| 词条 | Ahvaz | |||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Ahvâz |native_name = {{lang|fa|اهواز}} |settlement_type = City |image_skyline = Ahvaz Montage.jpg |image_seal= Ahvaz.Municipality.svg |imagesize = |image_caption = Clockwise from top:White Bridge, Twilight view of White Bridge over Karoon River, Ahvaz Bridge over Karun River at night, Pol Sefid, Pol Hashtom, Jundishapur Medical Center and Masjid Ali Mahziar |nickname = The City of Bridges |image_map = |mapsize = |pushpin_map = Iran |coordinates = {{coord|31|19|13|N|48|40|09|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name ={{IRN}} |subdivision_type1 =Province |subdivision_type2 =County |subdivision_type3 =Bakhsh |subdivision_name1 =Khuzestan |subdivision_name2 =Ahvaz |subdivision_name3 =Central |established_title = |established_date = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Mansoor Katanbaf |leader_title1 = Deputy Mayor |leader_name1 = Alireza Hallaj |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 815 |elevation_m = 17 |elevation_ft = 52 |population_urban = 1,184,788 [1] |population_as_of = 2016 Census |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 1,260,817 |population_est = |population_est_as_of = |population_demonym = Ahvazi |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 61xxx |area_code = (+98) 61 |blank_name = Climate |blank_info = BWh |website = {{URL|http://www.ahvaz.ir/}} |footnotes = |timezone = IRST |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = IRDT |utc_offset_DST = +4:30 }}Ahvaz ({{lang-fa|اهواز|translit=Ahvāz}} or Ahwaz) is a city in the southwest of Iran and the capital of Khuzestan province. Ahvaz's population is about 1,300,000[2] and its built-up area with the nearby town of Sheybani is home to 1,136,989 inhabitants. It is home to Persians, Arabs, Lurs (Bakhtiaris), Dezfulis, Shushtaris, etc.[3] and different languages are spoken in it, such as Persian, Arabic, the Persian dialects of Luri (Bakhtiari), Dezfuli, Shushtari, etc.[4] Iran's only navigable river, the Karun, passes by the middle of the city.[5] It has a long history dating back to the Achaemenid period. In the ancient times, it had been one of the main centers of the Academy of Gondishapur. EtymologyThe word Ahvaz is a modern Persianized form of the Arabic "Ahwaz" which in turn, is derived from an older Persian word. The Dehkhoda Dictionary specifically defines the "Suq-al-Ahvaz" as "Market of the Khuzis", where "Suq" is the Elamite word for market, and "Ahvaz" is a broken plural ({{lang|ar|اسم جمع}}) of the form "af'āl" ({{lang|ar|افعال}}) of the word "Huz", which itself comes from the Persian Huz, from Achaemenid inscriptions where the term first appears. Thus, "Ahvaz" in Persian means "the Huz-i people", which refers to the Khuzi original inhabitants of Khūzestān. The name of the region appears in medieval Syriac sources as {{lang|syc|ܒܝܬ ܗܘܙܝܐ}} {{transl|syc|Beṯ Huzáyé}}, literally meaning "land of the Huzis".[6] The term "Huz", meanwhile, is the Old Persian rendition of Suz (Susa-Susiana), the native Elamite name of the region. See Origin of the name Khuzestan and Elam#Etymology for more details. History{{See also|Khūzestān Province#History}}Ancient historyAhvaz is the analog of "Avaz" and "Avaja" which appear in Darius's epigraph. This word appears in Naqsh-Rostam inscription as "Khaja" or "Khooja" too.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}} First named Ōhrmazd-Ardašēr (Persian: {{lang|fa|هرمزداردشیر}} Hormizdartazir)[7] it was built near the beginning of the Sassanid dynasty on what historians believe to have been the site of the old city of Taryana, a notable city under the Persian Achaemenid dynasty, or the city of Aginis referred to in Greek sources [8] where Nearchus and his fleet entered the Pafitigris.. It was founded either by Ardashir I in 230 (cf. Encyclopædia Iranica, al-Muqaddasi, et al.) or (according to the Middle Persian Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr) by his grandson Hormizd I; the cities name either combined Ardashir's name with the Zoroastrian name for God, Ōhrmazd or Hormizd's name with that of his grandfather. It became the seat of the province, and was also referred to as Hūmšēr. During the Sassanid era, an irrigation system and several dams were constructed, and the city prospered. Examples of Sassanid-era dams are Band-e Bala-rud, Band-e Mizan, Band-e Borj Ayar and Band-e Khak. The city replaced Susa, the ancient capital of Susiana, as the capital of what was then called Khuzestān. The city had two sections; the nobles of the city lived in one part while the other was inhabited by merchants.