1. Pre-WWII History

2. Modern Sports
    Football  2007 Asian Winter Games  2008 Beijing Olympics  Baseball rivalry 

3. Chinese diaspora and students

4. Contemporary Cultural Issues

5. Continent series

6. Conclusion

7. See also

8. References
    Citations  Sources 

South Korea established official relations with the People's Republic of China in 1992, and relations between the two states have, for some time, slowly improved in order to allow more economic integration, but tension still exists between the two states^[2].

Within the Chinese population, Korean art and culture have become popular in the 21st century^[3]. Amid a higher degree of interaction between the two countries in terms of politics and culture, however, there is still some looming anti-South Korean sentiment arising from various disputes between the two countries.

Pre-WWII History

During the Japanese colonization of Korea, there was an influx of Chinese immigrant, which, by 1925, reached 46,000. These immigrants, particularly the so-called coolies, became a source of anger for Koreans and were blamed for the country's labor environment problem such as low wages and employment instability.^[4] This was further aggravated by the Wanpaoshan Incident, a dispute between Chinese and Korean farmers in Manchuria.^[5] The account of the conflict instigated strong public reaction in Korea that led to the anti-Chinese riots, which in turn caused large-scale anti-Korean protests in China in retaliation. The Chinese acted violently against the local Koreans especially in Jilin Province, where approximately thousands of Korean residents lost their lives in the hands of irrational Chinese rioters, with vandalism on Korean-owned houses.^[5]

Modern Sports

Football

In a Korea-China friendship football match held in Beijing, in 2000, South Korean spectators were violently beaten by Chinese spectators as the Chinese team lost.^[7] In 2004 during an Athens Olympics football preliminary match held in Changsha, China, Chinese spectators responded with violence as the Chinese team lost, resulting in the injury of one Korean spectator.^[6][8]

During the 2002 FIFA World Cup hosted in Korea and Japan, the incidents surrounding the Korean team's matches were well-known, and they would become a popular topic for some Chinese to bear sentiments of disapproval against South Korea, while certain Chinese media have reported negatively on the Korean side's demeanor.^[9] As the South Korean team progressed through the tournament to the semi-finals, it was evident that the South Korean team won surprisingly against strong European teams like Italy and Spain, because of unfair play and preferential treatment, due to a number of controversial judgments by the referees^[10][11][12].

Ironically, the Chinese themselves did not perform up to expection in the "most controversial" 2002 World Cup. While the Korean side progressed on their own efforts plus the referees' poor judging, the Chinese side collapsed horribly in their only World Cup appearance up to date, losing all three group stage matches, conceding 9 goals without scoring 1. Some Chinese fans may have resorted to blaming the Korean scandal rather than reflect on their own national team's poor performance over the years, even years after what happened in that World Cup^[13].

Anti-South Korean sentiment was also apparent among ordinary Chinese in China. It has been reported that ethnic Koreans in China were afraid of openly cheering for Korean teams due to hostility from local Chinese.^[9]

2007 Asian Winter Games

During the 2007 Asian Winter Games held in Changchun, China, a group of South Korean athletes held up signs during the award ceremony which contained text that read "Mount Baekdu is our territory". Chinese sports officials delivered a letter of protest to criticize that those political activities violated the spirit of the Olympics. This incident has become a source for anti-Korea sentiment in China.^{[14][15][16][17]}

2008 Beijing Olympics

Those sentiments in China, along with similar anti-Chinese sentiments in Korea, became more prominent as a result of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.^[18] During the Seoul leg of the 2008 Olympic torch relay, Chinese students clashed with protesters.^[19][20][21] Numerous projectiles were thrown towards the South Korean protesters, injuring one newspaper reporter. Chinese supporters of the Beijing Olympics also engaged in mob violence, notably in the lobby of Seoul Plaza Hotel, against South Korean protesters, Tibetans, Western tourists, and police officers.^[22] This generated a strong statement of regret from the South Korean government to China and fanned a surge of anti-Chinese protests in Korean Internet portals.^[1]

Further controversy was generated when Seoul Broadcasting System (SBS) leaked footage of rehearsals of the 2008 Beijing Olympics opening ceremony. A Beijing Olympic official expressed his disappointment over the leakage.^[23][24] This incident has been widely reported in the Chinese media, as can be seen as the impetus to the dislike and distrust towards South Koreans amongst Chinese.

