“Anthony Joseph Arduengo III”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Anthony Joseph Arduengo III is the Saxon Professor Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Alabama, an adjunct professor at the Institute for Inorganic Chemistry of Braunschweig University of Technology in Germany, and co-founder of the StanCE coalition for sustainable chemistry based on woody biomass ([https://xylochemistry.com/portal/ Xylochemistry]). He is notable for his work on chemical compounds with unusual valency, especially in the field of stable carbene research.

Early life

Anthony "Bo" Arduengo was born in 1952 in Tampa, Florida.^[1] He grew up in the Atlanta, Georgia area. His father was a pressman and mechanic with the Atlanta Journal-Constitution and instilled his son with an interest and skill for all things mechanical and scientific. By the age of 16, he and his father had built his first car from miscellaneous parts.^[2] The car was registered as street-legal and road-worthy. With some re-engineering, the car was later fitted to run on alternate fuels including alcohol and hydrogen (which would foretell Arduengo's professional research involvement with President Bush's 2003 National Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI)^[3] and United States Department of Energy's Chemical Hydrogen Storage Program by more than 30 years).

Education

Arduengo attended Bouldercrest and Meadowview Elementary Schools, and Walker High School.^[4] In 1969 he left high school with enrollment in Georgia Tech's Joint Enrollment Program for High School Students (JEPHS).^[5] He obtained his BSc (1974, cum laude) and his PhD (1976) at Georgia Tech, advised by Edward M. Burgess.^[6] That made him an academic descendant of Justus von Liebig.^[4] As an undergraduate at Georgia Tech, Arduengo's research activities began in the laboratory of Professor Charles L. Liotta. He was awarded NSF undergraduate fellowships in 1972 & 1973 when he had moved to research in the Burgess group.^[4]

As an undergraduate, Arduengo was a member of the Georgia Tech Band and served as Executive Officer and Captain for that organization. In 1971 he was inducted into the Iota chapter^[7] of ΚΚΨ. In 1972 he was tapped by the Alpha Eta Circle^[8] of ΟΔΚ; later serving as Secretary and President for the local Circle.

Career

Arduengo was a research scientist at DuPont from 1976 to 1977 and from 1984 to 1998, and assistant professor at the University of Illinois from 1977 to 1984.^[4] He retired from teaching in 2018 and is now the Saxon Chair Emeritus of Chemistry at the University of Alabama and holds a position as adjunct professor at the Technische Universität in Braunschweig, Germany.^[4]^[9]

In DuPont's Central Research and Development Department, Arduengo began his career in the Chemical Sciences Section (1977 & on return in 1984). In 1988 he was appointed Research Leader. A move into the Polymer Science section of CR&D in 1991 was accompanied by promotion to Group Leader. His final position with DuPont was as Research Fellow which he attained in 1995. The award of an Alexander von Humboldt Senior Research Prize in 1996 began Arduengo's transition back into academe. The one year Humboldt award was spent in Braunschweig, Germany at the Technical University. On return to DuPont, Arduengo maintained a guest Professor appointment in Braunschweig, and in 1999 also made the transition to academe in the U.S. with his assumption of the Saxon Chair in Chemistry at The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa.^[4]^[9]

Research

Graduate research at Georgia Tech

Arduengo's research interests focus largely on the chemistry of new or unusual bonding arrangements, and unusual valency. As a graduate student in the Burgess group, his research involved organo-main group element chemistry, specifically, thiocarbonyl ylides, and low-coordinate hypervalent sulfur compounds.^[6]^[10]^[11]^[12]

DuPont 1977

In 1977 when he joined DuPont, Arduengo became a member of the exploratory chemistry group of Howard Simmons in CR&D.^[4] His first research project involved trimethylsilyl esters of inorganic acids as reagents for organic synthesis.

University of Illinois 1978–1984

At Illinois Arduengo examined more broadly the areas of organo-main group element chemistry, and molecules containing unusual valency. His first publications involving the chemistry of electron-deficient carbenes occurred during this period.^[13] This work with electron deficient carbenes led to the first structure determinations on a nitrile ylide^[14] and a carbonyl ylide.^[15] His later work with carbene chemistry would become his most recognized contribution to the field of chemistry (vide infra). During the Illinois years Arduengo had a close collaboration with his colleague J.C. Martin who was a physical-organic chemist also working on organo-main group element chemistry and hypervalency. Many of the technical discussions between Martin and Arduengo would take place over lunch (the choice of restaurants often influenced by the quality of the napkins for writing chemical structures).^[16] To facilitate discussions about unusual molecular structures and bonding for main-group element centers, Martin and Arduengo devised the N-X-L nomenclature system.^[17]^[18]^[19] The synthesis and characterization of the first compound with a planar T-shaped, 10-electron 3-coordinate bonding arrangement at a phosphorus atom, ADPO,^[20] was also accomplished by the Arduengo group at Illinois and paved the way for a range of novel main-group element chemistry (including the discovery of edge inversion) on his return to DuPont. The final Illinois research extended the newly discovered ADPO chemistry to the arsenic analog (ADAsO).^[21]