[9] When the Arabs invaded the area in 640, the part of the city home to the nobility was demolished but the Hūj-ī-stānwāčār "Market of Khūz State", the merchant area, remained intact. The city was therefore renamed Sūq al-Ahwāz, "Market of the Khuz", a semi-literal translation of the Persian name of this quarter - Ahwāz being the Arabic broken plural of Hûz, taken from the ancient Persian term for the native Elamite peoples, Hūja (remaining in medieval khūzīg "of the Khuzh" and modern Khuzestān "Khuz State", as noted by Dehkhoda dictionary. Medieval historyDuring the Umayyad and Abbasid eras, Ahvaz flourished as a center for the cultivation of sugarcane and as the home of many well-known scholars. It is discussed by such respected medieval historians and geographers as ibn Hawqal, Tabari, Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi, Ya'qubi, Masudi, and Mostowfi Qazvini. Nearby stood the Academy of Gundishapur, where the modern-day teaching hospital is said to have been first established. Ahvaz was devastated in the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries and subsequently declined into a village. The dam and irrigation channels, no longer maintained, eroded and finally collapsed early in the 19th century. During this time Ahvaz was primarily inhabited by the original Khuzhis (Persians) and a small number of Sabians. Although most Arab migrants fled the city, a few stayed. Some minor cultivation continued, while all evidence of sugarcane plantations is still going on in Haft Teppe area in north of Ahvaz,{{Clarify|reason=Unclear meaning and contradicts remaining text|date=June 2017}} although ruins of sugarcane mills from the medieval era remained in existence.[10] Several ruins of water mills also still remain in Shush and Shushtar. Modern historyThe seat of the province has, for the most of its history, been in its northern reaches, first at Susa (Shush) and then at Shushtar. During a short spell in the Sasanian era, the capital of the province was moved to its geographical center, where the river town of Hormuz-Ardashir (modern Ahvaz). However, later in the Sasanian time and throughout the Islamic era, the provincial seat returned and stayed at Shushtar, until the late Qajar period. With the increase in the international sea commerce arriving on the shores of Khuzestan, Ahvaz became a more suitable location for the provincial capital. The River Karun is navigable all the way to Ahvaz (above which, the Karun flows through rapids). The town was thus refurbished by the order of the Qajar king, Naser al-Din Shah and renamed after him, Nâseri. Shushtar quickly declined, while Ahvaz/Nâseri prospered to the present day. In the 19th century, "Ahvaz was no more than a small borough inhabited mainly by Sabeans (1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants according to Ainsworth in 1835; 700 according to Curzon in 1890)."[11] In the 1880s, under Qajar rule, the Karun River was dredged and re-opened to commerce. A newly built railway crossed the Karun at Ahvaz. The city again became a commercial crossroads, linking river and rail traffic. The construction of the Suez Canal further stimulated trade. A port city was built near the old village of Ahvaz, and named Bandar-e-Naseri in honor of Nassereddin Shah Qajar. Oil was found near Ahvaz in the early 20th century, and the city once again grew and prospered as a result of this newfound wealth. From 1897-1925, the city of Ahvaz was in the hands of heshmatoddoleh Ghajar, whom acted as governor and Sarhang Reza Gholi Khane Arghoon as commander of Ghajari's army based in Khuzestan. Sheikh Khaz'al was recognised by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar as hereditary ruler of Mohammerah,[12] Sardar Asad Bakhtiari as the most powerful leader of Khuzestan's Bakhtiaries. He had power and authority over most regions of Khuzestan, such as Dezful, Shushtar, Izeh, even Ahvaz and Amir mojahede bakhtiari in Ramhormoz and Behbahan. At