Throughout the events, the Chinese spectators often booed the South Korean athletes and cheered for competing nations and these even included Japan.^[25][26] These attitudes were widely reported within the South Korean media, however the issue which became the subject of most attention was that Chinese spectators chose to cheer for Japanese athletes when competing against South Korea, an action previously seen as taboo in earlier years as a result of Anti-Japanese sentiment in China. Analysts in China and abroad claim that Chinese are supporting Japanese players in return for their goodwill gestures towards China, noting a notable improvement in relations, which were previously mounted with arguments regarding topics such as World War II atrocities.^[27][28]

Baseball rivalry

Within the Republic of China animosity between Taiwanese and Koreans is present as a result of the rivalry between the two sovereign states in relation to baseball.^[29][30][31]

Although baseball is one of the most popular sports in Taiwan, Taiwanese baseball team have lost to South Korea at the international matches many times. This caused frustration and resentment towards South Korea among baseball fans.^[32] Taiwanese media made various controversial reports on South Korean baseball players;^[33] in one instance, the Taiwan edition of Now News called Shin-soo Choo, a then-Korean outfielder in the Cleveland Indians, Gaoli bangzi (高麗棒子), a derogatory slur against Koreans.^[34] The slur was later removed, but not before South Korean media reported on it.^[35] Chinese Taipei baseball fans often refer to the South Korean baseball team as Gaoli Paocai (高麗泡菜; Goryeo Kimchi) and Gaoli Bangzi,^[32] whilst verbal attacks against South Korean Major League players are also common.

Chinese diaspora and students

Another source of Anti-South Korean sentiment within China originates from reports by a number of overseas Chinese students in Korea, who experienced negative attitudes of local Koreans.^[36] It is reported that they are discriminated against based on the stereotype that they are uncivilised, poor, and ignorant by Koreans.^[37]

Many Chinese Nationals of Korean descent also suffer from discrimination. Many of them work in "3D" jobs, referring to dirty, difficult and dangerous work conditions.

Huang Youfu, an ethnic Korean professor at the Minzu University of China noted that articles written by joseonjok about the discrimination in South Korea was a major source of anti-South Korean sentiment in China amongst netizens.^{[38][39][40][41]}

Contemporary Cultural Issues

In 2005, anti-South Korean sentiments in China became a major trend as China began disputing South Korea’s attempts to register the Gangneung Danoje Festival as a UNESCO intangible cultural heritage.^[42][43] China claimed the Gangneung Danoje Festival derived from the Chinese Dragonboat Festival, and pursued a joint-registration of Gangneung Danoje Festival and Chinese Dragonboat Festival.^[44]

South Korea held the position that the Gangneung Danoje Festival is a unique cultural tradition of Gangneung, Korea, completely different from the Chinese Dragonboat Festival, and rejected Chinese contentions for joint-registration. Despite Chinese opposition, UNESCO has registered the Gangneung Danoje Festival as an intangible cultural heritage.^[45] Upon registration, the Chinese media began making accusations of South Korea stealing Chinese culture, and expressed regret and humiliation at losing Chinese Dragonboat Festival to South Korea.^[46]

The UNESCO intangible heritage controversy was followed by a series of similar accusations from the Chinese media and the Chinese internet. In 2007, rumors from the Chinese media that South Korea is attempting to register Chinese characters at UNESCO has generated significant controversy.^[47] These reports has also spread to Hong Kong and Taiwanese media.^[48]

Influenced by these issues, South Korea was elected as the most hated country in an internet survey on Chinese netizens, according to Chinese news 国际先驱导报 in 2007.^[49] However, despite the internet debate, China's view of Korea is generally fine. One survey reports "good relations" reached 50.2% of the respondents, the "general" up to 40.8% while "an anti-Korean sentiment" of the small proportion of respondents was only 4.4 to 6.1%.^[50]

As a result of the anti-Korean sentiment in China, several Korean companies who have gained footholds in the country have also suffered. In June 2017, for instance, South Korean automaker Hyundai experienced a 64 percent drop in sales while its Kia division sustained a 58-percent decline.^[51] By 2018, the Lotte Group is also mulling the sale of its department stores in China blaming the persistent wave of anti-Korean backlash.^[52]

Continent series

The continent series (Chinese: 大陆系列; Korean: 대륙시리즈) refers to a series of images posted on blogs and forums throughout the South Korean online community created in late 2008, ridiculing negative aspects of mainland China, such as fake products, Shanzhai, public indecency in poorer districts, and general negative portrayal of Chinese people^[53].

Conclusion

Anti-Korean sentiment in China is sometimes resulted from a misunderstanding together with reluctance to attempt to understand the different culture. The term is a very broad concept, and can be reflected in a wide range of phenomena ranging from Chinese people's daily lives to the politicians' stand in dealing with international issues involving the two countries. It is inevitable, but yet should be avoided as far as possible.

See also

• Anti-Chinese sentiment in Korea
• VANK
• Anti-Japanese sentiment in China
• Anti-Western sentiment in China
• Chinese nationalism
• Ethnic issues in China

References

Citations

Sources

• {{citation|url=http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/0803qchina_korea.pdf|last=Snyder|first=Scott|year=2008|journal=Comparative Connections|volume=10|number=3|title=China-Korea Relations: Post-Olympic Hangover: New Backdrop for Relations}}

• Einar Granath
• Einar Hanssen
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• Einar H. Ingman, Jr.
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