DuPont 1984–1999

On returning to DuPont in 1984, Arduengo resumed a position in CR&D and continued the research into the recently discovered ADPO molecule and related structures. This line of research proved to be extremely fruitful and resulted in a steady string of publications on new and unusual bonding arrangements.^[22]^[23] The ADPO related chemistry provided a basis for the discovery of a new inverson process, edge inverson, which was fully characterized and modelled by the collaborative work of Arduengo and David A. Dixon at DuPont.^[24] Additionally, the DuPont team provided experimental verification on the new inversion pathway at 3-coordinate phosphorus centers^[25] and a 4-coordinate germanium molecule.^[26]

Arduengo's work with DuPont also involved a number of applied projects including the flexible polyimide film, Kapton-ZT, that is widely used in electronics for flexible printed circuits, connections, and insulation.^[27] Arduengo's research at DuPont often coalesced with his other hobbies outside the laboratory; for example with sports cars (cf. photo in the summary box above). He contributed to development of low VOC automotive coatings by devising catalysts for a novel cross-linking chemistry used by DuPont Performance Coatings in next-generation low-VOC paints.^[28]^[29]^[30] Eventually, DuPont waterborne performance coatings would be used by Lotus on their Elise and Exige models.^[31]^[32] Arduengo's effort on the industrial-scale syntheses^[33]^[34]^[35] of the catalysts for the paints on which he worked would launch his re-entry into the area of carbene chemistry, but this time it was to be nucleophilic rather than electrophilic carbenes.^[1]^[36] The observation that the catalyst syntheses were well tolerant of varied reaction conditions and substituents led Arduengo to postulate that the imidazol-2-ylidenes that were intermediates in the syntheses had to be far more stable than the then conventional wisdom would allow.^[36]^[37]

As Arduengo's involvement in the automotive coatings program came to an end, he submitted a proposal to the management in CR&D to isolate these apparently stable carbenes and study their chemistry. The proposal was soundly declined with the admonition that he should have certainly known better than to make such a suggestion in light of the long history of carbene chemistry that firmly established them as reactive intermediates that could not be isolated as stable entities.^[1]^[36]^[37] However, Arduengo (already well-aware of the history) had the starting materials on hand for the chemistry and decided to proceed with the experiments.^[37] "Arduengo's gamble paid off. In 1991, more than 150 years after the first attempt ..."^[38] a stable crystalline carbene was isolated and characterized in laboratories at DuPont.^[39] After the first successful reaction to produce a stable carbene, Arduengo won the support of DuPont management^[37] and research in this area continued. Carbenes bearing a variety of substituent groups were prepared and characterized.^[40]^[41] The saturated imidazolin-2-ylidenes that were extensively investigated by Hans-Werner Wanzlick thirty years earlier (without isolation) were now also shown to be stable enough to isolate with appropriate substituents at nitrogen.^[42] An air-stable carbene was produced.^[43] The chemistry was extended to include thiazol-2-ylidenes (conjectured to exist in 1957 as a reactive intermediate in the vitamin B₁ catalytic cycle, but not isolated for 40 years).^[44] The imidazol-2-ylidenes were extensively characterized by their NMR properties,^[45] photo-electron spectroscopy,^[46] and exact experimental electron density mapping by X-ray and neutron diffraction techniques.^[47]