this time, the newly founded Ahvaz was named Nâseri in honour to its founder Nassereddin Shah Qajar. Afterwards, during the Pahlavi period, it resumed its old name, Ahvaz. The government of the Khūzestān Province was transferred there from Shûshtar in 1926. The Trans-Iranian Railway reached Ahvaz in 1929 and by World War II, Ahvaz had become the principal built-up area of the interior of Khūzestān. Professional segregation remained well marked between various groups in that period still feebly integrated: Persians, sub-groupings of Persians and Arabs. Natives of the Isfahan region held an important place in retail trade, owners of cafes and hotels and as craftsmen.[13] Iraq attempted to annex Khūzestān and Ahvaz in 1980, resulting in the Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988). Ahvaz was close to the front lines and suffered badly during the war. Iraq had pressed its claims to Khūzestān. Iraq had hoped to exacerbate ethnic tensions and win over popular support for the invaders. Most accounts say that the Iranian Arab inhabitants resisted the Iraqis rather than welcome them as liberators. However, some Iranian Arabs claim that as a minority they face discrimination from the central government; they agitate for the right to preserve their cultural and linguistic distinction and more provincial autonomy. See Politics of Khūzestān. In 1989, the Foolad Ahvaz steel facility was built close to the town. This company is best known for its company-sponsored football club, Foolad F.C., which was the champion of Iran's Premier Football League in 2005. In 2005 the city witnessed a series of bomb explosions. Many government sources relate these events to developments in Iraq, accusing foreign governments of organising and funding Arab separatist groups. The Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz claimed credit for several of the bombings, including four bombs on 12 June 2005, that killed 8 people.[14] Gunmen killed at least 29 people in an attack on a crowd watching a military parade on 22 September 2018.[15] Location and roadsAhvaz located 100 km north-east of Abadan and is accessible via following routes in addition of a single runway airport:
Ahvaz, being the largest city in the province, consists of two distinctive districts: the newer part of Ahvaz which is the administrative and industrial center, which is built on the right bank of the Karun river while residential areas are found in the old section of the city, on the left bank. ClimateAhvaz has a subtropical hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) with long, very hot summers and mild, short winters. Ahvaz is consistently one of the hottest cities on the planet during the summer, with summer temperatures regularly at least {{convert|45|C|abbr=on}} sometimes exceeding {{convert|50|C|abbr=on}}[16] with many sandstorms and duststorms common during the summer period. However, in winters, the minimum temperature can fall to around {{convert|5|C|abbr=on}}. Winters in Ahvaz have no snow. The average annual rainfall is around 230 mm. On June 29, 2017, the temperature reached {{convert|54|C|abbr=on}} which is the world's highest June temperature. Furthermore, the dew point peaked {{convert|23|C|abbr=on}} which is unusually humid for the usual dry heat. {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Ahvaz (1951–2010) |metric first = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high C = 28.0 |Feb record high C = 31.5 |Mar record high C = 37.6 |Apr record high C = 43.0 |May record high C = 48.6 |Jun record high C = 54.0 |Jul record high C = 54.0 |Aug record high C = 51.6 |Sep record high C = 48.4 |Oct record high C = 45.0 |Nov record high C = 36.0 |Dec record high C = 29.0 |year record high C = 54.0 |Jan high C = 17.5 |Feb high C = 20.5 |Mar high C = 25.5 |Apr high C = 32.2 |May high C = 39.3 |Jun high C = 44.6 |Jul high C = 46.3 |Aug high C = 45.9 |Sep high C = 42.5 |Oct high C = 36.0 |Nov high C = 26.5 |Dec high C = 19.4 |year high C = 33.0 |Jan mean C = 12.3 |Feb mean C = 14.7 |Mar mean C = 19.0 |Apr mean C = 24.9 |May mean C = 31.1 |Jun mean C = 35.2 |Jul mean C = 37.3 |Aug mean C = 36.7 |Sep mean C = 33.0 |Oct mean C = 27.3 |Nov mean C = 19.8 |Dec mean C = 14.0 |year mean C = 25.4 |Jan low C = 7.2 |Feb low C = 8.8 |Mar low C = 12.5 |Apr low C = 17.6 |May low C = 23.0 |Jun low C = 25.9 |Jul low C = 28.2 |Aug low C = 27.4 |Sep low C = 23.4 |Oct low C = 18.8 |Nov low C = 13.0 |Dec low C = 8.6 |year low C = 17.9 |Jan record low C = -7.0 |Feb record low C = -5.0 |Mar record low C = -1.0 |Apr record low C = 6.0 |May record low C = 13.0 |Jun record low C = 15.0 |Jul record low C = 19.0 |Aug record low C = 18.0 |Sep record low C = 13.0 |Oct record low C = 8.0 |Nov record low C = 0.0 |Dec record low C = -1.0 |year record low C = -7.0 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 48.