^50th Anniversary Commemorative Album of the Flying Column 1945-1995: The Liberation of Santo Tomas Internment Camp February 3, 1945, by Rose Contey-Aiello (1995)({{ISBN|0964515008}}; {{ISBN|978-0-9645150-0-0}}); G. Ward and K. Burns, The War, pg. 342
33. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 313, Chap. 15 endnote 57
34. ^Dates in American Naval History: March
35. ^The story of how this plaque came to be is summarized in Dr. Elizabeth Norman's history, We Band of Angels, at page 318 note 2 (Epilogue note 2).
36. ^The plaque can be read near the end of the documentary "Angels of Bataan" (2008)(produced and directed by Rainer Loeser)
37. ^Lyn Kukral, WWII Nurse POW Gets Posthumous Award (Army News Service, Arlington, Va. August 21, 2001); A. Booher, Celebrating Angel Maude Davison, Stories, American Ex-Prisoners of War {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119033941/http://www.axpow.org/celebratingangelmaudedavison.htm |date=2008-11-19 }}; AAHN Gravesites of Prominent Nurses--Davison
38. ^Both Cobb and Davison were recommended for such awards immediately after the war, but at the time they were denied in favor of the Bronze Star. E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. 239.
39. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. xii
40. ^E. Norman, We Band of Angels, pg. xii;
41. ^See, for example, the US Government Poster showing captured nurses behind barbed wire, guarded by a Japanese soldier, labelled "Nurses from Corregidor, and the slogan "Work to Set em Free."
42. ^K. Jackson, They Called Them Angels, pg. 3.
43. ^E Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, And If I Perish, pg. 458.
44. ^(In April 1983, some of the surviving nurses were received by President Ronald Reagan in the Oval Office and presented with plaques acknowledging their "courage above and beyond the call of duty" and their status as "the role model of Army Nursing..." E. Monahan and R. Neidel-Greenlee, All This Hell, pgs. x, 180. The nurses were further acknowledged by President Reagan in his July 2, 1983 "Radio Address to the Nation on the Observance of Independence Day.