The Arduengo group's characterization of stable carbenes was complemented by a wide-ranging exploration of their chemistry. This new chemistry included carbene reactions with numerous element centers including iodine,^[48]^[49] aluminum,^[50] copper,^[51] silver,^[51] magnesium,^[52] zinc,^[52] germanium,^[53] nickel,^[54] platinum,^[54] lanthanides,^[55] and hydrogen in the form a bis(carbene)-proton complex.^[56] Arduengo's research from 1996 also reflects his interaction with his host for his Alexander von Humboldt Research Prize, Professor Reinhard Schmutzler. His carbene chemistry conducted from Braunschweig included reactivity studies of imidazol-2-ylidenes with fluorinated inorganic compounds. New structures included carbene•phenyltetrafluorophosphorane,^[57] carbene•PF₅,^[58] carbene•AsF₅,^[58] carbene•SbF₅,^[58] and carbene•BF₃^[58] adducts. Arduengo's final work on carbenes at DuPont included synthesis and characterization of carbene·alkaline earth metal,^[59] carbene•antimony,^[60] carbene•cadmium,^[61] and carbene•lithium^[62] adducts. Reactions of carbenes with phosphinidenes^[63]^[64] were also reported from Arduengo's laboratory in addition to insertion reactions of imidazolin-2-ylidenes.^[65]

In 1998, Arduengo and coworkers carefully re-examined the earlier attempts to produce stable carbenes in Wanzlick's laboratory in light of the knowledge and experience gained from the recent successful experiments at DuPont.^[66] Although the majority of Wanzlick's work on the saturated imidazolin-2-ylidenes would have been expected to yield dimers in the absence of bulky substituents on nitrogen, a single (unsaturated) imidazol-2-ylidene, 1,3,4,5-tetraphenylimidazol-2-ylidene, remained as an example of a carbene that could (should) have been isolable. The re-examination of Wanzlick's original procedure^[67] identified some key experimental features that would have hindered the original researchers. With these problems corrected, the DuPont scientists were able to isolate the target carbene and fully characterize it including an X-ray structure determination. In a tribute to Hans-Werner Wanzlick, these results were published under the title "1,3,4,5-Tetraphenylimidazol-2-ylidene: The Realization of Wanzlick's Dream."^[66]

University of Alabama 1999–present

At the University of Alabama research from Arduengo's laboratory has focused on enhancements to the basic structure of the imidazol-2-ylidenes through substituent effects leading to novel compounds like a cyclopentadienyl fused imidazol-2-ylidene.^[70]^[71]^[72]^[73] Research into the unusual valency in diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls has been reported from the Arduengo group in collaboration with Professors Masaaki Yoshifuji and Shigekazu Ito.^[74]^[75]^[76]^[77]^[78]^[79]^[80] Arduengo also directs research programs into Chemical Hydrogen Storage and nonlinear optical materials.^[4] In 2015, together with Professor Till Opatz (Johannes Gutenberg Universität-Mainz) Arduengo founded the StanCE coalition for sustainable chemistry based on woody biomass ([https://xylochemistry.com/portal/ Xylochemistry]).^[9]

