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The Ansei Treaties (Japanese:安政条約) or the Ansei Five-Power Treaties (Japanese:安政五カ国条約) are a series of treaties signed in 1858, during the Japanese Ansei era, between Japan on the one side, and the United States, United Kingdom, Russia, Netherlands and France on the other.[1] The first treaty, also called the Harris Treaty, was signed by the United States in July 1858, with France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands quickly following the US example within the year: Japan was forced to apply to other nations the conditions granted to the United States under the "most favoured nation" provision. ContentThe most important points of these "unequal treaties" are: - Exchange of diplomatic agents.
- Edo, Kobe, Nagasaki, Niigata, and Yokohama’s opening to foreign trade as ports.
- Ability of foreign citizens to live and trade at will in those ports (only opium trade was prohibited).
- A system of extraterritoriality that provided for the subjugation of foreign residents to the laws of their own consular courts instead of the Japanese legal system.
- Fixed low import-export duties, subject to international control, thus depriving the Japanese government control of foreign trade and protection of national industries (the rate would go as low as 5% in the 1860s.)
ComponentsThe five treaties known collectively as the Ansei Treaties were: - The Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States-Japan) on July 29, 1858.
- The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan on August 18, 1858.
- The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan on August 19, 1858.
- The Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce on August 26, 1858.
- The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan on October 9, 1858.
See alsoNotes1. ^Auslin, p.1
References- Auslin, Michael R. (2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3w6tGiraEC&dq= Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01521-0}}; OCLC 56493769
Further reading- Omoto Keiko, Marcouin Francis (1990) Quand le Japon s'ouvrit au monde (French) Gallimard, Paris, {{ISBN|2-07-076084-7}}
- Polak, Christian. (2001). Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, Hachette Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).
- __________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai). Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. {{ISBN|978-4-573-06210-8}}; {{OCLC|50875162}}
See also- France-Japan relations (19th century)
10 : 1858 in Japan|1858 treaties|Bakumatsu|Treaties of the Tokugawa shogunate|Treaties of the United States|Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922)|Treaties of the Russian Empire|Treaties of the Second French Empire|Treaties of the Netherlands|1850s in the Russian Empire |