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 26.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 26.4 |Apr precipitation mm = 16.1 |May precipitation mm = 4.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.4 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.1 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 0.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 6.4 |Nov precipitation mm = 31.4 |Dec precipitation mm = 48.7 |year precipitation mm = 209.2 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 4.9 |Feb precipitation days = 3.6 |Mar precipitation days = 3.6 |Apr precipitation days = 2.8 |May precipitation days = 0.8 |Jun precipitation days = 0.1 |Jul precipitation days = 0.0 |Aug precipitation days = 0.0 |Sep precipitation days = 0.0 |Oct precipitation days = 1.0 |Nov precipitation days = 2.9 |Dec precipitation days = 4.5 |year precipitation days = 24.2 |Jan humidity = 71 |Feb humidity = 61 |Mar humidity = 51 |Apr humidity = 41 |May humidity = 28 |Jun humidity = 22 |Jul humidity = 24 |Aug humidity = 28 |Sep humidity = 29 |Oct humidity = 38 |Nov humidity = 53 |Dec humidity = 69 |year humidity = 43 |Jan sun = 174.7 |Feb sun = 193.2 |Mar sun = 214.1 |Apr sun = 233.8 |May sun = 284.4 |Jun sun = 326.2 |Jul sun = 336.1 |Aug sun = 331.2 |Sep sun = 301.8 |Oct sun = 263.5 |Nov sun = 209.5 |Dec sun = 176.4 |year sun = 3044.9 |source 1 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records),[17] (temperatures),[18]
|date=February 2017 }} PollutionIn 2011, the World Health Organization ranked Ahvaz as the world's most air-polluted city.[23] The reason Ahvaz is so polluted is because of its oil industry. The pollution can be very dangerous, causing different types of diseases and harmful to plants.[24] Transportation
SportTraditionally, Khuzestan province has been a major soccer hub in Iran. The city has two existing sport complexes: Takhti Stadium and the newly constructed Ghadir Stadium. There are several other smaller complexes for martial arts, swimming pools and gymnasiums. Also, a new privately owned stadium is currently under construction by Foolad F.C. in Ahvaz. FootballFootball is a major part of the city's culture. The abundant enthusiasm has made Ahvaz home to three Iranian major Football clubs: Foolad, Esteghlal Khuzestan are currently playing in the Persian Gulf Pro League, and Esteghlal Ahvaz is playing in Azadegan League. Foolad have won the league on two occasions, the 2013–2014 season and the 2004–2005 season. Esteghlal Ahvaz finished runners–up in the league in the 2006–2007 season. In 2016, Esteghlal Khuzestan won the league for the first time. A number of other teams such as Foolad B the second team of Foolad and Karun Khuzestan play in the 2nd Division. FutsalAhvaz has also two teams in the Iranian Futsal Super League, which are Sherkat Melli Haffari Iran FSC and Gaz Khozestan FSC. Colleges and universitiesAhvaz is also known for its universities as well as its role in commerce and industry. Ahvaz institutes of higher learning include:
Notable people
GallerySee also{{Portal|Iran}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english|title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home|website=www.amar.org.ir}} 2. ^[https://www.amar.org.ir/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%88-%D9%85%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86/%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AC-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%81%DA%A9%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-1395 Public statistics of population and housing] amar.org.ir 5 May 2018 3. ^[https://www.aparat.com/v/EdIlY/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2 Getting know to Ahwaz] aparat.com