Awards

References

1. ^¹²{{cite journal | author = A. J. Arduengo | title = Looking for Stable Carbenes: The Difficulty in Starting Anew | year = 1976 | journal = Accounts of Chemical Research | volume = 32 | issue = 11 | pages = 913–921 | doi = 10.1021/ar980126p}}
2. ^Talon (Walker High School paper), Vol. V, No. 1. September, 1968.
3. ^HFI - Hydrogen Fuel Initiative. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
4. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷Anthony J. Arduengo III – personal home page. Retrieved 2018-03-19.
5. ^JEPHS {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905081416/http://www.admission.gatech.edu/jointenrollment/|date=September 5, 2010}} - Georgia Tech's Joint Enrollment Program. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
6. ^¹ Anthony Joseph Arduengo (1976), The synthesis, structure and chemistry of substituent-perturbed thione S-methylides and S,S-dihalothiones Ph.D. Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology. Online catalog entry. Retrieved 2009-12-04.
7. ^Iota Chapter Georgia Tech's Iota Chapter of ΚΚΨ. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
8. ^Alpha Eta Circle - Georgia Tech's Alpha Eta Circle of ΟΔΚ. Retrieved 2013-02-08.
9. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://ajarduengo.net/AJA_Web_CV.pdf|title=AJ Arduengo Curriculum Vitae|last=Arduengo|first=Anthony J|date=2018-03-19|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}
10. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=E. M. Burgess | title = Syntheses and reactions of substituent stabilized thione methylides | year = 1976 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 98 | issue = 16 | pages = 1520–1521 | doi = 10.1021/ja00432a056}}
11. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=E. M. Burgess | title = The structure of a substituent stabilized thione methylide | year = 1976 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 98 | issue = 16 | pages = 1521–1523 | doi = 10.1021/ja00432a057}}
12. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=E. M. Burgess | title = Tricoordinate hypervalent sulfur compounds | year = 1977 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 99 | issue = 2 | pages = 2376–2377 | doi = 10.1021/ja00449a078}}
13. ^{{cite journal |author1=E. P. Janulis |author2=A. J. Arduengo | title = Diazotetrakis(trifluoromethyl)cyclopentadiene and ylides of electronegative elements | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0103Viewer.html | year = 1983 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 105 | issue = 11 | pages = 3563–3567 | doi = 10.1021/ja00349a032}}
14. ^{{cite journal |author1=E. P. Janulis |author2=S. R. Wilson |author3=A. J. Arduengo | title = The synthesis and structure of a stabilized nitrilium ylide | journal = Tetrahedron Letters | volume = 25 | pages = 405–408| doi = 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)99896-4 | year = 1984 | issue=4}}
15. ^{{cite journal |author1=E. P. Janulis |author2=A. J. Arduengo | title = carbonyl ylide | year = 1983 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 105 | issue = 18 | pages = 5929–5930 | doi = 10.1021/ja00356a044 | url=http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0102Viewer.html}}
16. ^A.J. Arduengo "From Hypervalent Compounds to Hypovalent Carbenes," J.C. Martin Symposium: From σ-Constants to σ-Aromaticity (Vanderbilt University, May, 1992)
17. ^{{cite journal |author1=C. W. Perkins |author2=J. C. Martin |author3=A. J. Arduengo |author4=W. Lau |author5=A. Alegria |author6=J. K. Kochi | title = An electrically neutral σ-sulfuranyl radical from the homolysis of a perester with neighboring sulfenyl sulfur: 9-S-3 species | year = 1980 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 102 | issue = 26 | pages = 7753–7759 | doi = 10.1021/ja00546a019}}
18. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.221.4610.509 | author = J. C. Martin | title = "Frozen" transition states: pentavalent carbon et al. | year = 1983 | journal = Science | volume = 221 | issue = 4610 | pages = 509–514 | pmid = 17830935 }}
19. ^{{cite journal |author1=K. Akiba |author2=Y. Yamamoto | title = Chemistry of hypervalent organic compounds. Fundamental aspects of hypervalent organic compounds. Characteristic features of structure and reactivity of hypervalent organic compounds of main group elements. | year = 1988 | journal = Kikan Kagaku Sosetsu | volume = 34 | pages = 9–39 }}
20. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. A. Culley |author2=A. J. Arduengo | title = Synthesis and structure of the first 10-P-3 species | year = 1984 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 106 | issue = 4 | pages = 1164–1165 | doi = 10.1021/ja00316a084}}
21. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. A. Culley |author2=A. J. Arduengo | title = Synthesis and Structure of the First 10-As-3 Species | year = 1985 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 107 | issue = 4 | pages = 1089–1090 | doi = 10.1021/ja00290a072}}
22. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=C. A. Stewart |author3=F. Davidson |author4=D. A. Dixon |author5=J. Y. Becker |author6=S. A. Culley |author7=M. B. Mizen | title = The synthesis, structure, and chemistry of 10-Pn-3 systems: tricoordinate hypervalent pnictogen compounds | year = 1987 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 109 | issue = 3 | pages = 627–647 | doi = 10.1021/ja00237a001}}
23. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=C. A. Stewart | title = Low coordinate hypervalent phosphorus | year = 1994 | journal = Chemical Reviews | volume = 94 | issue = 5 | pages = 1215–1237 | doi = 10.1021/cr00029a003 }}
24. ^{{cite journal |author1=D. A. Dixon |author2=A. J. Arduengo |author3=T. Fukunaga | title = A new inversion process at Group VA (Group 15) elements. Edge inversion through a planar T-shaped structure | year = 1986 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 108 | issue = 9 | pages = 2461–2462 | doi = 10.1021/ja00269a063 }}
25. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=D. A. Dixon |author3=D. C. Roe | title = Direct determination of the barrier to edge inversion at trivalent phosphorus: verification of the edge inversion mechanism | year = 1986 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 108 | issue = 9 | pages = 6821–6823 | doi = 10.1021/ja00281a070 }}
26. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=D. A. Dixon |author3=D. C. Roe |author4=M. Kline | title = Edge inversion barrier at a four-coordinate main group IV center | year = 1988 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 110 | issue = 13 | pages = 4437–4438 | doi = 10.1021/ja00221a067 }}
27. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5272194 | status = patent | title = Process for Preparing a Strengthened Polyimide Film Containing Organometallic Compounds for Improving Adhesion | gdate = 1993-12-21 | fdate = 1992-01-17 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo, Y. C. Ray | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
28. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5034464 | status = patent | title = Amine-Borane Adduct Curing Agents for Epoxy/Anhydride Resins | gdate = 1991-07-23 | fdate = 1989-07-19 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo, | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
29. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5084542 | status = patent | title = Epoxy/Isocyanate Crosslinked Coatings Containing 1,3-Disubstituted Imidazole-2-thione Catalysts | gdate = 1991-01-28 | fdate = 1990-05-31 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo, P. H. Corcoran | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
30. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5091498 | status = patent | title = Curable compositions containing 1,3-dialkylimidazole-2-thione catalysts | gdate = 1993-02-25 | fdate = 1991-02-19 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo, R. J. Barsotti, P. H. Corcoran| assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
31. ^{{cite journal | author = R. W. Yearich | title = Sports Rainbow of Waterborne Finish Paints from DPC | year = 2004 | journal = DuPont Refinisher News | volume = Fall | issue = 342 | pages = 4 | url=http://www.britishspeed.com/forum/attachment.php?attachmentid=37588&d=1435605626 | accessdate=July 3, 2015}}
32. ^{{cite journal | author = C. A. Sawyer | title = Developing the Lotus Elise Series 2 | year = 2004 | journal = Automotive Design & Production | volume = 6 | url=http://www.autofieldguide.com/articles/developing-the-lotus-elise-series-2 | accessdate=June 27, 2015}}
33. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5144032 | status = patent | title = Preparation of Tertiary Amine-Borane Adducts | gdate = 1992-09-01 | fdate = 1991-04-19 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
34. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5104993 | status = patent | title = 1,3-Dialkylimidazole-2-thione Catalyst and Method for Making Same | gdate = 1992-04-14 | fdate = 1991-01-31 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
35. ^{{ cite patent | country = US | number = 5182405 | status = patent | title = Preparation of 1,3- Disubstituted Imidazolium Salts | gdate = 1993-01-26 | fdate = 1991-09-18 | inventor = A. J. Arduengo | assign1 = E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.}}
36. ^¹²{{cite journal | author = Anthony J. Arduengo III, Krafczyk Roland | year = 1998 | title = Auf der Suche nach Stabilen Carbenen | url = | journal = Chemie in Unserer Zeit | volume = 32 | issue = 1| pages = 6–14 | doi = 10.1002/ciuz.19980320103 }}
37. ^¹²³A.J. Arduengo “Cars to Carbenes: A Personal Account of Georgia Tech – Molding Futures One at a Time,” Georgia Tech's 100 Years of Chemistry Symposium (Atlanta, Georgia, April 19, 2007)
38. ^{{cite journal | author = Cristina Luiggi | title = Taming Carbon's Wild Side | year = 2009 | journal = Seed Magazine | issue = November 30, 2009 | url=http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/taming_carbons_wild_side/ | accessdate=October 6, 2010}}
39. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=R. L. Harlow |author3=M. Kline | title = A stable crystalline carbene | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0153Viewer.html | year = 1991 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 113 | issue = 1 | pages = 361–363 | doi = 10.1021/ja00001a054}}
40. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. R. Dias |author3=R. L. Harlow |author4=M. Kline | title = Electronic stabilization of nucleophilic carbenes | year = 1992 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 114 | issue = 14 | pages = 5530–5534 | doi = 10.1021/ja00040a007 }}
41. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=R. Krafczyk |author3=R. Schmutzler |author4=H. A. Craig |author5=J. R. Goerlich |author6=W. J. Marshall |author7=M. Unverzagt | title = Imidazolylidenes, imidazolinylidenes and imidazolidines | year = 1992 | journal = Tetrahedron | volume = 55 | issue = 51 | pages = 14523–14534 | doi = 10.1016/S0040-4020(99)00927-8 }}
42. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. R. Goerlich |author3=W. J. Marshall | title = stable diaminocarbene | year = 1995 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 117 | issue = 44 | pages = 11027–11028 | doi = 10.1021/ja00149a034 | url=http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0159Viewer.html}}
43. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=F. Davidson |author3=H. V. R. Dias |author4=J. R. Goerlich |author5=D. Khasnis |author6=W. J. Marshall |author7=T. K. Prakasha | title = An Air Stable Carbene and Mixed Carbene "Dimers" | year = 1997 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 119 | issue = 52 | pages = 12742–12749 | doi = 10.1021/ja973241o }}
44. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. R. Goerlich |author3=W. J. Marshall | title = A Stable Thiazol-2-ylidene and Its Dimer | year = 1997 | journal = Liebigs Annalen | volume = 1997 | issue = 2 | pages = 365–374 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.199719970213 }}
45. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=D. A. Dixon |author3=K. K. Kumashiro |author4=C. Lee |author5=W. P. Power |author6=K. W. Zilm | title = Chemical Shielding Tensor of a Carbene | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 14 | pages = 6361–6367 | doi = 10.1021/ja00093a041 }}
46. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. Bock |author3=H. Chen |author4=M. Denk |author5=D. A. Dixon |author6=J. C. Green |author7=W. A. Herrmann |author8=N. L. Jones |author9=M. Wagner |author10=R. West | title = Photoelectron Spectroscopy of a Carbene/Silylene/Germylene Series | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 15 | pages = 6641–6649 | doi = 10.1021/ja00094a020 }}
47. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. Rasika Dias |author3=D. A. Dixon |author4=R. L. Harlow |author5=W. T. Klooster |author6=T. F. Koetzle | title = Electron Distribution in a Stable Carbene | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 15 | pages = 6812–6822 | doi = 10.1021/ja00094a040 }}
48. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=M. Kline |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson | title = Synthesis of a reverse ylide from a nucleophilic carbene | year = 1991 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 113 | issue = 25 | pages = 3625–3626 | doi = 10.1021/ja00025a063 }}
49. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=M. Tamm |author3=J. C. Calabrese | title = A Bis(carbene) Adduct of Iodine(1+)] | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 8 | pages = 3625–3626 | doi = 10.1021/ja00087a069}}
50. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=M. Kline |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson | title = A stable carbene-alane adduct] | year = 1992 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 114 | issue = 24 | pages = 9724–9725 | doi = 10.1021/ja00050a098 }}
51. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. R. Dias |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson | title = Homoleptic carbene-silver(I)] and carbene-copper(I) complexes | year = 1993 | journal = Organometallics | volume = 12 | issue = 9 | pages = 3405–3409 | doi = 10.1021/om00033a009 }}
52. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. R. Dias |author3=F. Davidson |author4=R. L. Harlow | title = Carbene adducts of magnesium and zinc | year = 1993 | journal = Journal of Organometallic Chemistry | volume = 462 | issue = 1-2 | pages = 13–18 | doi = 10.1016/0022-328X(93)83336-T }}
53. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. R. Dias |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson | title = A [carbene germanium diiodide adduct]: model of the non-least-motion pathway for dimerization of singlet carbenes | year = 1993 | journal = Inorganic Chemistry | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 1541–1542 | doi = 10.1021/ic00061a004 }}
54. ^¹{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=S. F. Gamper |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson | title = Low-Coordinate Carbene Complexes of Nickel(0) and Platinum(0) | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 10 | pages = 4391–4394 | doi = 10.1021/ja00089a029 }}
55. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=M. Tamm |author3=S. J. McLain |author4=J. C. Calabrese |author5=F. Davidson |author6=W. J. Marshall | title = Carbene-Lanthanide Complexes | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0193Viewer.html | year = 1994 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 116 | issue = 17 | pages = 7927–7928 | doi = 10.1021/ja00096a072 }}
56. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=S. F. Gamper |author3=M. Tamm |author4=J. C. Calabrese |author5=F. Davidson |author6=H. A. Craig | title = A Bis(carbene)-Proton Complex: Structure of a C-H-C Hydrogen Bond | year = 1995 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 117 | issue = 1 | pages = 572–573 | doi = 10.1021/ja00106a082 }}
57. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=R. Krafczyk |author3=W. J. Marshall |author4=R. Schmutzler | title = A Carbene−Phosphorus(V) Adduct | year = 1997 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 119 | issue = 14 | pages = 3381–3382 | doi = 10.1021/ja964094h }}
58. ^¹²³{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=F. Davidson |author3=R. Krafczyk |author4=W. J. Marshall |author5=R. Schmutzler | title = Carbene Complexes of Pnictogen Pentafluorides and Boron Trifluoride | year = 1997 | journal = Monatshefte für Chemie | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 251–265 | doi = 10.1007/s007060070101 }}
59. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=F. Davidson |author3=R. Krafczyk |author4=W. J. Marshall |author5=M. Tamm | title = Adducts of Carbenes with Group II and XII Metallocenes | year = 1999 | journal = Organometallics | volume = 17 | issue = 15 | pages = 3375–3382 | doi = 10.1021/om980438w }}
60. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=F. Davidson |author3=R. Krafczyk |author4=W. J. Marshall |author5=R. Schmutzler | title = A Tris(trifluoromethyl)antimony Adduct of a Nucleophilic Carbene: Geometric Distortions in Carbene Adducts | year = 1999 | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 625 | issue = 11 | pages = 1813–1817 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3749(199911)625:11<1813::AID-ZAAC1813>3.0.CO;2-C }}
61. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. R. Goerlich |author3=F. Davidson |author4=W. J. Marshall | title = Carbene Adducts of Dimethylcadmium | year = 1999 | journal = Z. Naturforsch. B | volume = 54 | issue = 11 | pages = 1350–1356 | url = http://www.znaturforsch.com/ab/v54b/54b1350.pdf | doi=10.1515/znb-1999-1102}}
62. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=M. Tamm |author3=J. C. Calabrese |author4=F. Davidson |author5=W. J. Marshall | title = Carbene-Lithium Interactions | year = 1999 | journal = Chemistry Letters | volume = 28 | issue = 10 | pages = 1021–1022 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/login?mid=cl&sourceurl=/article/cl/28/10/1021/_pdf/-char/en&lang=en | doi=10.1246/cl.1999.1021}}
63. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=H. V. R. Dias |author3=J. C. Calabrese | title = A Carbene•Phosphinidene Adduct: "Phosphaalkene" | year = 1997 | journal = Chemistry Letters | volume = 26 | issue = 2 | pages = 143–144 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/login?mid=cl&sourceurl=/article/cl/26/2/143/_pdf&lang=en | doi=10.1246/cl.1997.143}}
64. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. C. Calabrese |author3=A. H. Cowley |author4=H. V. R. Dias |author5=J. R. Goerlich |author6=W. J. Marshall |author7=B. Riegel | title = Carbene−Pnictinidene Adducts | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0203Viewer.html | year = 1997 | journal = Inorganic Chemistry | volume = 36 | issue = 10 | pages = 2151–2158 | doi = 10.1021/ic970174q}}
65. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. C. Calabrese |author3=F. Davidson |author4=H. V. R. Dias |author5=J. R. Goerlich |author6=R. Krafczyk |author7=W. J. Marshall |author8=M. Tamm |author9=R. Schmutzler | title = C-H Insertion Reactions of Nucleophilic Carbenes | year = 1999 | journal = Helv. Chim. Acta | volume = 82 | issue = 12 | pages = 2348–2364 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2675(19991215)82:12<2348::AID-HLCA2348>3.0.CO;2-M }}
66. ^¹²{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=J. R. Goerlich |author3=R. Krafczyk |author4=W. J. Marshall | title = 1,3,4,5-Tetraphenylimidazol-2-ylidene: The Realization of Wanzlick's Dream | year = 1998 | journal = Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl. | volume = 37 | issue = 13–14 | pages = 1963–1965 | doi = 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19980803)37:13/14<1963::AID-ANIE1963>3.0.CO;2-M }}
67. ^{{cite journal |author1=H.-J. Schönherr |author2=H.-W. Wanzlick | title = Chemie nucleophiler Carbene, XVIII 1.3.4.5-Tetraphenyl-imidazoliumperchlorat | year = 1970 | journal = Liebigs Annalen | volume = 731 | issue = 1 | pages = 176–179 | doi = 10.1002/jlac.19707310121 }}
68. ^{{cite journal |author1=C. A. Stewart |author2=R. L. Harlow |author3=A. J. Arduengo | title = Chemistry and structure of the first 10-Sb-3 species | year = 1985 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 107 | issue = 19 | pages = 5543–5544 | doi = 10.1021/ja00305a046}}