Retrieved 5 May 2018 4. ^AbdulHussain Sa'dian, Land and people of Iran, Anthropologyand ceremonies of Iranian ethnicities, publishers science and life, P. 463-463 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-khuzestan.php|title=Khuzestan (Iran): Counties & Cities - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de}} 6. ^{{cite web|last=Bar Bahlul|first=Hasan|title=Bar Bahlul Dictionary|url=http://dukhrana.com/lexicon/BarBahlul/page.php?p=193|accessdate=1 February 2012}} 7. ^Dodgeon M. H. and Lieu S. N. C., The Roman Eastern Frontier and The Persian Wars; A Documentary History, London (1991), p.35; {{ISBN|0-415-10317-7}} 8. ^{{cite news| url= http://www.toiran.com/en/city-ahvaz-90 | work=toiran.com | title=Ahvaz |accessdate=2015-04-23}} 9. ^cf. Encyclopædia Iranica 10. ^X. de Planhol, Encyclopædia Iranica 11. ^Encyclopædia Iranica, p.690, see entry: Ahvaz 12. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalark.net/Persia/moham2.htm|title=moham2|website=www.royalark.net|access-date=2019-03-09}} 13. ^Ibid, p.690 14. ^Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz MIPT Terror Knowledge Base 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2018/09/22/Casualties-as-army-parade-attacked-in-south-Iran.html|title=29 killed, 60 injured in Iran military parade attack on Revolutionary Guards|website=english.alarabiya.net}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jul/22/where-world-hottest-city-kuwait-karachi-ahvaz|title=Where is the world's hottest city?|work=the Guardian|accessdate=3 March 2016}} 17. ^*{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/7.asp |title= Highest record temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}}*{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/6.asp |title= Lowest record temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}} 18. ^*{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/3.asp |title=Average Maximum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526233914/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/3.asp |archivedate=May 26, 2016 }}*{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/5.asp |title=Average Mean Daily temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 }}*{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/2.asp |title=Average Minimum temperature in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530145156/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/2.asp |archivedate=May 30, 2016 }} 19. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/25.asp |title= Monthly Total Precipitation in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher= Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate= April 8, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/14.asp |title=Average relative humidity in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526153207/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/14.asp |archivedate=May 26, 2016 }} 21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/29.asp |title=No. Of days with precipitation equal to or greater than 1 mm in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304111643/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/29.asp |archivedate=March 4, 2016 }} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/42.asp |title=Monthly total sunshine hours in Ahwaz by Month 1951–2010 |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |accessdate=April 8, 2015 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305014502/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/AHWAZ/42.asp |archivedate=March 5, 2016 }} 23. ^{{cite news | author= Walsh, Bryan| title=The 10 Most Air-Polluted Cities in the World| url=http://ecocentric.blogs.time.com/2011/09/27/the-10-most-air-polluted-cities-in-the-world/?iid=ec-article-mostpop1 | accessdate=2012-02-25| work=Time| date=27 September 2011}} 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://ahwaziran.weebly.com/pollution.html|title=Pollution|website=Ahwaz, Iran|access-date=2017-09-21}} 25. ^Ahwaz Urban & Suburban Railway Organization (in Persian) External links{{Wikivoyage}}{{Commons category|Ahvaz}}
5 : Ahvaz|Ardashir I|Cities in Khuzestan Province|Iranian provincial capitals|Populated places in Ahvaz County |
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