69. ^{{cite journal |author1=C. A. Stewart |author2=J. C. Calabrese |author3=A. J. Arduengo | title = Synthesis and structure of the first 20-Bi-9 system: a discrete nine-coordinate 20-electron bismuth | year = 1985 | journal = J. Am. Chem. Soc. | volume = 107 | issue = 11 | pages = 3397–3398 | doi = 10.1021/ja00297a084}}
70. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1246/cl.2005.1010 |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=T. P. Bannenberg |author3=D. Tapu |author4=W. J. Marshall | title = Heteroferrocene: The Synthesis of Bis[(3a,4,5,6,6a-η)-1,3,4,5,6-pentamethylcyclopenta[d]imidazo-2-thionoyl]iron(II) | year = 2005 | journal = Chemistry Letters | volume = 34 | issue = 7 | pages = 1010–1011 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cl/34/7/34_1010/_article }}
71. ^{{cite journal |author1=A. J. Arduengo |author2=T. P. Bannenberg |author3=D. Tapu |author4=W. J. Marshall | title = A zwitterionic cyclopentadienyl annulated imidazolium salt | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0263Viewer.html | year = 2005 | journal = Tetrahedron Letters | volume = 46 | issue = 40 | pages = 6847–6850 | doi = 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.08.018 }}
72. ^{{cite journal | authors = A. J. Arduengo, D.Tapu, W. J. Marshall | title = Metallocene-Fused Imidazol-2-ylidene and Its Mercury Complex | year = 2005 | journal = Angewandte Chemie, Int. Ed. Engl. | volume = 44 | issue = 44 | pages = 7240–7244 | doi = 10.1002/anie.200502814 | url=http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0257Viewer.html}}
73. ^{{cite journal | authors = A. J. Arduengo, D.Tapu, W. J. Marshall | title = A Bimetallic Complex Containing a Cyclopentadienyl-Annulated Imidazol-2-ylidene | url = http://ajarduengo.net/Jmol/htmlfiles/0260Viewer.html | year = 2005 | journal = Journal of the American Chemical Society| volume = 127 | pmid = 16305219 | issue = 47 | pages = 16400–16401 | doi = 10.1021/ja055565f }}
74. ^{{cite journal | doi = 10.1246/cl.2006.1136 |author1=M. Yoshifuji |author2=A. J. Arduengo |author3=T. A. Konovalova |author4=L. D. Kispert |author5=M. Kikuchi |author6=S. Ito | title = Oxidation of 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl with Ammoniumyl Antimonate and EPR Study of the Corresponding Cation Radical | year = 2006 | journal = Chemistry Letters | volume = 35 | issue = 10 | pages = 1136–1137 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cl/35/10/35_1136/_article }}
75. ^{{cite journal |author1=M. Yoshifuji |author2=A. J. Arduengo |author3=S. Ito | title = Studies on Stable 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls | year = 2008 | journal = Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements | volume = 183 | issue = 2 & 3 | pages = 335–339 | doi = 10.1080/10426500701734588 }}
76. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. Ito |author2=J. Miura |author3=N. Morita |author4=M. Yoshifuji |author5=A. J. Arduengo | title = Catenation of 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl Units Having 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenyl Protecting Groups and a P-sec-Butyl Group in the Ring | year = 2009 | journal = Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. | volume = 635 | issue = 3 | pages = 488–495 | doi = 10.1002/zaac.200801265 }}
77. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. Ito |author2=J. Miura |author3=N. Morita |author4=M. Yoshifuji |author5=A. J. Arduengo | title = Modeling the Direct Activation of Dihydrogen by a P₂C₂ Cyclic Biradical: Formation of a Cyclic Bis(P−H λ⁵-phosphorane) | year = 2009 | journal = Inorganic Chemistry | volume = 48 | issue = 17 | pages = 8063–8065 | doi = 10.1021/ic901072z }}
78. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. Ito |author2=J. Miura |author3=N. Morita |author4=M. Yoshifuji |author5=A. J. Arduengo | title = Synthesis and properties of oligo(biradicals) composed of 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl units and benzyl-type linkers | year = 2010 | journal = Heteroatom Chemistry |issn=1098-1071 | volume = 21 | issue = 6 | pages = 404–411 | doi = 10.1002/hc.20625 }}
79. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. Ito |author2=J. Miura |author3=N. Morita |author4=M. Yoshifuji |author5=A. J. Arduengo | title = Diverse reactions of sterically-protected 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls with hydride | year = 2010 | journal = Dalton Transactions | volume = 39 | issue = 35 | pages = 8281–8287 | doi = 10.1039/c0dt00532k }}
80. ^{{cite journal |author1=S. Ito |author2=J. Miura |author3=N. Morita |author4=M. Yoshifuji |author5=A. J. Arduengo | title = Synthesis and physicochemical properties of stable 1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyls bearing sulfanyl groups | year = 2010 | journal = Comptes Rendus Chimie | volume = 13 | issue = 8–9 | pages = 1180–1184 | doi = 10.1016/j.crci.2010.04.007 }}
81. ^Charles M. Knight Lecture series Web Page - Retrieved Oct. 20, 2016.
82. ^[https://www.dal.ca/faculty/science/chemistry/news-events/events/walter-j--chute-lecture-series.html Walter J. Chute Lecture Series] Web Page - Retrieved Oct. 20, 2016.